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According to Focardi, "the hydrogen is heated at a given temperature with a simple [[Electrical heating|resistor]]. When the ignition temperature is reached, the energy production process starts: the hydrogen atoms penetrate into the nickel and transform it into copper.”<ref>{{cite news |author=Fabio Deotto |title=Fusione fredda realizzata a Bologna. Sarà vero? |language=Italian |url=http://daily.wired.it/news/scienza/fusione-fredda-bologna.html |publisher=Daily Wired }}.</ref>
According to Focardi, "the hydrogen is heated at a given temperature with a simple [[Electrical heating|resistor]]. When the ignition temperature is reached, the energy production process starts: the hydrogen atoms penetrate into the nickel and transform it into copper.”<ref>{{cite news |author=Fabio Deotto |title=Fusione fredda realizzata a Bologna. Sarà vero? |language=Italian |url=http://daily.wired.it/news/scienza/fusione-fredda-bologna.html |publisher=Daily Wired }}.</ref>

⚫
An application in 2008 to patent the device internationally had received an unfavorable [[Patent Cooperation Treaty#Optional examination|preliminary report on patentability]] from the [[European Patent Office]],<ref name="wipo.preliminary">[http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wads.jsp?IA=IT2008000532&LANGUAGE=EN&ID=id00000011868762&VOL=100&DOC=075642&WO=09/125444&WEEK=NA&TYPE=NA&DOC_TYPE=WOSA&TOK=Q309-A-eI6srxLYw7s9qWfbp73Y&PAGE=1 International Preliminary Report on Patentability]</ref> noting that the description of the device was based on "general statements and speculations", and citing "numerous deficiencies in both the description and in the evidence provided to support its feasibility". However, on 6 April 2011 an application was approved by the [[:it:Ufficio italiano brevetti e marchi|Italian Office for Patents and Trademarks]], which issued a patent for the invention, valid only in Italy.<ref>[http://www.uibm.gov.it/uibm/dati/Avanzata.aspx?load=info_list_uno&id=1610895&table=Invention&#ancoraSearch%20Patent%20Issued%20by%20Italian%20Patent%20Office The patent granted 6 April, 2011, by Ufficio Italiano Brevetti e Marchi]</ref><ref name=Apr_2011_patent>[http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?IA=IT2008000532&DISPLAY=STATUS METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CARRYING OUT NICKEL AND HYDROGEN EXOTHERMAL REACTIONS] (WO/2009/125444)</ref><ref name=nyse_april_patent>[http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3173090.ece Ny Teknik: Patent granted for the energy catalyzer]</ref>


== Demonstrations and investigations ==
== Demonstrations and investigations ==
Line 48: Line 46:
While the Italian patent, like the U.S. and international patent applications, describes the structure and general operation of the device, the detailed operation of the device is a trade secret, and unrelated-party evaluations to date have treated the device as an opaque "black box". Expert observers measured input and output energy over varying time frames at public demonstrations. Rossi reported that devices have been supplied to university laboratories in two countries.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} Widom and Larsen proposed a theory as an explanation of the reported elemental transmutation and excess energy release.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Widom |first=A. |authorlink= |coauthors=Larsen, L. |year= 2006 |month= |title=Ultra Low Momentum Neutron Catalyzed Nuclear Reactions on Metallic Hydride Surfaces |journal=Eur. Phys. J. C|volume=46 |issue= |pages= 107–111|doi=10.1140/epjc/s2006-02479-8 |arxiv=cond-mat/0505026 }}</ref>
While the Italian patent, like the U.S. and international patent applications, describes the structure and general operation of the device, the detailed operation of the device is a trade secret, and unrelated-party evaluations to date have treated the device as an opaque "black box". Expert observers measured input and output energy over varying time frames at public demonstrations. Rossi reported that devices have been supplied to university laboratories in two countries.{{Citation needed|date=May 2011}} Widom and Larsen proposed a theory as an explanation of the reported elemental transmutation and excess energy release.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Widom |first=A. |authorlink= |coauthors=Larsen, L. |year= 2006 |month= |title=Ultra Low Momentum Neutron Catalyzed Nuclear Reactions on Metallic Hydride Surfaces |journal=Eur. Phys. J. C|volume=46 |issue= |pages= 107–111|doi=10.1140/epjc/s2006-02479-8 |arxiv=cond-mat/0505026 }}</ref>


Unfavorable [[Patent Cooperation Treaty#Optional examination|preliminary report on patentability]] at the [[World Intellectual Property Organization]] was given to to Rossi's patent application in 2008,<ref name="wipo.preliminary"/> citing incompatibilities with current scientific theories, and not enough empirical evidence to surmount the theoretical problems.<ref>{{citation |title= No, Italian Scientists Have Not Discovered Cold Fusion |author= Alasdair Wilkins |date= January 26, 2011 |publisher= [[Gizmodo]] |url= http://www.gizmodo.com.au/2011/01/no-italian-scientists-have-not-discovered-cold-fusion/ }}</ref> The patent application was published on October 15, 2009.<ref name="wipopatent"/> A Italian patent application, valid only for Italy, was approved in April 2011, while the international patent is still pending.<ref name=Apr_2011_patent /><ref name=nyse_april_patent />
Unfavorable [[Patent Cooperation Treaty#Optional examination|preliminary report on patentability]] at the [[World Intellectual Property Organization]] was given to to Rossi's patent application in 2008,<ref name="wipo.preliminary">[http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wads.jsp?IA=IT2008000532&LANGUAGE=EN&ID=id00000011868762&VOL=100&DOC=075642&WO=09/125444&WEEK=NA&TYPE=NA&DOC_TYPE=WOSA&TOK=Q309-A-eI6srxLYw7s9qWfbp73Y&PAGE=1 International Preliminary Report on Patentability]</ref> noting that the description of the device was based on "general statements and speculations" and citing "numerous deficiencies in both the description and in the evidence provided to support its feasibility" as well as incompatibilities with current scientific theories.<ref>{{citation |title= No, Italian Scientists Have Not Discovered Cold Fusion |author= Alasdair Wilkins |date= January 26, 2011 |publisher= [[Gizmodo]] |url= http://www.gizmodo.com.au/2011/01/no-italian-scientists-have-not-discovered-cold-fusion/ }}</ref> The patent application was published on October 15, 2009.<ref name="wipopatent"/> A Italian patent was granted in April 2011, while the international patent is still pending.<ref name=Apr_2011_patent /><ref name=nyse_april_patent />

⚫
An application in 2008 to patent the device internationally had received an unfavorable [[Patent Cooperation Treaty#Optional examination|preliminary report on patentability]] from the [[European Patent Office]], , and citing . However, on 6 April 2011 an application was approved by the [[:it:Ufficio italiano brevetti e marchi|Italian Office for Patents and Trademarks]], which issued a patent for the invention, valid only in Italy.<ref>[http://www.uibm.gov.it/uibm/dati/Avanzata.aspx?load=info_list_uno&id=1610895&table=Invention&#ancoraSearch%20Patent%20Issued%20by%20Italian%20Patent%20Office The patent granted 6 April, 2011, by Ufficio Italiano Brevetti e Marchi]</ref><ref name=Apr_2011_patent>[http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wo.jsp?IA=IT2008000532&DISPLAY=STATUS METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CARRYING OUT NICKEL AND HYDROGEN EXOTHERMAL REACTIONS] (WO/2009/125444)</ref><ref name=nyse_april_patent>[http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3173090.ece Ny Teknik: Patent granted for the energy catalyzer]</ref>. A U.S. patent application is pending.


Rossi and Focardi's joint work was rejected by [a] peer-reviewed scientific journal,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4212428/Italian-scientists-claim-cold-fusion-success |title=Italian scientists claim cold fusion success |work=EE Times |date=January 24, 2011}}</ref> instead having to present it in Rossi's self-published blog, ''[[Journal of Nuclear Physics]]''.<ref>[http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/ Journal of Nuclear Physics], (blog)</ref> Related work by Focardi was published in 1998 in the peer-reviewed scientific journal [[Nuovo Cimento|Il Nuovo Cimento A]].<ref name=Focardi_1998 />
Rossi and Focardi's joint work was rejected by [a] peer-reviewed scientific journal,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4212428/Italian-scientists-claim-cold-fusion-success |title=Italian scientists claim cold fusion success |work=EE Times |date=January 24, 2011}}</ref>, and appeared in Rossi's self-published blog, ''[[Journal of Nuclear Physics]]''.<ref>[http://www.journal-of-nuclear-physics.com/ Journal of Nuclear Physics], (blog)</ref> Closely related work by Focardi was published in 1998 in the peer-reviewed scientific journal [[Nuovo Cimento|Il Nuovo Cimento A]].<ref name=Focardi_1998 />


With their report on the April demonstrations,<ref name=Nyteknik_April_tests></ref> Ny Teknik provided some analysis: according to Rossi, the heat is generated from an unknown reaction, which is, according to Essen and Kullander, probably nuclear. The concept of cold fusion, or low-energy nuclear reaction, has been mentioned, referring to a hypothesized reaction between hydrogen and nickel, producing copper. "Many physicists are skeptical," because fusion of nuclei requires very high temperatures, "according to current knowledge," and because "fusion should produce very high levels of gamma radiation."
With their report on the April demonstrations,<ref name=Nyteknik_April_tests></ref> Ny Teknik provided some analysis: According to Rossi, the heat is generated from an unknown reaction, which is, according to Essen and Kullander, probably nuclear. The concept of cold fusion, or low-energy nuclear reaction, has been mentioned, referring to a hypothesized reaction between hydrogen and nickel, producing copper. "Many physicists are skeptical," because fusion of nuclei requires very high temperatures, "according to current knowledge," and because "fusion should produce very high levels of gamma radiation."


As Ny Teknik reports, Peter Ekström, lecturer at the Department of Nuclear Physics at Lund University in Sweden, concluded, "I am convinced that the whole story is one big scam, and that it will be revealed in less than one year."<ref name=Nyteknik_April_tests></ref>
As Ny Teknik reports, Peter Ekström, lecturer at the Department of Nuclear Physics at Lund University in Sweden, concluded, "I am convinced that the whole story is one big scam, and that it will be revealed in less than one year."<ref name=Nyteknik_April_tests></ref>

Revision as of 13:10, 23 June 2011

The Energy Catalyzer is an apparatus built by inventor[1] Andrea Rossi,[2] with support from his scientific consultant, physicist and emeritus professor[3] Sergio Focardi. The 2009 patent application[4] claims "a method and apparatus for carrying out nickel and hydrogen exothermal reactions," with production of copper.[5] Although the patent cites previous works on cold fusion,[6] one statement by Rossi asserted that it is not cold fusion, but rather LENR, Low-Energy Nuclear Reaction.[7] A similar system, but yielding considerably less power, had previously been described by Focardi et al.[8]

According to Focardi, "the hydrogen is heated at a given temperature with a simple resistor. When the ignition temperature is reached, the energy production process starts: the hydrogen atoms penetrate into the nickel and transform it into copper.”[9]

Demonstrations and investigations

Bologna, January 2011 demonstration

Held in Bologna, January 14, 2011, the demonstration was monitored by independent scientific representatives of Bologna University, including a researcher in physics, Giuseppe Levi.

Ny Teknik, a Swedish technology magazine, reported that, "For about an hour it produced approximately 10 kilowatts of net power, loaded with one gram of nickel powder pressurized with hydrogen.

Levi concluded that the power and energy produced is "impressive," and that the Energy Catalyzer might be working as a new type of energy source.

The Ny Teknik editorial staff was polled on their reaction to this report. "The result: two-thirds do not believe in it."[10]

On this demonstration, Discovery Channel analyst Benjamin Radford wrote, citing a physorg.com column,[11] "If this all sounds fishy to you, it should," and, "In many ways cold fusion is similar to perpetual motion machines. The principles defy the laws of physics, but that doesn’t stop people from periodically claiming to have invented or discovered one."[12]

Levi, in an interview with Ny Teknik, stated that, "If you search the literature you’ll find serious scientists – and I do not want to speak ill of anyone – describing that they managed to produce 50 watts in an experiment one day, failed to repeat it the next day and the third day it was 30 watts. These are things that are difficult to repeat and hard to understand."

Levi continued, “What has impressed me, and what sets this work apart from everything I’ve ever seen, is that we have 10 kW of measured energy output, and this output is completely repeatable. But what I want to do now is an experiment with continuous operation for at least one or more days. Since there are very specific limits on how much energy you can generate from a given amount of mass, I can thus rule out a chemical reaction as the energy source.”[13]

Bologna, February 2011 test

Another test, lasting 18 hours, was performed in Bologna, from February 10-11, 2011, by Levi and Rossi, and was not public.[14]

According to Levi, the process was 'ignited' by 1,250 watts for five to ten minutes, and power was then reduced to 80 watts (for the control electronics). Cooling was supplied by tap water and flow volume was monitored.

As reported by Ny Teknik, "Initially, the temperature of the inflowing water was seven degrees Celsius and for a while the outlet temperature was 40 degrees Celsius. A flow rate of about one liter per second, equates to a peak power of 130 kilowatts. The power output was later stabilized at 15 to 20 kilowatts."

Levi calculated consumption of hydrogen at 0.4 grams. “In my opinion, all chemical sources are now excluded,” he told Ny Teknik.

Bologna, March 2011 tests

In March 29, 2011 two Swedish physicists, Hanno Essén, associate professor of theoretical physics and a lecturer at the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology and former chairman of the Swedish Skeptics Society and Sven Kullander, Professor Emeritus at Uppsala University and also chairman of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences’ Energy Committee, participated as observers in a test of a smaller version of the Energy Catalyzer.[15] According to Ny Teknik, the test ran for six hours, power output was estimated at 4.4 kW, and total energy produced at about 25 kWh.[16] Essen and Kullander reported, "Any chemical process should be ruled out for producing 25 kWh from whatever is in a 50 cubic centimeter container. The only alternative explanation is that there is some kind of a nuclear process that gives rise to the measured energy production."[17]

Ny Teknik reports they were given a sample of unused nickel powder, and some that Rossi reported as used for 2.5 months; analysis showed the unused powder was pure nickel while the used powder contained 10 percent copper and 11 percent iron,[16] although iron production is not mentioned anywhere in the patent.[18] In their discussion, Essen and Kullander caution, "Since we do not have access to the internal design of the central fuel container and no information on the external lead shielding and the cooling water system we can only make very general comments."[17]

Bologna, April 2011 tests

On April 19[19] and April 28[20] two more demonstrations were held. The first of them[21] was also covered by the Italian 24-hour all-news State-owned television channel Rai News.[22][23][24] This time a Ny Teknik author attended and tested for some previously noted possibilities of fraud. He therefore calibrated the ammeter, measured the water flow by weighing and calibrated the temperature-sensor probe to confirm that all water is converted to steam.[25] The measurements showed a net power of between 2.3 and 2.6 kilowatts. The input power was 300 watts.

Media coverage

The Italian newspapers Il Sole 24 Ore,[26][27] Il Tempo,[28] La Stampa,[29] Il Fatto Quotidiano,[30] Il Resto del Carlino[31] and La Repubblica,[32] various national Italian radios[33][34][35] and newsmagazines,[36][37][38][39][40] and a 25-minute television documentary on Rai News, have reported on the Energy Catalyzer.[22] It was the topic of a series of articles in the Swedish Ny Teknik[41] and an article in German Telepolis.[42] In Greece, coverage appeared in the daily financial newspaper Express[43] and on the State-owned New Hellenic Television.[44] In the United States it was covered in EE Times,[45] presented in the Fox News Channel,[46] Discovery News [47], the Washington Times[48] and in the show Coast to Coast AM.[49] Coverage about the Energy Catalyzer was aired also by the Voice of Russia.[50] Rossi's involvement in the Petroldragon affair was also mentioned.[22]

Evaluation of the device

While the Italian patent, like the U.S. and international patent applications, describes the structure and general operation of the device, the detailed operation of the device is a trade secret, and unrelated-party evaluations to date have treated the device as an opaque "black box". Expert observers measured input and output energy over varying time frames at public demonstrations. Rossi reported that devices have been supplied to university laboratories in two countries.[citation needed] Widom and Larsen proposed a theory as an explanation of the reported elemental transmutation and excess energy release.[51]

Unfavorable preliminary report on patentability at the World Intellectual Property Organization was given to to Rossi's patent application in 2008,[52] noting that the description of the device was based on "general statements and speculations" and citing "numerous deficiencies in both the description and in the evidence provided to support its feasibility" as well as incompatibilities with current scientific theories.[53] The patent application was published on October 15, 2009.[18] A Italian patent was granted in April 2011, while the international patent is still pending.[54][55]

An application in 2008 to patent the device internationally had received an unfavorable preliminary report on patentability from the European Patent Office, , and citing . However, on 6 April 2011 an application was approved by the Italian Office for Patents and Trademarks, which issued a patent for the invention, valid only in Italy.[56][54][55]. A U.S. patent application is pending.

Rossi and Focardi's joint work was rejected by [a] peer-reviewed scientific journal,[57], and appeared in Rossi's self-published blog, Journal of Nuclear Physics.[58] Closely related work by Focardi was published in 1998 in the peer-reviewed scientific journal Il Nuovo Cimento A.[8]

With their report on the April demonstrations,[25] Ny Teknik provided some analysis: According to Rossi, the heat is generated from an unknown reaction, which is, according to Essen and Kullander, probably nuclear. The concept of cold fusion, or low-energy nuclear reaction, has been mentioned, referring to a hypothesized reaction between hydrogen and nickel, producing copper. "Many physicists are skeptical," because fusion of nuclei requires very high temperatures, "according to current knowledge," and because "fusion should produce very high levels of gamma radiation."

As Ny Teknik reports, Peter Ekström, lecturer at the Department of Nuclear Physics at Lund University in Sweden, concluded, "I am convinced that the whole story is one big scam, and that it will be revealed in less than one year."[25]

More cautious, Kjell Aleklett, physics professor at Uppsala University in Sweden, summarized in his blog: "What shall we do as scientists? Shall we say madness as many do today, or should we try to understand what is happening? I myself have nothing against to reveal a scam, or join in and verify something that no one could imagine. Both extremes belong to that which makes life as a researcher incredibly interesting."[59][25]

Commercial plans

Defkalion

Rossi has announced an agreement with the newly formed Greek company Defkalion Green Technologies as his first client.[60][61] According to Rossi, the agreement calls for delivery of a one megawatt heating plant, consisting of 300 reactors of 4 kW [16] connected in series and parallel. The plant which would supply heating for Defkalion's own purposes only, is supposed to be inaugurated in October 2011. [62]

Rossi says he will not be paid by Defkalion until the installation is delivered and works.[63] The company’s spokesman Symeon Tsalikoglou has confirmed the agreement.[64][65]

Defkalion has also been featured on national Greek television [66][67] and in the national business newspaper Ependitis.[68] According to Defkalion and Rossi the agreement gives exclusive rights for Defkalion to manufacture and sell the energy catalyzer throughout Greece.[64]

Ampenergo

According to Ny Teknik, Rossi has reached an agreement, for an undisclosed sum, with Ampenergo, a US company,[69] to receive royalties on sales of licenses and products built on the Energy Catalyzer in the Americas. Three of the founders knew Rossi since 1996, through Leonardo Technologies, Inc.,[70] which Rossi co-founded, selling his interest in the late 1990s, and which has been working on U.S. government contracts. One of the founders is Robert Gentile, former Assistant Secretary of Energy for Fossil Energy at the U.S. Department of Energy.[71][72][73]

References

  1. ^ http://www.uibm.gov.it/uibm/dati/Avanzata.aspx?load=info_list_uno&id=1610895&table=Invention&#ancoraSearch
    Ufficio Italiano Brevetti e Marchi (Italian Office for Patents and Trademarks)
    TITLE: "processo ed apparecchiatura per ottenere reazioni esotermiche, in particolare da nickel ed idrogeno."
    (TRANSLATION: "process and equipment to obtain exothermal reactions, in particular from nickel and hydrogen")
    N. Brevetto 0001387256
    Data Deposito: 09 aprile 2008,
    Data Brevetto 06 aprile 2011,
    Inventori: Andrea Rossi.
  2. ^ Cold Fusion: “You have to embrace this”, Mats Lewan, Ny Teknik, February 23, 2011
  3. ^ http://www.df.unibo.it/personale/prof_emeriti.htm Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli Studi di Bologna, Professori emeriti
  4. ^ Rossi, Andrea. "METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CARRYING OUT NICKEL AND HYDROGEN EXOTHERMAL REACTIONS". World Intellectual Propety Organisation. Retrieved 9 May 2011.
  5. ^ S. Focardi; A. Rossi (2010-03-22). "A new energy source from nuclear fusion" (PDF). Ny Teknik.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ http://www.wipo.int/pctdb/en/wads.jsp?IA=IT2008000532&LANGUAGE=EN&ID=id00000009030887&VOL=95&DOC=003fb4&WO=09/125444&WEEK=NA&TYPE=NA&DOC_TYPE=PDOC&TOK=cP1NW5D9tf6GNXp0hjLx8OnUe7E&PAGE=1
  7. ^ A. Rossi (2011-01-31). "Energy Catalyzer: It Works and It's Not Fusion". New Energy Times.
  8. ^ a b Focardi, S.; et al. (1998). "Large excess heat production in Ni-H systems" (PDF). Il Nuovo Cimento A. 111 (11): 1233–1242. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |first= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  9. ^ Fabio Deotto. "Fusione fredda realizzata a Bologna. Sarà vero?" (in Italian). Daily Wired..
  10. ^ Mats Lewan (February 2, 2011). "Cold fusion may provide one megawatt in Athens". Ny Teknik. Retrieved May 21, 2011.
  11. ^ Lisa Zyga (Jan 20, 2011). "Italian scientists claim to have demonstrated cold fusion (w/ Video)". physorg.com. Retrieved May 21, 2011.
  12. ^ Benjamin Radford (Jan 21, 2011). "Cold fusion: Cold Fusion Claims Resurface". Discovery.com. Retrieved May 21, 2011.
  13. ^ Mats Lewan (February 2, 2011). "Cold fusion: Observing researcher wants more tests". Ny Teknik. Retrieved May 21, 2011.
  14. ^ Lewan, Mats (February 23, 2011). "Cold Fusion: 18 hour test excludes combustion". Ny Teknik.
  15. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vt2JqEmaUGc Inteview with Sven Kullander and Hanno Essén (Swedish w. English subtitles)
  16. ^ a b c Lewan, Mats, Swedish physicists on the E-cat ″It’s a nuclear reaction″, Ny Teknik
  17. ^ a b Hanno Essén, Sven Kullander (April 3, 2011), Experimental test of a mini-Rossi device at the Leonardocorp, Bologna, 29 March 2011, Ny Teknik
  18. ^ a b WO 2009125444, "Method and apparatus for carrying out nickel and hydrogen exothermal reactions" 
  19. ^ Lewan, Mats (April 19, 2011). Ny Teknik http://www.nyteknik.se/incoming/article3166567.ece/BINARY/Report+test+of+E-cat+19+April+2011.pdf. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  20. ^ Lewan, Mats (April 28, 2011). Ny Teknik http://www.nyteknik.se/incoming/article3166569.ece/BINARY/Report+test+of+E-cat+28+April+2011.pdf. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  21. ^ [1]
  22. ^ a b c [2] Rai News on Thursday, May 5th at 20:35
  23. ^ http://www.rainews24.rai.it/it/canale-tv.php?id=23074 Here you can find the reportage of Rai News about the E-Cat (in Italian)
  24. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZGI12A3SWJ4 The reportage (in Italian) can be also watched on the channel of Rai News on youtube
  25. ^ a b c d Lewan, Mats. Ny Teknik http://www.nyteknik.se/nyheter/energi_miljo/energi/article3166552.ece. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  26. ^ http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/tecnologie/2011-06-02/bologna-candida-brevetto-065839.shtml?uuid=Aaj06YcD
  27. ^ http://www.ilsole24ore.com/art/notizie/2011-03-25/giappone-ancora-mese-lavoro-114426.shtml?uuid=AaTCDPJD&p=2
  28. ^ http://www.iltempo.it/2011/05/10/1256276-energia_gratis_parla_italiano.shtml
  29. ^ http://www3.lastampa.it/fileadmin/media/settimanali/tuttoscienze/PDF/5.pdf
  30. ^ http://www.ilfattoquotidiano.it/2011/04/22/nucleare-da-tavolo/106422/
  31. ^ “Ho realizzato la fusione fredda”: Annuncio choc del fisico Focardi, il Resto del Carlino, January 13, 2011
  32. ^ Ilaria Venturi: Fusione nucleare a freddo - „A Bologna ci siamo riusciti“, „La Repubblica“, January 14, 2011
  33. ^ Radio 24, Il ritorno della fusione fredda, April 6, 2011
  34. ^ Radio 24, Fusione fredda: una possibile spiegazione, April 7, 2011
  35. ^ Here: http://www.rai.tv/dl/RaiTV/programmi/media/ContentItem-4dc99de4-330c-47a1-a639-31db85a854ea-radio1.html it is possible to listen to the Radio 1 (the first State-owned Italian radio channel) a brief interview (just four minutes) with professor Sergio Focardi about the E-Cat. The interview (in Italian) was aired on 11 May 2011 and starts at 1:26 (1 hour and 26 minutes) since the beginning of the bradcast.
  36. ^ http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-iDxDAQ_ZDXA/TeIFuVSrWhI/AAAAAAAAFHw/fGBNz76y2rg/s1600/articoloOGGI1.jpg Oggi, 25 May 2011, "Fusione Fredda. Ecco la macchina dell'energia pulita" (first of three pages, in Italian)
  37. ^ http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-9dvSyjuI69c/TeIF0o3-Y_I/AAAAAAAAFH0/use1rtghHr0/s1600/articoloOGGI2.jpg Oggi, 25 May 2011, "Fusione Fredda. Ecco la macchina dell'energia pulita" (second of three pages, in Italian)
  38. ^ http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-ANA9BM-Q644/TeIF6AQO9VI/AAAAAAAAFH4/QtheR8z8NPQ/s1600/articoloOGGI3.jpg Oggi, 25 May 2011, "Fusione Fredda. Ecco la macchina dell'energia pulita" (third of three pages, in Italian)
  39. ^ http://blog.panorama.it/italia/2011/04/22/parla-lo-scienziato-che-ha-inventato-la-fusione-nucleare-a-freddo/ Panorama, 22 April 2011, "Parla lo scienziato che ha inventato la fusione nucleare a freddo" (in Italian).
  40. ^ http://blog.panorama.it/italia/2011/04/28/fusione-nucleare-a-freddo-i-dubbi-del-fisico-antonio-zoccoli/ Panorama, 28 April 2011, "Fusione nucleare a freddo: i dubbi del fisico Antonio Zoccoli" (in Italian).
  41. ^ http://www.nyteknik.se/taggar/?tag=Cold+Fusion Ny Teknik, Artiklar om Cold Fusion.
  42. ^ http://www.heise.de/tp/artikel/34/34400/1.html
  43. ^ http://www.express.gr/news/business/434458oz_20110316434458.php3
  44. ^ http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fBOV7vztkVw
  45. ^ Peter Clarke, EE Times, Italian scientists claim cold fusion success, 1/24/2011, [3]
  46. ^ Clay Dillow, Scientists Claim (Dubious) Cold Fusion Breakthrough, Fox News, January 24., 2011
  47. ^ Benjamin Radford, Discovery News, Cold Fusion Claims Resurface, 1/21/2011, Cold Fusion Claims Resurface
  48. ^ Frank Perley, Nuclear future beyond Japan. Purported cold fusion advance aimed at energy woes, Washington Times, March 17, 2011
  49. ^ Rossi Cold Fusion Device, Coast to Coast AM, March 23, 2011
  50. ^ http://english.ruvr.ru/2011/01/28/41688958.html
  51. ^ Widom, A. (2006). "Ultra Low Momentum Neutron Catalyzed Nuclear Reactions on Metallic Hydride Surfaces". Eur. Phys. J. C. 46: 107–111. arXiv:cond-mat/0505026. doi:10.1140/epjc/s2006-02479-8. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  52. ^ International Preliminary Report on Patentability
  53. ^ Alasdair Wilkins (January 26, 2011), No, Italian Scientists Have Not Discovered Cold Fusion, Gizmodo
  54. ^ a b METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CARRYING OUT NICKEL AND HYDROGEN EXOTHERMAL REACTIONS (WO/2009/125444)
  55. ^ a b Ny Teknik: Patent granted for the energy catalyzer
  56. ^ The patent granted 6 April, 2011, by Ufficio Italiano Brevetti e Marchi
  57. ^ "Italian scientists claim cold fusion success". EE Times. January 24, 2011.
  58. ^ Journal of Nuclear Physics, (blog)
  59. ^ Kjell Aleklett, "Rossi energy catalyst – a big hoax or new physics?" (blog)
  60. ^ "Defkalion Green Technologies". http://www.defkalion-energy.com/. {{cite web}}: External link in |work= (help); Missing or empty |url= (help)
  61. ^ http://www.xanthipress.gr/eidiseis/politiki/6874-xynidis-ependysi-hyperion-xanthi-ydrogono-nikelio-paragogi-energeias-ergostasio-xanthi.html
  62. ^ Lewan, Mats (February 2, 2011). "Cold fusion may provide one megawatt in Athens". Ny Teknik.
  63. ^ Lewan, Mats (March 10, 2011). "This is how Rossi is financing his E-cat". Ny Teknik.
  64. ^ a b Lewan, Mats (February 7, 2011). "Cold Fusion: Here's the Greek company building 1 MW". Ny Teknik.
  65. ^ http://www.xanthipress.gr/eidiseis/koinonia/6914-defkalion-yperion-synenteyxi-diloseis-tsalikoglou.html
  66. ^ NET. February 7, 2011 http://talefta.blogspot.com/2011/02/dekalion-green-tecnologies-confirmed.html. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) (mirror)
  67. ^ Ny Teknik: Cold Fusion: Here's the Greek company building 1 MW
  68. ^ επενδυτης. March 12, 2011 http://talefta.blogspot.com/2011/03/new-mainstream-coverage-of-e-cat-and.html. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help) (self published source)
  69. ^ http://www.nyteknik.se/incoming/article3179056.ece/BINARY/Ampenergo+Certificate+of+Organization--.pdf
  70. ^ http://www.lti-global.com/ Leonardo Technologies, Inc., web site, cited by Ny Teknik]
  71. ^ http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=18065#axzz1MSm3aHU6 Nomination of Robert Gentile, 1990, cited by Ny Teknik
  72. ^ http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-10664618.html confirmation that Gentile held that office, cited from The Oil Daily, April 30, 1991, Lynn Garner
  73. ^ Ny Teknik: Energy catalyzer gets U.S. partner
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