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Breivik confessed and stated the purpose of the attack was to save Norway and Western Europe from a Muslim takeover and "[t]he price for this they had to pay yesterday." Ian Stephen, a retired forensic clinical psychologist, said Breivik knew what he was doing but is clearly a psychopath.<ref name="IanStephen">{{cite web|last=Stephen |first=Ian |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8658223/Norway-attacks-Anders-Behring-Breivik-a-bomb-waiting-to-explode.html |title=Telegrpah, London, 25 Jul 2011 |publisher=Telegraph.co.uk |date=2011-07-23 |accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref> After arrest and outside court, Breivik was met with an angry crowd, some of whom shouted "burn in hell", while some used stronger words.<ref name=Andresen/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7725980 |title=Arbeiderpartiet har sveket landet og prisen fikk de betale fredag |publisher=Nrk.no |date= |accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref><ref name = "Reuters">{{cite news| url= http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/23/us-norway-killings-police-idUSTRE76M0SF20110723 | title= Norway police say 84 killed in Utoeya shooting|date=23 July 2011<!--, 4:02am EDT-->| work = Reuters| accessdate=23 July 2011}} R. Andresen: "We have no more information than ... what has been found on (his) own websites, which is that is goes toward the right (wing) and that it is, so to speak, Christian fundamentalist."</ref>
Breivik confessed and stated the purpose of the attack was to save Norway and Western Europe from a Muslim takeover and "[t]he price for this they had to pay yesterday." Ian Stephen, a retired forensic clinical psychologist, said Breivik knew what he was doing but is clearly a psychopath.<ref name="IanStephen">{{cite web|last=Stephen |first=Ian |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/norway/8658223/Norway-attacks-Anders-Behring-Breivik-a-bomb-waiting-to-explode.html |title=Telegrpah, London, 25 Jul 2011 |publisher=Telegraph.co.uk |date=2011-07-23 |accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref> After arrest and outside court, Breivik was met with an angry crowd, some of whom shouted "burn in hell", while some used stronger words.<ref name=Andresen/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrk.no/nyheter/norge/1.7725980 |title=Arbeiderpartiet har sveket landet og prisen fikk de betale fredag |publisher=Nrk.no |date= |accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref><ref name = "Reuters">{{cite news| url= http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/07/23/us-norway-killings-police-idUSTRE76M0SF20110723 | title= Norway police say 84 killed in Utoeya shooting|date=23 July 2011<!--, 4:02am EDT-->| work = Reuters| accessdate=23 July 2011}} R. Andresen: "We have no more information than ... what has been found on (his) own websites, which is that is goes toward the right (wing) and that it is, so to speak, Christian fundamentalist."</ref>


Breivik's lawyer has stated that Breivik may be insane.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14294251 |title=BBC News - Norway attacks: Anders Behring Breivik insane - lawyer |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref> The chief of the Norwegian [[Police Security Service (Norway)|Police Security Service]] disputes the claim Breivik is insane saying "His lawyer is not a psychologist and I am not. But I have previously been a defense attorney and I perceive him as a sane person because he has been so focused over such a long time."<ref>{{cite web|author=AVKURT B.M. HAUGLI &nbsp;&nbsp; |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article4185005.ece |title=Mener Breivik ikke er sinnssyk - Nyheter - Innenriks |publisher=Aftenposten.no |date= |accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref> Breivik himself has confessed to using [[testosterone]] in the days before the attack, saying he had become more aggressive after coming off testosterone supplements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/2011/07/25/norway-massacre-anders-breivik-and-his-1500-page-manifesto-of-hate-86908-23295557/ |title=Norway massacre: Anders Breivik and his 1500-page manifesto of hate |publisher=The Daily Record |date= |accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/24/anders-behring-breivik-diary |title=News, 24 July 2011 |publisher=Guardian |date= |accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref>
Breivik's lawyer has stated that Breivik may be insane.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-14294251 |title=BBC News - Norway attacks: Anders Behring Breivik insane - lawyer |publisher=Bbc.co.uk |date= |accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref> The chief of the Norwegian [[Police Security Service (Norway)|Police Security Service]] disputes the claim Breivik is insane saying "His lawyer is not a psychologist and neither am I. But I have previously been a defense attorney and I perceive him as a sane person because he has been so focused over such a long time."<ref>{{cite web|author=AVKURT B.M. HAUGLI &nbsp;&nbsp; |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/article4185005.ece |title=Mener Breivik ikke er sinnssyk - Nyheter - Innenriks |publisher=Aftenposten.no |date= |accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref> Breivik himself has confessed to using [[testosterone]] in the days before the attack, saying he had become more aggressive after coming off testosterone supplements.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/2011/07/25/norway-massacre-anders-breivik-and-his-1500-page-manifesto-of-hate-86908-23295557/ |title=Norway massacre: Anders Breivik and his 1500-page manifesto of hate |publisher=The Daily Record |date= |accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2011/jul/24/anders-behring-breivik-diary |title=News, 24 July 2011 |publisher=Guardian |date= |accessdate=2011-07-27}}</ref>


The first funerals of the victims commenced on 29 July 2011, the first being for Bano Rashid, aged 18.<ref>[http://www.torontosun.com/2011/07/29/norway-to-hold-first-funeral-after-killings Norway buries dead a week after massacre, July 29, 2011]</ref><ref>[http://sanfrancisco.ibtimes.com/articles/189023/20110729/norway-massacre-shooting-bombing-stories-victims-photos-oslo.htm#page12 Behind Norway Massacre: Stories, Faces of Victims Emerge &#91;PHOTOS&#93;]</ref>
The first funerals of the victims commenced on 29 July 2011, the first being for Bano Rashid, aged 18.<ref>[http://www.torontosun.com/2011/07/29/norway-to-hold-first-funeral-after-killings Norway buries dead a week after massacre, July 29, 2011]</ref><ref>[http://sanfrancisco.ibtimes.com/articles/189023/20110729/norway-massacre-shooting-bombing-stories-victims-photos-oslo.htm#page12 Behind Norway Massacre: Stories, Faces of Victims Emerge &#91;PHOTOS&#93;]</ref>

Revision as of 08:00, 1 August 2011

Anders Behring Breivik
File:Anders Behring Breivik (Facebook portrait in suit).jpg
Anders Behring Breivik
Born (1979-02-13) 13 February 1979 (age 45)[1]
Oslo, Norway[2]
Other namesAndrew Berwick,[3] Sigurd (Jorsalfar)[4]
CitizenshipNorwegian
Known for2011 Norway attacks

Anders Behring Breivik (Norwegian pronunciation: ['ɑnəʂ 'beːɾiŋ 'bɾæɪʋiːk]; born 13 February 1979)[1] is a Norwegian right-wing extremist[6] and the confessed perpetrator[7][8] of the dual terrorist attacks in Norway on 22 July 2011: a bombing of government buildings in Oslo that caused eight deaths, and a mass shooting at a camp of the Workers' Youth League (AUF) of the Labour Party on the island of Utøya, where he killed 69 people.[9][10][11]

Breivik's far-right[12] militant ideology is described in a collection of texts written by himself and by others, titled 2083 – A European Declaration of Independence and distributed electronically by Breivik on the day of the attacks[12][13] under the anglicised pseudonym Andrew Berwick.[14][15] In it he lays out his xenophobic worldview, which includes support for varying degrees of cultural conservatism, right-wing populism, ultranationalism, Islamophobia, far-right Zionism and Serbian paramilitarism.[12][16] It further argues for the violent annihilation of Islam, "Eurabia", "cultural Marxism", and multiculturalism, to preserve a Christian Europe.[12][17][18][19][20]

Breivik has confessed to what he calls "atrocious but necessary" actions, but denies criminal responsibility.[21][22] Breivik claimed contact with Norwegian and international far-right political movements,[23][24] and claims to belong to an international anti-Islam network with two cells in Norway and more in other countries. Police and experts doubt these claims but have not dismissed them completely.[22]

On 25 July 2011, Breivik was charged with "destabilising or destroying basic functions of society" and "creating serious fear in the population",[22] acts of terrorism under the criminal law, and ordered held for eight weeks—the first four in solitary confinement—pending further court proceedings.[10][25] Prosecutors are considering charging him with crimes against humanity under a 2008 law.[26]

Biography

Breivik was born in Oslo, on 13 February 1979,[27] the son of Wenche Behring, a nurse, and Jens David Breivik, a Siviløkonom (Norwegian professional title, literally "civil economist"), who worked as a diplomat for the Royal Norwegian Embassy in London and later Paris.[28] He spent the first year of his life in London until his parents divorced when he was one year old. His father, who later married a diplomat, fought for his custody but failed. Breivik lived with his mother and his half sister in the west-end of Oslo and regularly visited his father and stepmother in France, until they divorced when he was 12. His mother also remarried, to a Norwegian Army officer.[29]

Breivik attended Smestad Grammar School, Ris Junior High, Hartvig Nissen High School and Oslo Commerce School.[30] A former classmate has recalled that he was an intelligent student who often took care of people who were bullied.[31] When he reached adolescence, Breivik's behaviour became more rebellious and wayward. He and his gang of friends would reportedly spend their evenings hanging around in Oslo, spraying tags and graffiti on buildings. He later wrote that after he was caught spraying graffiti on walls, his father stopped contact with him. They have not been in contact since then.[30] In 1997, at age 19, he lost 2 million kroner ($369,556[32]) in the stock market. At age 21, he had plastic surgery performed to reshape his forehead, nose and chin.[33] Breivik criticised both of his parents for supporting the policies of the Norwegian Labour Party, and his mother for being a moderate feminist. He wrote about his upbringing: "I do not approve of the super-liberal, matriarchal upbringing as it completely lacked discipline and has contributed to feminising me to a certain degree."

Breivik's father, who currently lives in France as a pensioner, has confirmed that he has had no contact with his son since 1995.[34] His home in the south of France was surrounded by gendarmes following the murders.[35][36] They initially said they were searching the premises,[37] but later the state prosecutor at Carcassonne said that the gendarmes were to protect Breivik and his wife.[30] The local mayor's office said Breivik had requested protection against harassment from journalists.[38] After the attack, Jens Breivik is quoted as saying "I don't feel like his father", and "How could he just stand there and kill so many innocent people and just seem to think that what he did was OK? He should have taken his own life, too. That's what he should have done", adding "I will have to live with this shame for the rest of my life."[37] Breivik's mother has reportedly left her home after her son's arrest and is staying at a secret location.[39]

Breivik was exempt from conscription in the Norwegian Army and has no military training.[40] In his manifesto, Breivik described how he avoided his mandatory military service in the Norwegian Army three times, by claiming he would not put his life on the line for Norway’s political parties.

For some time after 2000, Breivik was in the customer service department of an unnamed company, working with "people from all countries" and being "kind to everyone".[41] A former co-worker has described him as an "exceptional colleague",[42] while a close friend of his stated that he usually had a big ego and would be easily irritated by those of Middle Eastern or South Asian origin.[43] Breivik claims that he started a nine-year-plan to finance the attack in 2002, founding his own "computer programming" business while working at the customer service company. He claims that his company grew to six employees and "several offshore bank accounts", and that he made his first million at the age of 24.[44] The company was later declared bankrupt and Breivik was reported for several breaches of the law.[45] To save money, he moved back to his mother's home. His declared assets in 2007 were about 630,000 Norwegian kroner ($116,410[32]), according to Norwegian tax authority figures.[41] He claims that by 2008 he had about two million Norwegian kroner ($369,556[32]) and nine credit cards giving him access to €26,000 in credit.[44]

In May 2009 he founded a farming company under the name "Breivik Geofarm",[46] described as a farming sole proprietorship set up to cultivate vegetables, melons, roots and tubers.[47] In the same year he visited Prague in an attempt to buy illegal weapons. The attempt was a failure, and Breivik decided to obtain weapons through legal channels instead.[48] He had no declared income in 2009 and his fortune amounted to 390,000 Norwegian kroner ($72,063[32]), according to Norwegian tax authority figures.[41] In January 2010 he states that his funds are "depleting gradually". On 23 June 2011, a month before the attacks, he paid the outstanding amount on his nine credit cards in order to have access to funds while he continued his preparations.[44] In late June or early July 2011, he moved to a rural area south of Åsta in Åmot, Hedmark county, about 140 km (86 miles) northeast of Oslo,[49] the site of his farm. Immediately after the attack there was speculation that he could have used the company as a cover to legally obtain large amounts of artificial fertiliser and other chemicals for the manufacturing of explosives.[49] A farming supplier sold Breivik's company six tonnes of fertiliser in May.[50] Newspaper Verdens Gang reported that after Breivik bought large amounts of fertiliser from an online shop in Poland, his name was among 60 passed to the Police Security Service (PST) by Norwegian Customs as having used the store to buy products. Speaking to the newspaper, Jon Fitje of PST said the information they found gave no indication of anything suspicious. Despite this, the security service accessed his phone and email but only for 24 hours. In his manifesto Breivik described his first experiments with the fertiliser nitrate explosives before detailing a successful test detonation at a remote location on 13 June 2011.[51] He sets the cost of the preparations for the attacks at 317,000 euros - "130,000 out of pocket and 187,500 euros in lost revenue over three years." [sic][41]

2011 attacks

Flowers laid in front of Oslo Cathedral the day after the attacks.
Main article: 2011 Norway attacks

On 22 July 2011, Breivik went to Utøya island, the site of a Labour Party youth camp, posing as a police officer and then opened fire on the unarmed adolescents present, reportedly killing 69.[11][52][53] The youngest victim being Sharidyn Svebakk-Bøhn (17/07/1997-22/07/2011[54] ), who had just turned 14 years old, her blog was purpleinstyle.blogg.no [55] and describes the days before her murder.[56][57] Breivik has also been linked with the bomb blasts which had taken place approximately two hours earlier in Oslo, killing eight people. Six hours before the attacks, Breivik posted a YouTube video urging conservatives to "embrace martyrdom" and showing himself wearing a compression garment and pointing a rifle.[58] He also posted a picture of himself pretending to be a military officer in a costume festooned with gold braid and multiple medals.[59] When armed police arrived on the island and confronted him, he surrendered without resistance.[60]

Breivik confessed and stated the purpose of the attack was to save Norway and Western Europe from a Muslim takeover and "[t]he price for this they had to pay yesterday." Ian Stephen, a retired forensic clinical psychologist, said Breivik knew what he was doing but is clearly a psychopath.[61] After arrest and outside court, Breivik was met with an angry crowd, some of whom shouted "burn in hell", while some used stronger words.[53][62][63]

Breivik's lawyer has stated that Breivik may be insane.[64] The chief of the Norwegian Police Security Service disputes the claim Breivik is insane saying "His lawyer is not a psychologist and neither am I. But I have previously been a defense attorney and I perceive him as a sane person because he has been so focused over such a long time."[65] Breivik himself has confessed to using testosterone in the days before the attack, saying he had become more aggressive after coming off testosterone supplements.[66][67]

The first funerals of the victims commenced on 29 July 2011, the first being for Bano Rashid, aged 18.[68][69]

Writings

Forums

Janne Kristiansen, Chief of the Norwegian Police Security Service (PST), has stated that Breivik "deliberately desisted from violent exhortations on the net [and] has more or less been a moderate, and has neither been part of any extremist network."[70] He is reported to have written many posts on the Islam-critical[71] website document.no.[72] He also attended meetings of "Documents venner" (Friends of Document), affiliated with the website.[73] Due to the media attention on his Internet activity following the 2011 attacks, document.no compiled a complete list of comments made by Breivik on its website between September 2009 and June 2010.[74][75][76]

In his writings Breivik displays admiration for the English Defence League (EDL), expressing an interest in starting a similar organisation in Norway, and writing that he had advised them to pursue a strategy of provoking overreaction from "Jihad Youth/Extreme-Marxists" which in turn might draw more people to join the organisation.[17][77] On 25 July 2011 British Prime Minister David Cameron announced a review of Britain's own security following the attacks.[78] EDL issued a statement denouncing terror as a tool on 26 July 2011.[79] Some editorialists criticised the EDL and other anti-Muslim groups in this context.[23][80][81] Dagens Næringsliv writes that Breivik sought to start a Norwegian version of the Tea Party movement in cooperation with the owners of document.no, but that they, after expressing initial interest, ultimately turned down his proposal because he did not have the contacts he promised.[82] He also expressed his admiration of the Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin (Putinism), finding him "a fair and resolute leader worth of respect", though he was "unsure at this point whether he has the potential to be our best friend or our worst enemy." Putin's spokesperson Dmitri Peskov has denounced Breivik's actions as the "delirium of a madman".[83]

Personal manifesto

File:Anders Behring Breivik in diving suit with gun (self portrait).jpg
Breivik posing in a wet suit, in a photo released with his manifesto six hours before the attacks. The insignia on his left shoulder reads: "Marxist Hunter - Norway - Multiculti traitor hunting permit".[84]

Breivik compiled a 1,516-page manifesto entitled 2083: A European Declaration of Independence (a reference to the unsuccessful second Ottoman siege of Vienna in 1683[85]), under the pseudonym "Andrew Berwick", which he e-mailed to 1,003 addresses about 90 minutes before the bomb blast in Oslo.[86] In the manifesto, which is part political discussion, part confessional, and part action plan, Breivik sets out his belief that his actions will help to spark a civil war in Europe that will last for decades, progressing through three distinct phases and culminating in 2083 with the extermination of European Marxists and the expulsion of Muslims from Europe.[87]

The introductory chapter of the manifesto defining "Cultural Marxism" is a copy of Political Correctness: A Short History of an Ideology by the Free Congress Foundation.[88][89][90] Major parts of the manifesto are attributed to the pseudonymous Norwegian blogger Fjordman.[91] The text also copies sections of the Unabomber manifesto, without giving credit, while exchanging the words "leftists" for "cultural Marxists" and "black people" for "muslims".[92] The New York Times described American influences in Brevik's writings, noting that he mentions the anti-Islamist American Robert Spencer 64 times in his manifesto and cites Spencer's works at great length.[93] The work of the Egyptian born Jewish author Bat Ye'or [94] is cited dozens of times.[95] Neocon blogger Pamela Geller,[96] Middle-eastern expert Bernard Lewis,[97] Neo-pagan writer Koenraad Elst [98] and neo-conservative Daniel Pipes are also mentioned as Breivik's sources of inspiration.[99] The pamphlet also quotes from Jeremy Clarkson's Sunday Times column as well as Melanie Phillips' Daily Mail column.[100] Breivik also admires Ayaan Hirsi Ali (who he thinks deserves the Nobel Prize), Bruce Bawer, Srđa Trifković,[101] and Henryk M. Broder.[102]

In the manifesto, Breivik considers himself "a real European hero", "the saviour of Christianity" and "the greatest defender of cultural-conservatism in Europe since 1950".[103] Breivik wants to see European policies on multiculturalism and immigration more similar to those of Japan and South Korea,[104] which he said are "not far from cultural conservatism and nationalism at its best".[18] He expressed his admiration for the "monoculturalism" of Japan and for the two nations' refusal to accept refugees.[105][106]

Breivik's manifesto also advocates a restoration of patriarchy which would be necessary to save European culture. Breivik promises that if his movement wins they "will re-establish the patriarchal structures".[107][108]

Political and religious views

Islamophobia

Following his apprehension, Breivik was characterized by officials as being a right-wing extremist. The acting police chief said the suspect’s Internet postings "suggest that he has some political traits directed toward the right, and Islamophobia views, but if that was a motivation for the actual act remains to be seen." He was at first described by many in the media as a Christian Fundamentalist, Christian terrorist, nationalist and right-wing extremist,[6][20][53][109][110][111] Although self-identified as a Christian, others have questioned whether Breivik was in fact a fundamentalist Christian or even a Christian at all.[112][113] He claims that the European Union is a project to create "Eurabia"[114][115][116] and describes the 1999 NATO bombing of Yugoslavia as being authorised by "criminal western European and American leaders".[117] The Jerusalem Post describes him as pro-Israel and strongly opposed to Islam, and asserts that his manifesto includes "extreme screed of Islamophobia" and "far-right Zionism".[12]

Breivik claimed he had contact with the English Defence League (EDL)[23] and claimed to have been involved with the Norwegian Defence League (NDL),[24] The NDL had held a failed rally in Norway in April 2011[118] EDL leader Stephen Yaxley-Lennon denounced Breivik and the attack on 26 July 2011 and has denied any links with the Norwegian.[79]

He sympathises with the Serbian paramilitarism.[16] He demands the gradual deportation of all Muslims from Europe from 2011 to 2083.[87] He blames feminism for allowing the erosion of the fabric of European society.[119] In his manifesto he also urges the Hindu nationalists to drive Muslims out of India.[120]

Christianity

Breivik chose to be baptised into the Protestant Church of Norway at the age of 15.[121][122] In 2009, he wrote that he supports "an indirect collective conversion of the Protestant church back to the Catholic".[123] On his Facebook profile, Breivik described himself as a Christian,[17][124] though he is critical of the Catholic and Protestant churches, objecting to their "current suicidal path".[104] Before the attacks, he stated an intention to attend Frogner Church in a final "Martyr's mass".[125]

In his manifesto, he describes himself as "100 percent Christian",[121] but adds that he is not "excessively religious"[121] and considers himself a "cultural Christian" and a "modern-day crusader".[112][121] His manifesto states "I'm not going to pretend I'm a very religious person, as that would be a lie", calls religion a crutch and a source for drawing mental strength, and says "I've always been very pragmatic and influenced by my secular surroundings and environment"; regarding the term "cultural Christian" which he says means preserving European culture, he notes "It is enough that you are a Christian-agnostic or a Christian atheist (an atheist who wants to preserve at least the basics of the European Christian cultural legacy..." in order to join his intended "Christian movement"...[111][113][126] Furthermore, Breivik stated that "myself and many more like me do not necessarily have a personal relationship with Jesus Christ and God."[127][128] Nevertheless, he stated that he planned to pray to God seeking for his help during his attacks.[129]

Breivik condemns Pope Benedict XVI for his dialogue with Islam: "Pope Benedict has abandoned Christianity and all Christian Europeans and is to be considered a cowardly, incompetent, corrupt and illegitimate Pope." It will thus be necessary, writes Breivik, to overthrow the Protestant and Catholic hierarchies, after which a "Great Christian Congress" would set up a new European Church.[130] He has also condemned Christian missionary activity in India as it would lead to the "total destruction of the Hindu faith and culture", and he expresses support for the Hindutva movement against Indian Communist movements.[131]

American Christian press has also highlighted that Breivik appears to have addressed followers of the Neopagan religion of Odinism — the ethnocentric branch of Greater European Heathenry — in his writ. In regards to them, he says, “even Odinists can fight with us or by our side as brothers” in the Knights Templar organization that Breivik claims to be a founding member of. He later says to reject Odinism, saying that the Thor's Hammer cannot unify the people of Europe, but that the Christian cross will.[132]

Deputy police chief Roger Andresen initially told reporters that information on Breivik's websites was "so to speak, Christian fundamentalist"[53][133][134][135] Subsequently, others have disputed Andresen's characterisation of Breivik as a Christian fundamentalist.[130][136][137] Rev. Olav Fykse Tveit, head of the World Council of Churches and himself Norwegian, accused Breivik of blasphemy for citing Christianity as a justification in his murderous attack.[112][124][138]

Clubs and political movements

Breivik was an active member of an Oslo shooting club between 2005 and 2007, and since 2010. According to the club, which has banned him for life, Breivik had taken part in 13 organised training sessions and one competition since June 2010.[139] The club states that it does not evaluate the members' suitability regarding possession of weapons. Oslo Pistolklubb

Breivik listed Freemasonry as one of his interests on his Facebook page[140] and was himself a Freemason.[141] He had displayed photographs of himself in Masonic regalia on his Facebook profile,[142][143] although the regalia in the photo was incomplete,[citation needed] and was a member of St. Olaus T.D. Tre Søiler No. 8 in Oslo.[144] In interviews after the attacks, his lodge stated they had only minimal contact with him, and that when made aware of Breivik's membership, Grand Master of the Norwegian Order of Freemasons, Ivar A. Skaar issued an edict immediately excluding him from the fraternity based upon the acts he carried out and the values that appear to have motivated them.[145][146] His manifesto said that he took three degrees of Freemasonry and comended them as "keepers of cultural heritage" while also criticising it for being “not in any way political.”[147] The Norweigian Order of Freemasons said that during the four and a half years he was a member he only took part in four meetings and held no offices or functions within the Lodge.[148]

Breivik was previously a member of the anti-immigration Progress Party (FrP), which promotes libertarian, conservative and right-wing populist viewpoints[149][150][151] and its youth wing FpU from 1997 to 2007, acting as deputy chairman for one of the local Oslo chapters.[152] According to current FpU leader Ove Vanebo, Breivik was active early in the 2000s, but left the party in 2007 as his viewpoints became more extreme.[153]

July 31, 2011, Interpol requested Maltese police to investigate the blogger Lionheart, real name Paul Ray. He is a former member of the English Defence League. Mr Ray conceded that he may have been the inspiration for the Norwegian mass murderer, but deplored his actions. Mr Ray is an associate of Neo-Nazi Nick Greger, whose photograph in the Sunday Times, Malta edition bears the caption "Order Commander". The group including Johnny "Mad Dog" Adair, a notorious name in Northern Ireland connected with The Troubles met in Malta in March.[154][155]

Knights Templar (PCCTS)

See also: Knights Templar and popular culture

In his manifesto and during interrogation, Breivik claimed membership in an "international Christian military order" in the tradition of the Knights Templar[152] which he calls the new "Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Solomonici". The name translates into "Poor Fellows of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon", and refers to the first headquarters of the Knights Templars, which was built on the place ascribed to the ruins of the Temple of Solomon". He also refers to the order as the "PCCTS".

According to Breivik, the order was established as an "anti-Jihad crusader-organisation" that "fights" against "Islamic suppression" in London in April 2002 by nine men: two Englishmen, a Frenchman, a German, a Dutchman, a Greek, a Russian, a Norwegian, and a Serb. It has between fifteen and eighty "ordinated knights" besides an unknown number of "civilian members", and Breivik expects the order to take political and military control of Western Europe.[156]

Breivik gives his own code name in the organization as "Sigurd Jorsalfar" and that of his "mentor" as "Richard Lionheart" (recalling the twelfth-century Crusaders King Sigurd I of Norway and Richard the Lionheart of England),[4] claiming that the group has several "cells" in Western countries, including two more in Norway.[22]

Influences

Breivik has identified himself in a multitude of social media services as an admirer of, among others, Zionism,[12] Serbian paramilitarism,[16] the Freedom Party of Austria,[157][158] Hindu nationalism (Hindutva),[159] the right-wing Swiss People's Party,[160] Winston Churchill,[161] Max Manus,[133][161] Robert Spencer,[162] former Japanese Prime Minister Taro Aso,[106] Patrick Buchanan,[107] Ayaan Hirsi Ali,[163] and Dutch politician Geert Wilders (whose political party he described on the website of the periodical Minerva as one among the few that could "truly claim to be conservative parties in their whole culture").[164] On Twitter, he paraphrased philosopher John Stuart Mill: "One person with a belief is equal to the force of 100,000 who have only interests".[49][165]

According to Belarusian opposition figure Mikhail Reshetnikov, Anders Breivik underwent paramilitary training in a camp organized by retired KGB colonel Valery Lunev. According to Reshetnikov, Breivik visited Belarus three times and had lasting connections with the country. According to official data, however, Breivik visited Belarus only once, as a tourist in 2005.[166]

Breivik has frequently praised the writings of blogger Fjordman.[167] He also endorsed the writings of Australian historian Keith Windschuttle in the manifesto 2083, as well as former Australian Prime Minister John Howard and Treasurer Peter Costello.[168] He expressed admiration for such leaders in the past as Charles Martel, Richard Lionheart, El Cid, Vlad III the Impaler, Jacques de Molay, Nicholas I of Russia, and John III Sobieski.[169]

Responses from those mentioned

Some people whom Breivik mentioned in his manifesto have sought to distance themselves from him and his actions.

  • Fjordman, in response following the attacks to Breivik's praising him, distinguished himself from Breivik, whom he referred to as a "violent psychopath", and said he "intensely dislike[d]" having been praised by Breivik.[170]
  • Pamela Geller strongly dismissed any connection between Breivik's manifesto and her writings as "ridiculous", saying that he was "responsible for his actions" and that, "[i]f anyone incited him to violence, it was Islamic supremacists".[171][citation needed]
  • Melanie Phillips strongly denied any suggestion that her writings influenced Breivik, dismissing him as "mentally abnormal" and accusing left-wing elements of attempting to badmouth her.[97][172]
  • Daniel Pipes acknowledged that Breivik had read and cited his essays, but compared Breivik to Ted Kaczynski and wrote that Breivik's actions threatened to set back the conservative movement.[173][174][citation needed]
  • Robert Spencer, upon release of an article in the New York Times[175] that first revealed various sources that Breivik had used, stated that "[a]ttempts to link us to these murders on the basis of alleged postings by the murderer mentioning us are absurd and offensive. Our work is and always has been wholly focused upon defending humane values and freedoms. There is no way that any sane person could possibly conclude that committing mass murder of children would advance the principles for which we stand. And if he was [sic] not sane, then any imputation of responsibility to us falters on that basis. Islamic jihadists and supremacists routinely invoke Islamic texts and teachings to justify violence, and thus those teachings are and should be rightly held up to scrutiny; by contrast, our record of support for human rights and the dignity of all human beings is consistent and unbroken. This murderer should be punished to the full extent of the law; any attempts to tar freedom fighters with his actions is deplorable."[176][citation needed]
  • Geert Wilders issued a statement on Twitter: "Terrible attack in Oslo, so many innocent victims of a violent, sick mind. The PVV mourns together with the families of the victims and the Norwegian people."[177] Wilders went on to describe Breivik as a "psychopath and a lunatic" and stated that his actions were "a slap in the face for the worldwide anti-Islam movement".[178][citation needed]
  • Keith Windschuttle did not deny Breivik's praise of his writings but added that he was "at a complete loss to find any connection between them and the disgusting and cowardly actions of Breivik".[168]
  • Regarding Breivik's alleged praise of Hindu nationalism, both the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh and the Vishwa Hindu Parishad have condemned Breivik, with spokesman Ram Madhav of the former stating that "Breivik's act of killing innocents is reprehensible in the strongest possible words. The attempts to link it to the Hindutva movement are also equally reprehensible"[179]

See also

References

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  172. ^ Melanie Phillips Official site - Fanaticism, mass murder and the left
  173. ^ Daniel Pipes - Norway's Terrorism in Context
  174. ^ Daniel Pipes - Terrorists Read Me
  175. ^ New York Times — Killings in Norway Spotlight Anti-Muslim Thought in U.S.
  176. ^ http://www.jihadwatch.org/2011/07/the-blame-game.html, "The blame game", jihadwatch.org, 23-7-11
  177. ^ "Geert Wilders official Twitter account". Twitter. Retrieved 23 July 2011.
  178. ^ EIP Netherlands: Geert Wilders issues statement on PVV Norway shooting links
  179. ^ Indian right-wing Hindus reject Norway killer's praise AFP - July 27, 2011

Breivik's manifesto and video are posted at LiveLeak[1] and on the (unaffiliated) andersbreivik.co.uk.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anders Behring Breivik.

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