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{{Unbalanced section|date=December 2010}}
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Premarin is the subject of some [[contention]]. [[Animal rights]] groups and those opposing the industry claim that animal husbandry and urine collection methods used in Premarin's production cause undue stress and suffering to the [[Mare (horse)|mare]]s involved.<ref>[http://premarin.org premarin.org site], a part of equinerescue.net</ref> Allegations of abuse range from concern over stall size, access to water, exercise, cruel treatment, collection system and continuous breeding cycles, resulting in premature death for thousands of mares and foals. Some claim the numbers are more accurately in the millions.<ref>[http://www.equineadvocates.org/issues/premarin/premarin.html website of Equine Advocates]</ref>
Premarin is the subject of some [[contention]]. [[Animal rights]] groups and those opposing the industry claim that animal husbandry and urine collection methods used in Premarin's production cause undue stress and suffering to the [[Mare (horse)|mare]]s involved.<ref>[http://premarin.org premarin.org site], a part of equinerescue.net</ref> Allegations of abuse range from concern over stall size, access to water, exercise, cruel treatment, collection system and continuous breeding cycles, resulting in premature death for thousands of [[mare|mares]] and [[foal|foals]]. Some claim the numbers are more accurately in the millions.<ref>[http://www.equineadvocates.org/issues/premarin/premarin.html website of Equine Advocates]</ref>


For six months of the year the mares are outside, where they are annually impregnated. The mares, stabled inside for the other six months of the year, are restrained in a variety of ways, with plastic urine-collection bags in place. These bags can limit movement on their own, but many of these horses are restrained part or all of the time, further restricting natural movement. Morbidity can result, with infection and other skin injury resulting from the urine bags, and the restriction of movement can also lead to disability. Fluid (water) intake is severely restricted, as well. {{fact|date=February 2011}} Most horses have a far shorter life-span in this environment than would be expected.
For six months of the year the mares are outside, where they are annually impregnated. The mares, stabled inside for the other six months of the year, are restrained in a variety of ways, with plastic urine-collection bags in place. These bags can limit movement on their own, but many of these horses are restrained part or all of the time, further restricting natural movement. Morbidity can result, with infection and other skin injury resulting from the urine bags, and the restriction of movement can also lead to disability. Fluid (water) intake is severely restricted, as well. {{fact|date=February 2011}} Most horses have a far shorter life-span in this environment than would be expected.

Revision as of 08:09, 11 August 2011

Premarin
Combination of
Estrone sulfateEstrogen
Equilin sulfateEstrogen
Equilenin sulfateEstrogen
Clinical data
Other namesconjugated estrogens
Pregnancy
category
  • X
Routes of
administration		Oral, topical
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • In general: ℞ (Prescription only)
Pharmacokinetic data
Protein binding>90%
Elimination half-life7.2 hours
Excretionrenal
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
Chemical and physical data
3D model (JSmol)
  • [Na+].[O-]S(=O)(=O)Oc1ccc2c(c1)C/C=C3\[C@@H]2CC[C@@]4(C(=O)CC[C@@H]34)C
  • InChI=1S/C18H20O5S.Na/c1-18-9-8-14-13-5-3-12(23-24(20,21)22)10-11(13)2-4-15(14)16(18)6-7-17(18)19;/h3-5,10,14,16H,2,6-9H2,1H3,(H,20,21,22);/q;+1/p-1/t14-,16+,18+;/m1./s1 checkY
  • Key:QTTMOCOWZLSYSV-QWAPEVOJSA-M checkY
  (verify)

Premarin is the commercial name for compound drug consisting primarily of conjugated estrogens. Isolated from mare's urine (PREgnant MARes' urINe), it is manufactured by Wyeth Pharmaceuticals (part of Pfizer since January 2009) and has been marketed since 1942. It is available in oral (0.3/ 0.45/ 0.625/ 0.9/ 1.25 mg), IV, and topical form.

Pharmacology

The major forms of estrogen in Premarin are estrone (>50%), equilin (15-25%) and equilenin. The estrogens in Premarin are often called "conjugated equine estrogens" (CEE) because the estrogen molecules are generally present with hydrophilic side-groups attached such as sulfate. Thus, estrone sulfate is actually the major active constituent in Premarin. Estrone sulfate is easily absorbed into the blood after Premarin pills are taken by women. Estrone sulfate is converted to estradiol, an active estrogen normally found in women. It is not clear if estrogens such as equilin that are foreign to the human body have effects in women that are significantly different from the estrogens like estradiol that are normally made in the human body.

  • Estrone sulfate
    Estrone sulfate
  • Equilin sulfate
    Equilin sulfate
  • Equilenin sulfate
    Equilenin sulfate

Premarin is a form of hormone replacement therapy. Premarin pills are used most commonly in post menopausal women who have had a hysterectomy to treat hot flashes, and burning, itching, and dryness of the vagina and surrounding areas. It can also be used in conjunction with a progestin pill in women who have not had a hysterectomy. For women already taking the drug it can be used to treat osteoporosis, although it is not recommended solely for this use. The most common side effects associated with Premarin use are vaginal yeast infections, vaginal spotting or bleeding, painful menses, and cramping of the legs.

While there are some contradictory data, estrogen alone does not appear to increase the risk of coronary heart disease or breast cancer, like estrogen with progestin does.[1] While estrogen alone appears to decrease the risk of hip fracture for women who have had a hysterectomy, it is still suggested that Premarin be used for the shortest period of time and at the smallest possible dose that is effective in alleviating symptoms because it can increase the risk of endometrial cancer, stroke, blood clots, and possibly dementia. Premarin cream is only used for vaginal burning, dryness and itching.

Some of Premarin’s lesser known uses are the treatment of symptoms associated with metastatic breast cancer in men and women and prostate cancer in men. It can also be used for individuals that do not produce enough estrogen due to hypogonadism, castration, and ovarian failure, or who have certain intersex conditions such as Androgen insensitivity syndrome.

Bioequivalance

Wyeth-Ayerst has filed petitions opposing the creation of a bioequivalent version by Duramed Pharmaceuticals. They have argued that the generic version, using synthetic steroids, "lacked an important substance that is in Premarin".[2]

Controversy

Premarin is the subject of some contention. Animal rights groups and those opposing the industry claim that animal husbandry and urine collection methods used in Premarin's production cause undue stress and suffering to the mares involved.[3] Allegations of abuse range from concern over stall size, access to water, exercise, cruel treatment, collection system and continuous breeding cycles, resulting in premature death for thousands of mares and foals. Some claim the numbers are more accurately in the millions.[4]

For six months of the year the mares are outside, where they are annually impregnated. The mares, stabled inside for the other six months of the year, are restrained in a variety of ways, with plastic urine-collection bags in place. These bags can limit movement on their own, but many of these horses are restrained part or all of the time, further restricting natural movement. Morbidity can result, with infection and other skin injury resulting from the urine bags, and the restriction of movement can also lead to disability. Fluid (water) intake is severely restricted, as well. [citation needed] Most horses have a far shorter life-span in this environment than would be expected.

Some of this contention may stem from the looser standards formerly held in the industry, although accurate records are lacking. The pregnant mare urine (PMU) farms have been in existence since 1942. At that time, many farms were breeding large amounts of foals because more pregnant mares meant more urine and more income. A large number of these foals were unwanted. Many of them were out of draft mares because the larger horses could produce more urine. These foals, in many cases, were reported as being sent to slaughter.

Around the time of the turn of the century, however, the industry was cut. In part, this was from research indicating that lower doses of the drug might instead be safer. As a result, some facilities reduced the number of mares that were contained on-site, and some contend that other aspects of the industry were updated as well.

The cut spurred much controversy of its own. Many animal rights groups were (and still are) very against the industry, and so this downsizing represented a victory for them — fewer farms meant fewer animals likely to be mistreated or killed. However, it also led many of these farms to sell off large numbers of horses for slaughter.

The downsizing of the industry led to another change. With a lesser quantity of urine needed for the production of Premarin, the ranchers involved in the industry were no longer limited to using only draft horses. More of a focus on breeding saleable foals has been seen, with an emphasis on selecting good quality stallions to sire the foals. Crosses now popular within the industry may include such breeds as Quarter Horses, Thoroughbreds, Hanoverians, Paints, and other such breeds, in addition to the more traditionally-used draft breeds. The ranchers rely on selling foals as much as they rely upon the urine collected from the pregnant mares. Many of these farms utilize websites and forms of promotion identical to non-Premarin related horse breeders, and, in nearly all ways, are indistinguishable from the average breeder of equines.

Currently, those in favor of the industry claim that standards on farms are strict and meticulous records must be kept, and that all ranchers must follow the “Recommended Code of Practice for the Care and Handling of Horses in PMU Operations” in order to keep their contract. They further state that ranchers are regularly inspected to ensure they are following these codes in order to ascertain well-maintained animals and facilities.

Health effects

Research starting in 1975 showed substantially increased risk of endometrial cancer.[5][6] Since 1976 the drug has carried a label warning about the risk.[7] As part of the Women's Health Initiative sponsored by the National Institutes of Health, a large-scale clinical trial for Hormone Replacement Therapy showed that long-term use of progestin and estrogen may increase the risk of strokes, heart attacks, blood clots, and breast cancer.[8] Following these results, Wyeth experienced a significant decline in its sales of Premarin, Prempro (conjugated equine estrogens) and related hormones, from over $2 billion in 2002 to just over $1 billion in 2006.[9]

Litigation

This drug has been the subject of litigation; more than 13,000 people have sued Wyeth between 2002 and 2009. However, Wyeth and Pharmacia & Upjohn have prevailed in the vast majority of hormone therapy cases previously set for trial through a combination of rulings by judges, verdicts by juries, and dismissals by plaintiffs themselves.[10] Of the company’s losses, two of the jury verdicts were reversed post-trial and others are being challenged on appeal. Wyeth also has won five summary judgments on Prempro cases and had 15 cases that were set for trial voluntarily dismissed by plaintiffs. The company has won dismissals in another 3,000 cases.[11] In 2006, Mary Daniel, in a trial in Philadelphia, PA, was awarded $1.5 million in compensatory damages as well as undisclosed punitive damages,[12] Daniel was represented by the firm of Littlepage Booth. In 2007 the same firm tried a case in Reno, Nevada, representing three plaintiffs who were awarded roughly $17–19 million apiece in damages.[13] Wyeth appealed this outcome, and it is currently before the Nevada Supreme Court.[14] Wyeth has won the last four of five cases, most recently in Virginia, finding that Wyeth was not responsible for Plaintiff Georgia Torkie-Tork's breast cancer[15]. Wyeth has been quoted as saying "many risk factors associated with breast cancer have been identified, but science cannot establish what role any particular risk factor or combination play in any individual woman's breast cancer." [16] Wyeth's council in the case also noted that in the WHI trial, 99.62 percent of women took the drug and "did not get breast cancer."[11]

See also

References

  1. ^ http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/whi/estro_alone.htm NHLBI Women's Health Initiative Estrogen Alone Study
  2. ^ "F.D.A. Makes No Recommendation on Generic Estrogen Drug". New York Times. 1995-07-30. Retrieved 2009-04-29. Wyeth-Ayerst filed a petition opposing that request, arguing that the generic compound, which uses synthetic ingredients, lacked an important substance that is in Premarin, a drug refined from the urine of pregnant mares. ... A generic form of the drug proposed by Duramed Pharmaceuticals followed the five-estrogen formula. In its petition, Wyeth-Ayerst claimed that DHES was an important component and that there was uncertainty about whether an estrogen replacement pill without DHES would have the same beneficial effects as its Premarin. {{cite news}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  3. ^ premarin.org site, a part of equinerescue.net
  4. ^ website of Equine Advocates
  5. ^ Ziel HK, Finkle WD. "Increased risk of endometrial carcinoma among users of conjugated estrogens". New England Journal of Medicine. 293: 1167–1170. PMID 171569.
  6. ^ McDonald, TW; et al. "Exogenous estrogen and endometrial carcinoma: case-control and incidence study". American J Obstet Gynecol. 127: 572–580. PMID 190887. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  7. ^ Natasha Singer and Duff Wilson (2009-12-12). "Menopause, as Brought to You by Big Pharma". New York Times.
  8. ^ Brunner, RL et al; Womens Health Initiative Investigators (2005). "Effects of conjugated equine estrogen on health-related quality of life in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: results from the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Clinical Trial". Archives of Internal Medicine. 165 (17): 1976–1986. PMID 16186467.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Wyeth press release: Earnings Results for the 2006 Fourth Quarter and Full Year
  10. ^ Pfizer Statement on Prempro, Indy News Channel: http://www.theindychannel.com/health/21716786/detail.html
  11. ^ a b Bloomberg: Pfizer Wins Trial Over Claim Prempro Caused Cancer, February 24, 2010, Jef Feeley
  12. ^ Couple awarded $1.5M in hormone lawsuit 2007-01-29 Associated press
  13. ^ Three plaintiffs from Nevada win $134 million in hormone therapy case Lawyers USA 2007-10-22 Gertner, Reni
  14. ^ Las Vegas Sun: Drug Company Attorney asks for New Trial in $58 Million Judgment. http://www.lasvegassun.com/news/2010/may/03/drug-company-attorney-asks-new-trial-58-million-ju/
  15. ^ Pfizer Properly Warned About Prempro Risks, Jury Finds http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2010-12-03/pfizer-properly-warned-about-prempro-health-risks-jury-finds.html
  16. ^ Legal Intelligencer: Philadelphia Jury Returns Defense Verdict in HRT Case, Amaris Elliott Engel http://www.law.com/jsp/article.jsp?id=1202444500915.

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