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Revision as of 11:40, 8 July 2011

This article is about the Australian airport. For the Canadian airport, see Sydney/J.A. Douglas McCurdy Airport.

Sydney (Kingsford Smith) Airport

Kingsford-Smith Airport
File:Sydney Airport Logo.png
Summary
Airport typePublic
OperatorSydney Airport Corporation Limited
ServesSydney
LocationMascot, New South Wales, Australia
Hub for
Elevation AMSL21 ft / 6 m
Websitewww.sydneyairport.com.au
Map
SYD is located in Sydney
SYD
SYD
Location within Sydney
Map
Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
07/25 2,530 8,301 Asphalt
16L/34R 2,438 7,999 Asphalt
16R/34L 3,962 12,999 Asphalt
Statistics (2010)
Passenger movements35,992,164
Airfreight movements in tonnes471,000(2009)
Aircraft movements302,907(2009)
Source: AIP[1][2][3]

Sydney (Kingsford Smith) Airport[4] (also known as Kingsford-Smith Airport and Sydney Airport) (IATA: SYD, ICAO: YSSY) is located in the suburb of Mascot in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is the only airport serving Sydney, and is a major hub for Qantas. Situated next to Botany Bay, the airport has three runways, colloquially known as the "East-West", "North-South" and "Third" runways.

Sydney Airport is one of the oldest continually operated airports in the world,[5] and the busiest airport in Australia, handling 35.9 million passengers in 2010[6] and 289,741 aircraft movements in 2009.[7] It was the 28th busiest airport in the world in 2009. The airport is managed by Sydney Airport Corporation Limited (SACL) and the current CEO is Russell Balding. Flights from Sydney link with all states and territories of Australia. Currently 47 domestic destinations are served to Sydney direct.

History

See also: Mascot, New South Wales § History

1920–30: Early history

The area that the airport was situated was originally a bullock paddock.[8] Nigel Love, a former wartime pilot, was looking into the possibilities for aviation in Australia. He was interested in establishing the nation's first aircraft manufacturing company, this required him to establish a factory and an aerodrome close to the city. His search for a potential site eventually led him to a real estate office in Sydney which was aware of some land owned by the Kensington Race Club (that was kept as a hedge against losing its government-owned site at Randwick). It had been used by a local abattoir, which was closing down, to graze sheep and cattle. This land appealed to Love, the surface was perfectly flat and was covered with a pasture of buffalo grass. This grass which had been grazed so evenly by the sheep and cattle running on it that it required little to make it serviceable to land aircraft. In addition, the approaches on all four sides had no obstructions, it was bounded by a racecourse, gardens, a river and Botany Bay.

Love established Mascot as a private concern, leasing 200 acres (0.81 km2) from the Kensington Race club for three years. It initially had a small canvas structure but was later equipped with an imported Richards hangar. The first flight from Mascot was on 19 November 1919 when Love carried freelance movie photographer Billy Marshall up in an Avro. The official opening flight took place on 9 January 1920, also performed by Love.

In 1921 the Commonwealth Government purchased 161 acres (0.65 km2) in Mascot for the purpose of creating a public airfield. In 1923, when Love's three-year lease expired, the Mascot land was compulsorily acquired by the federal government from the racing club.[8] The first regular flights began in 1924.

1930–1960

In 1933, the first gravel runways were built. Cooks River was diverted away from the area in 1947–52 to provide more land for the airport and other small streams were filled. When Mascot was declared an aerodrome in 1920 it was known as Sydney Airport, in 1953 it was renamed Sydney (Kingsford Smith) Airport in honour of Charles Kingsford Smith, a pioneering Australian aviator. Up to the early sixties the majority of Sydney-siders referred to the airport as Mascot. The first paved runway was 07–25 and the next one constructed was 16R, jutting into Botany Bay, starting in 1959, to accommodate large jets. 07-25 is used mainly by lighter aircraft, although large four engine jet aircraft still periodically land on the runway from the east, when south-westerly winds are blowing in Sydney. 16R is presently the longest operational runway in Australia, with 14,300 feet (4,400 m) paved length and 12,850 feet (3,920 m) between the zebra thresholds.

1960–2000

KLM DC8 at Gate 2 International Terminal in 1972

By the 1960s the need for a new international terminal had become apparent, and work commenced in late 1966. The new terminal was officially opened on 3 May 1970, by Queen Elizabeth II.

The first Boeing 747 "Jumbo Jet" to serve the airport, Pan American's Clipper Flying Cloud (N734PA), arrived on 4 October 1970. In the 1970s the north-south runway was expanded to become one of the longest runways in the southern hemisphere. The international terminal was expanded in 1992 and has undergone several refurbishments since then.

The limitations of having only two runways that crossed each other had become apparent and various governments grappled with Sydney's airport capacity for decades. Eventually, the controversial decision to build a third runway was made. The third runway was built parallel to the existing main "North-South" runway entirely on reclaimed land from Botany Bay). A proposed new airport on the outskirts of Sydney was shelved indefinitely.

Following completion, the "third runway" (as it is known to Sydneysiders) remained controversial because of increased aircraft movements, especially over many inner suburbs. The 1990s saw the formation of the No Aircraft Noise Party, although it failed to win a parliamentary seat in any of the elections it contested. There has been general acquiescence in the arrangements for Sydney Airport that were introduced by the Howard government shortly after its election, namely to –

  1. maintain curfews (extremely limited jet movements between 2300–0600H)
  2. rotate runway operation, and fan flightpaths out (instead of concentrating them, as had previously been the case)
  3. use, whenever possible, flightpaths over water, especially Botany Bay
  4. continue the use of noise abatement (reduced power settings, etc.) on departure.

2000–2010

Sydney Airport from the air

In 2002, the Australian Government sold Sydney Airports Corporation Limited (later renamed to Sydney Airport Corporation Limited, SACL), the management authority for the airport, to Southern Cross Airports Corporation Holdings Ltd. 82.93% of SACL is owned by MAp Airports International Limited, a subsidiary of Macquarie Bank, Sydney Airport Intervest GmbH own 12.11% and Ontario Teachers' Australia Trust own 4.96%.[9] SACL holds a 99 year lease on the airport which remains Crown land.

Since the international terminal's original completion, it has undergone two large expansions. One such expansion is underway and will stretch over twenty years (2005–25). This will include an additional high-rise office block, the construction of a multi-level car park, the expansion of both the International and Domestic Terminals. These expansions—and other plans and policies by Macquarie Bank for airport operations—are seen as controversial as they are performed without legal oversight of local councils, which usually act as the local planning authority for such developments.

As of April 2006, some of the proposed development has been scaled back.[10]

Sydney Airport's International terminal underwent a $500 million renovation that was completed in mid 2010. The upgrade includes a new baggage system, an extra 7,300 m2 (78,577 sq ft) of space for shops and passenger waiting areas and other improvements.[11]

In March 2010 the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission released a report sharply critical of price gouging at Sydney airport, ranking it fifth out of five airports. The report noted Sydney Airport recorded the highest average prices at $13.63 per passenger, compared to the lowest of $7.96 at Melbourne Airport, while the price of short-term parking had almost doubled in the 2008–09 financial year, from $28 to $50 for four hours. The report also accused the airport of abusing its monopoly power.[12]

Terminals

Sydney Airport has three passenger terminals. The International Terminal is separated from the other two by a runway, therefore connecting passengers need to allow for longer transfer times. Sydney Airport requires minimum connection times:

  • From domestic flight to domestic flight: 30 min
  • From domestic flight to international flight: 1 h
  • From international flight to domestic flight: 1 h 15 min
  • From international flight to international flight: 1 h

The airport provides a shuttle service between the terminals at a cost of A$5.50.

Terminal 1

The facade of the International terminal

Terminal 1 was opened on 3 May 1970, replacing the old Overseas Passenger Terminal (which was located where Terminal 3 stands now) and has been greatly expanded by then. Today it is known as the International Terminal, located in the airport's north western sector. It has 30 gates (Concourse B with 8–37 and Concourse C with 50–63) served by aerobridges, as well as a number of remote bays. It can accommodate the Airbus A380, which fly routes to Singapore (Singapore Airlines), London via Singapore and Los Angeles (Qantas), Dubai and Auckland (Emirates). The terminal building is split into three levels, one each for arrivals, departures and airline offices. The departure level has 20 rows of check-in desks each with 10 single desks making a total of 200 check-in desks. The terminal also has an observation deck located on the rooftop. The terminal hosts six airline lounges: Two for Qantas, and one each for Air New Zealand, Singapore Airlines, Malaysia Airlines and Emirates. The terminal underwent a major $500 million redevelopment that was completed in 2010, by which the shopping complex was expanded, outbound customs operations were centralised and the floor space of the terminal increased to 254,000 square metres.[13]

  • Central International Concourse
    Central International Concourse
  • International Terminal landside
    International Terminal landside
  • Sydney Airport Carpark Complex
    Sydney Airport Carpark Complex
  • International departures drop off area
    International departures drop off area

Terminal 2

T3 Domestic Qantas Terminal
Aerial view of the domestic side of the airport

Terminal 2, located in the airport's north-eastern section, was the former home of Ansett Australia's domestic operations. It features 15 parking bays served by aerobridges and a number of non-contact bays. Today it serves Virgin Australia, Jetstar, Tiger Airways, Regional Express Airlines, Aeropelican Air Services and Qantaslink services operated by Eastern Australia Airlines. There are lounges for Qantas, Virgin Blue and Regional Express Airlines.

Terminal 3

Terminal 3 is a domestic terminal, serving Qantas and Qantaslink flights to Canberra. Originally, it was home for Trans Australia Airlines (later named Australian Airlines). Like Terminal 2 it is located in the north-eastern section. The current terminal building is largely the result of extensions made during the late 1990s. There are 14 parking bays served by aerobridges, including two served by dual aerobridges. Terminal 3 features a large Qantas Club lounge, along with a dedicated Business Class and Chairmans lounge. Terminal 3 also has a 'Heritage Collection', dedicated to Qantas, It includes Many collections from the Airlines' 90 years of service, It also has a view of the airports apron and is used commonly by plane-spotters. It is located Adjacent Gate 13.

Other terminals

Sydney Airport had a fourth passenger terminal, east of Terminal 2. This was formerly known as Domestic Express and was used by Regional Express Airlines; and low-cost carriers Virgin Blue (now known as Virgin Australia) and the now-defunct Impulse Airlines; during the time Terminal 2 was closed following the collapse of Ansett Australia. It is now used by DHL Express and Tasman Cargo Airlines as an office building.

The dedicated Freight Terminal is located north of Terminal 1. It is used for international freight operations, except for Tasman Cargo Airlines' trans-Tasman services.

Airlines and destinations

Signage at the entrance to the domestic side of the airport
Control tower
A Singapore Airlines Airbus A380 and a Korean Air Boeing 747 on the tarmac
Qantas jet on taxiway with aircraft viewing area and Botany Bay beach in foreground
Virgin Australia A330 on the tarmac
Qantas A380 taking off
AirlinesDestinationsTerminal
Aerolíneas ArgentinasAuckland, Buenos Aires-Ezeiza1
Aeropelican Air ServicesCooma (Snowy Mountains), Mudgee, Narrabri, Newcastle2
AircalinNouméa-La Tontouta1
Air Austral Nouméa-La Tontouta, Paris-Charles de Gaulle, Saint-Denis de la Réunion1
Air CanadaToronto-Pearson, Vancouver1
Air ChinaBeijing-Capital, Shanghai-Pudong1
Air MauritiusMauritiusNote 2 1
Air New ZealandAuckland, Christchurch, Queenstown, Rotorua, Wellington
Seasonal: Rarotonga 		1
Air NiuginiPort Moresby1
Air Pacific Nadi1
Air VanuatuPort Vila1
Asiana AirlinesSeoul-Incheon1
Brindabella AirlinesCobar 2
British AirwaysBangkok-Suvarnabhumi, London-Heathrow, Singapore1
Cathay PacificHong Kong1
China AirlinesTaipei-Taoyuan1
China Eastern AirlinesShanghai-Pudong1
China Southern AirlinesGuangzhou1
Delta Air LinesLos Angeles 1
EmiratesAuckland, Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Christchurch, Dubai1
Etihad AirwaysAbu Dhabi1
Garuda IndonesiaDenpasar/Bali, Jakarta-Soekarno-Hatta1
Hainan AirlinesHangzhou, Shenzhen1
Hawaiian AirlinesHonolulu1
Japan AirlinesTokyo-Narita1
JetstarAuckland, Christchurch, Denpasar/Bali, Gold Coast, Honolulu, Melbourne, Nadi, Osaka, Phuket1
JetstarAdelaide, Avalon, Ballina, Brisbane, Cairns, Darwin, Gold Coast, Hamilton Island, Ho Chi Minh CityNote 1, Hobart, Launceston, ManilaNote 1, Melbourne, Perth, Sunshine Coast, Townsville2
Korean AirSeoul-Incheon1
LAN AirlinesAuckland, Santiago de Chile1
Malaysia AirlinesKuala Lumpur1
Norfolk Air operated by Our AirlineNorfolk IslandNote 21
Philippine AirlinesManilaNote 21
Polynesian BlueApia1
QantasAdelaide, Auckland, Bangkok-Suvarnabhumi, Buenos Aires-Ezeiza, Brisbane, Dallas/Fort Worth, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Honolulu, Jakarta-Soekarno-Hatta, Johannesburg, Los Angeles, London-Heathrow, Manila, New York-JFK, Nouméa-La Tontouta, Queenstown, Shanghai-Pudong, Singapore, Tokyo-Narita1
Qantas Adelaide, Alice Springs, Ayers Rock/Uluru, Brisbane, Cairns, Canberra, Darwin, Hobart, Karratha, Melbourne, Perth
Seasonal: Broome 		3
Qantas operated by JetconnectAuckland, Wellington, Christchurch1
Qantas operated by QantasLinkAlbury, Armidale, Coffs Harbour, Dubbo, Lord Howe Island, Moree, Port Macquarie, Tamworth, Wagga Wagga
Seasonal: Mount Hotham		2
Qantas operated by QantasLinkCanberra3
Regional Express AirlinesAlbury, Ballina, Bathurst, Broken Hill, Dubbo, Grafton, Griffith, Lismore, Merimbula, Moruya, Narrandera, Orange, Parkes, Taree, Wagga Wagga2
Singapore AirlinesSingapore1
Thai Airways InternationalBangkok-Suvarnabhumi1
Tiger Airways AustraliaAdelaide, Avalon, Brisbane [ends 31 July], Gold Coast, Melbourne, Sunshine Coast [ends 31 July][14]2
United AirlinesLos Angeles, San Francisco1
Vietnam AirlinesHanoi, Ho Chi Minh City1
Virgin Atlantic AirwaysHong Kong, London-Heathrow1
Virgin Australia Adelaide, Albury, Ayers Rock/Uluru, Ballina, Brisbane, Cairns, Canberra, Coffs Harbour, Gold Coast, Hamilton Island, Hervey Bay, Hobart, Launceston, Mackay, Melbourne, Perth, Port Macquarie, Rockhampton, Sunshine Coast, Townsville2
Virgin Australia operated by Pacific Blue Auckland, Christchurch, Denpasar/Bali, Nadi, Port Vila, Queenstown, Wellington [ends 31 October][15]
Seasonal: Dunedin [begins 1 November][15]		1
Virgin Australia operated by V AustraliaAbu Dhabi,[16] Los Angeles1

Cargo

Australian Air Express Facility
AirlinesDestinationsTerminal
Australian air ExpressMelbourneNote 3
Cathay Pacific CargoHong Kong, MelbourneFreight
DHL Express operated by Tasman Cargo AirlinesAucklandNote 3
FedEx ExpressGuangzhou, HonoluluFreight
Korean Air CargoGuangzhou, Seoul-IncheonFreight
MASkargoKuala LumpurFreight
Qantas Freight operated by Atlas AirHong Kong, Honolulu, Shanghai-PudongFreight
Qantas Freight operated by Express Freighters AustraliaAuckland, ChristchurchFreight
Singapore Airlines CargoSingaporeFreight
TNT AirwaysHong KongFreight[17]
Toll Priority operated by AirworkMelbourneNote 3
UPS AirlinesAnchorage, Nadi, Honolulu, Los AngelesFreight

Notes
  • ^1 Despite this being an international destination, the flight departs from (domestic) Terminal 2 and makes an intermediate stop enroute for processing.
  • ^2 These flights may make an intermediate domestic stop en route to their listed final destination; however the airlines have no traffic rights to carry passengers solely between Sydney and the intermediate Australian stop.
  • ^3 Each of these freight companies has its own facility (each located on different parts of the airport) and does not operate from the International freight terminal

International cities with direct passenger airlinks to Sydney

Curfew

In 1995 the Australian Government passed a law through parliament entitled "The Sydney Airport Curfew Act", which limits the operating hours of the airport. This was done in an effort to curb complaints about aircraft noise. The curfew prevents aircraft from taking off or landing between the hours of 11 pm and 6 am. A limited number of scheduled and approved take-offs and landings are permitted respectively in the "shoulder periods" of 11 pm to midnight and 5 am to 6 am, by Section 12 of the Act.

During extreme weather, flights are often delayed and it is often the case that people on late flights are unable to travel on a given day. Fines for violating curfew have been levied against four airlines, As of 2009, with a maximum fine of $550 000 applicable.[18]

Second airport proposals

Qantas Boeing 747–300 landing at the airport
Main article: Second Sydney Airport

Sydney has sought a second airport since 1964.[19] Between 1987 and 2000 domestic flights through Sydney have more than doubled to nearly 27 million, and international passengers served increased from 8 million to 15 million. Close to half of all scheduled flights in Australia take off or land at Kingsford Smith. In 1998 the airport handled 45% of international passengers in Australia.[20]

The Commonwealth has bought most of the required land in a proposed site at Badgerys Creek, west of Sydney. This site would be accessible by the Westlink M7 motorway. There are currently three proposals for the airport layout, featuring different arrangement of terminals in the centre of the proposed three runways.

The issue of a second airport for Sydney arose again after the Rudd government was elected in 2007. Convinced that capacity at the current airport will be exhausted, it sought a new site. It is believed that various options, including a freight-only airport operation, will be considered. Camden, converting part or all of Richmond and Canberra will be investigated for feasibility, while Bankstown and Badgerys Creek, according to sources, will not.[21]

Traffic and statistics

Domestic

International

The top 4 busiest international routes to/from Sydney, in terms of passengers carried for the year ending September 2010 are: Auckland- 1,401,405 passengers (Increase9.5%), Singapore-1,092,801 (Increase4.3%), Hong Kong- 939,016 (Increase1.3%) and Los Angeles- 887,218 (Increase39.2%).[24] For the year ending September 2010, Sydney Airport served 11,324,439 international passengers (Increase9.0%)[24] and 24,133,100 domestic passengers (Increase8.0%).[25]

Prospective users and routes

Transport

Rail

T3 Airport Link Entrance

The airport is accessible via the Airport Link underground rail line. The International railway station is located below the International terminal, while the Domestic railway station is located under the car park between the domestic terminals (Terminal 2 and Terminal 3). While the stations are part of the Cityrail suburban network, they are privately owned and operated by the Airport Link consortium. As a result passengers are required to pay a station access fee or 'gate fee' of $11.80. This fee is added to the price of the distance based train ticket or paid for separately in the case of daily or weekly tickets.[34] [35]

The trains that service the airport are regular suburban trains. Unlike special airport trains at other airports, these do not have special provisions for customers with luggage, do not operate express to the airport and may have all seats occupied by commuters before the trains arrive at the airport.

Bus

Sydney Buses operates Route 400 from Burwood to Bondi Junction railway stations and stops at the International and Domestic terminals. It connects the eastern suburbs, Inner West and St George areas to the airport.[36]

Private shuttle buses also service the airport from the Sutherland Shire, Blue Mountains and Central Coast.

Road

Sydney Airport, being located within a dense urban area, has road connections in all directions. Southern Cross Drive (M1), a motorway, is the fastest link with the city centre. The only other motorway, the M5 South Western Motorway (including the M5 East Freeway) links the airport with the south-western suburbs of Sydney.

A ring road runs around the airport consisting of Airport Drive, Qantas Drive, General Holmes Drive, M5 East Freeway and Marsh Street. General Holmes Drive features a tunnel under the main north-south runway and three taxiways as well as providing access to an aircraft viewing area. Inside the airport a part-ring road — Ross Smith Avenue (named after Ross MacPherson Smith) — connects the Domestic Terminal with the control tower, the general aviation area, car-rental company storage yards, long-term car park, heliport, various retail operations and a hotel. A perimeter road runs inside the secured area for authorised vehicles only.

The Airport runs several official car parks—Domestic Short Term, Domestic Remote Long Term, and International Short/Long Term.[37] There are also many third-party parking operators clustered around the airport providing substantial discounts on the official car park rates, who provide free shuttle buses to the airport.[citation needed]

Pedestrian and bicycle

The International Terminal is located beside a wide pedestrian and bicycle path. It links Mascot and Sydney City in the north-east with Tempe (via a foot bridge over Alexandra Canal) and Botany Bay to the south-west. All terminals offer bicycle racks and are also easily accessible by foot from nearby areas.

Accidents and incidents

  • On 18 June 1950 a Douglas DC-3 of Ansett Airways taxiing for take-off from Sydney's now non-existent Runway 22 for a night-time passenger flight to Brisbane, hit and partially-derailed a coal train travelling on the railway line that crossed the runway. Only the co-pilot was injured.[38]
  • On 30 November 1961, Vickers Viscount VH-TVC of Ansett-ANA crashed into Botany Bay shortly after take-off. The starboard wing failed in mid-air after the aircraft flew into a thunderstorm over the bay. All 15 people on board were killed.[39]
  • On 1 December 1969, Boeing 707-321B N892PA of Pan Am Flight 812 overran the runway during take-off due to bird strikes. The accident investigation established that the aircraft struck a flock of seagulls, with a minimum of 11 individual bird strikes to the leading edges of the wings and engines 1, 2, and 3. In particular, blade 14 of number 2 engine was damaged by a single bird carcass and lost power before the decision to abandon the take-off (which occurred at or near V1). The aircraft came to rest 560 feet (170 m) beyond the end of runway 34 (now runway 34L). During the crash, Number 2 engine hit the ground and was damaged. The nose and left main landing gears failed and the aircraft came to rest supported by engines 1 and 2, the nose, and the remainder of the main landing gear. There were no injuries or fatalities amongst the 125 passengers and 11 crew. The accident investigation concluded that the overrun was not inevitable.[40]
  • On 24 April 1994, Douglas DC-3 VH-EDC of South Pacific Airmotive had an engine malfunction shortly after take-off on a charter flight to Norfolk Island. The engine was feathered but airspeed decayed and it was found to be impossible to maintain height. A successful ditching was carried out into Botany Bay. All four crew and 21 passengers safely evacuated the aircraft. The investigation revealed that the propeller was not fully feathered.[41]

See also

References

  1. ^ YSSY – SYDNEY/(Kingsford Smith) (PDF). AIP En Route Supplement from Airservices Australia, effective 13 June 2024
  2. ^ Sydney Airport Historical Traffic
  3. ^ Sydney Airport aviation activity forecast
  4. ^ "Geographical Names Register Extract: Sydney (Kingsford Smith) Airport". Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
  5. ^ Fact Sheet Sydney Airport
  6. ^ Passenger Traffic 2009 FINAL Airports Council International
  7. ^ Sydney Airport – An Overview Sydney Airport
  8. ^ a b Steve Creedy (24 November 2009). "Bullock paddock grew to nation's busiest air hub". The Australian. News Corp. Retrieved 7 February 2010.
  9. ^ "Ownership". Sydneyairport.com.au. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
  10. ^ Sydney Morning Herald. 21 April 2006 issue
  11. ^ "International Terminal – Expansion and Upgrade". Sydneyairport.com.au. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
  12. ^ West, Andrew; Matt, O'Sullivan (12 March 2010). "ACCC slams price gouging at Sydney Airport". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
  13. ^ "Master Plan". Sydneyairport.com.au. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  14. ^ http://australianaviation.com.au/2011/06/tiger-cuts-four-routes/
  15. ^ a b "News and Press Releases". Virgin Australia. 16 May 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011.
  16. ^ "Timetables". V Australia. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
  17. ^ AustralianAviationNovember2010
  18. ^ Creedy, Steve (6 May 2009). "Jetstar fined for airport curfew breach". news.com.au. News Limited. Retrieved 31 May 2009.
  19. ^ "Second Sydney Airport — A Chronology". www.aph.gov.au. Retrieved 23 July 2008.
  20. ^ Philip Laird (2001). Where We Are Now. UNSW Press. p. 29. ISBN 086840411X. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  21. ^ Farr, Malcolm (5 May 2008). "Search on for second Sydney airport". The Daily Telegraph. www.news.com.au. Retrieved 23 July 2008.
  22. ^ a b Domestic airline activity
  23. ^ a b International airline activity
  24. ^ a b http://www.bitre.gov.au/publications/11/Files/0910_M.pdf
  25. ^ http://www.bitre.gov.au/publications/23/Files/Domestic%20Monthly%20Airline%20Activity%20publication%20September%202010.pdf
  26. ^ "AirAsia Plans To Fly To Seoul And Sydney By Middle Of Next Year". Bernama. 7 December 2009. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
  27. ^ "Indonesian Batavia to service Australia – Airline News". etravelblackboard.com. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
  28. ^ [1][dead link‍]
  29. ^ "Information & Services/ Plan Your Trip/ Destinations/ Destination Guide". Kenya Airways. 26 March 2010. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
  30. ^ "Kenya Airways profits surge, plans Africa route expansion". Panapress.com. 31 March 2010. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
  31. ^ "Qatar Airways Unveils Robust Expansion Plans , Qatar Airways Press Release". Qatarairways.com. 11 March 2009. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
  32. ^ "Royal Brunei to expand with Sydney, Melbourne – Airline News". etravelblackboard.com. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
  33. ^ "Turkish Airlines to enter Australian market in 2011 – Airline News". etravelblackboard.com. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
  34. ^ "Sydney Airport Link". Airport Link. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
  35. ^ "Sydney Airport". Rail Corp. Retrieved 6 February 2010.
  36. ^ "Sydney Buses Timetable – Burwood to Bondi Junction" (PDF). Sydney Buses. Retrieved 6 February 2010. [dead link‍]
  37. ^ "Sydney Airport Carparks". Sydney Airport Website. Sydney Airport Corporation Limited. 17 December 2010. Retrieved 17 December 2010.
  38. ^ Job, Macarthur (1992). Air Crash, Volume 2. Weston Creek, ACT: Aerospace Publications. p. 153. ISBN 1 875671 01 3. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  39. ^ "Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
  40. ^ Air Safety Investigation Branch, Melbourne (1970). Accident Investigation Report – Boeing 707-321B Aircraft N892PA at Sydney (Kingsford-Smith) Airport, on 1st December 1969 (PDF). Melbourne: Department of Civil Aviation, Australia. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
  41. ^ "Accident description". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
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