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Revision as of 10:45, 24 July 2011
The list of medieval universities comprises all universities which existed in the Middle Ages (invariably in Europe[1]). It also includes short-lived foundations and European educational institutions whose university status is a matter of debate. The degree-awarding university with its corporate organization and relative autonomy is a product of medieval Christian Europe.[1] Until 1500 more than eighty universities were established in Western and Central Europe.[2] During the subsequent Colonization of the Americas the university was introduced to the New World, marking the beginning of its worldwide spread as the center of higher learning everywhere (see List of oldest universities).[3]
Definition
A short definition of the university and its defining characteristics as they have been developing from its medieval roots is offered by the multi-volume History of the University in Europe of the European University Association:
The university is a European institution; indeed, it is the European institution par excellence. There are various reasons for this assertion. As a community of teachers and taught, accorded certain rights, such as administrative autonomy and the determination and realization of curricula (courses of study) and of the objectives of research as well as the award of publicly recognized degrees, it is a creation of medieval Europe, which was the Europe of papal Christianity...
No other European institution has spread over the entire world in the way in which the traditional form of the European university has done. The degrees awarded by European universities – the bachelor's degree, the licentiate, the master's degree, and the doctorate – have been adopted in the most diverse societies throughout the world. The four medieval faculties of artes – variously called philosophy, letters, arts, arts and sciences, and humanities –, law, medicine, and theology have survived and have been supplemented by numerous disciplines, particularly the social sciences and technological studies, but they remain none the less at the heart of universities throughout the world.
Even the name of the universitas, which in the Middle Ages was applied to corporate bodies of the most diverse sorts and was accordingly applied to the corporate organization of teachers and students, has in the course of centuries been given a more particular focus: the university, as a universitas litterarum, has since the 18th century been the intellectual institution which cultivates and transmits the entire corpus of methodically studied intellectual disciplines.[1]
List
The list is sorted by the date of recognition. At places where more than one university was established, the name of the institution is given in brackets.
12th century
| Recognized | University | Modern country |
|---|---|---|
| 12th c.[2] | Salerno[uncertain 1] | Italy |
| End of 12th c.[2] | Bologna | Italy |
| 1188[2] | Reggio EmiliaCite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).
|
Italy |
13th century
| Recognized | University | Modern country |
|---|---|---|
| 1204[2] | Vicenza | Italy |
| 1208[2] | PalenciaCite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).
|
Spain |
| Beginning of 13th c.[2] | Paris | France |
| Beginning of 13th c.[2] | Oxford | England |
| Beginning of 13th c.[2] | Montpellier | France |
| 1209–25[2] | Cambridge | England |
| 1215[2] | Arezzo | Italy |
| Before 1218/19[2] | Salamanca | Spain |
| 1222[2] | Padua | Italy |
| 1224[2] | Naples | Italy |
| 1228[2] | Vercelli | Italy |
| 1229[2] | Toulouse | France |
| c.1235[2] | Orléans | France |
| 1245[2] | Rome (Roman Curia) | Italy |
| 1246[2] | Siena | Italy |
| 1248[2] | PiacenzaCite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).
|
Italy |
| c.1250[2] | Angers | France |
| 1254–60[2] | SevilleCite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).
|
Spain |
| 1261[4] | NorthamptonCite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).
|
England |
| End of 13th c.[2] | Valladolid | Spain |
| 1290[2] | Lisbon | Portugal |
| 1300[2] | Lleida | Spain |
14th century
| Recognized | University | Modern country |
|---|---|---|
| 1303[2] | Avignon | France |
| 1303[2] | Rome (Sapienza) | Italy |
| 1308[2] | Perugia | Italy |
| 1308[2] | Coimbra | Portugal |
| 1318[2] | Treviso | Italy |
| 1332[2] | Cahors Template:Fr icon | France |
| 1339[2] | Grenoble | France |
| 1339[2] | VeronaCite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page).
|
Italy |
| 1343[2] | Pisa | Italy |
| 1347[2] | Prague | Czech Republic |
| 1349[2] | Florence | Italy |
| 1350[2] | Perpignan | France |
| 1354[2] | Huesca Template:Es icon | Spain |
| 1361[2] | Pavia | Italy |
| 1364[2] | Cracow | Poland |
| 1365[2] | Orange | France |
| 1365[2] | Vienna | Austria |
| 1367[2] | Pécs | Hungary |
| 1369[2] | LuccaCite error: The opening <ref> tag is malformed or has a bad name (see the help page). Template:It icon
|
Italy |
| 1379[2] | Erfurt | Germany |
| 1385[2] | Heidelberg | Germany |
| 1388[2] | Cologne | Germany |
| 1389[2] | Budapest | Hungary |
| 1391[2] | Ferrara | Italy |
15th century
Notes
- ^ University status open to dispute
References
- ^ a b c Rüegg 1992, pp. XIX–XX
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd ce cf cg ch ci Verger 1992, pp. 62–65
- ^ Roberts, Rodriguez & Herbst 1996, pp. 256–284
- ^ Powicke 1949, p. 200f.
Sources
- Powicke, F. M.: "Ways of Medieval Life and Thought", Biblo & Tannen Publishers, 1949, ISBN 978-0-8196-0137-7
- Roberts, John; Rodriguez Cruz, Agueda M.; Herbst, Jürgen: "Exporting Models", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. II: Universities in Early Modern Europe (1500–1800), Cambridge University Press, 1996, ISBN 0-521-36106-0, pp. 256–284
- Rüegg, Walter: "Foreword. The University as a European Institution", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2, pp. XIX–XX
- Verger, Jacques: "Patterns", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2, pp. 35–76 (62–65)
Further reading
- Jílek, Jubor (ed.): "Historical Compendium of European Universities/Répertoire Historique des Universités Européennes", Standing Conference of Rectors, Presidents and Vice-Chancellors of the European Universities (CRE), Geneva 1984
- Rüegg, Walter (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. III: Universities in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries (1800–1945), Cambridge University Press, 2004, ISBN 978-0-521-36107-1
- Rüegg, Walter (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. IV: Universities Since 1945, Cambridge University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-521-36108-8