Jump to content

Floods in Saint Petersburg: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m [Pu356]+: issue.
expand, reformat
Line 2: Line 2:


'''Floods in Saint Petersburg''' refer to a rise of water on the territory of [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]], a major city in Russia. They are usually caused by the overflow of the delta of [[Neva River]] and surging water in the eastern part of [[Neva Bay]], but sometimes by melting snow. Floods are registered when the water rises above 160&nbsp;cm with respect to a gauge at the [[Saint Petersburg Mining Institute|Mining Institute]]. More than 300 floods occurred after the city was founded in 1703.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=xMDPksxFhCYC&pg=PA327|page=327|title=Frommer's 500 Places to See Before They Disappear|author=Holly Hughes, Larry West|publisher=Frommer's|year=2008|isbn=047018986X}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://balticlagoons.net/wp-content/uploads/balloon//2010/04/baloon-NG.pdf|title=The Neva Bay (Russia) - antropogenic lagoon|author=D. V. Ryabchuk ''et al.''|publisher=All-Russia Research Geological Institute}}</ref><ref>[http://www.edu.joensuu.fi/eno/documents/global4.pdf Water pollution in the hydroelectric power plants area]</ref>
'''Floods in Saint Petersburg''' refer to a rise of water on the territory of [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]], a major city in Russia. They are usually caused by the overflow of the delta of [[Neva River]] and surging water in the eastern part of [[Neva Bay]], but sometimes by melting snow. Floods are registered when the water rises above 160&nbsp;cm with respect to a gauge at the [[Saint Petersburg Mining Institute|Mining Institute]]. More than 300 floods occurred after the city was founded in 1703.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=xMDPksxFhCYC&pg=PA327|page=327|title=Frommer's 500 Places to See Before They Disappear|author=Holly Hughes, Larry West|publisher=Frommer's|year=2008|isbn=047018986X}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=http://balticlagoons.net/wp-content/uploads/balloon//2010/04/baloon-NG.pdf|title=The Neva Bay (Russia) - antropogenic lagoon|author=D. V. Ryabchuk ''et al.''|publisher=All-Russia Research Geological Institute}}</ref><ref>[http://www.edu.joensuu.fi/eno/documents/global4.pdf Water pollution in the hydroelectric power plants area]</ref>

The construction of [[Saint Petersburg Dam]], started in 1978 and completed in 2011, is expected to protect the city from devastating floods.<ref>[http://dambaspb.ru [Saint Petersburg Dam] official site {{ru icon}}</ref> The dam is also the last competed part of [[Saint Petersburg Ring Road]].


==Causes==
==Causes==
Line 13: Line 15:


Elevation of the city and other engineering measures resulted in that in the early 18 century,<ref name=b1>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=3dW1OHNkxRUC&pg=PA230|pages=230–233|title=Mapping St. Petersburg: imperial text and cityshape|author=Julie A. Buckler|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2005|isbn=0691113491}}</ref> the central part of the city was flooded by only 130–150&nbsp;cm. Floods are registered in St. Petersburg when water rises above 160&nbsp;cm vs. the level gauge at the [[Saint Petersburg Mining Institute|Mining Institute]]; floods below 210&nbsp;cm are considered dangerous, below 299&nbsp;cm very dangerous and above 300&nbsp;cm catastrophic. From the 324 floods in the history of St. Petersburg, three were catastrophic.<ref name=f1>[http://www.baltic-floods.ru/index.php?r=background The actual situation of problem in the Partner Countries], NATO Science Programme</ref>
Elevation of the city and other engineering measures resulted in that in the early 18 century,<ref name=b1>{{cite book|url=http://books.google.com/?id=3dW1OHNkxRUC&pg=PA230|pages=230–233|title=Mapping St. Petersburg: imperial text and cityshape|author=Julie A. Buckler|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2005|isbn=0691113491}}</ref> the central part of the city was flooded by only 130–150&nbsp;cm. Floods are registered in St. Petersburg when water rises above 160&nbsp;cm vs. the level gauge at the [[Saint Petersburg Mining Institute|Mining Institute]]; floods below 210&nbsp;cm are considered dangerous, below 299&nbsp;cm very dangerous and above 300&nbsp;cm catastrophic. From the 324 floods in the history of St. Petersburg, three were catastrophic.<ref name=f1>[http://www.baltic-floods.ru/index.php?r=background The actual situation of problem in the Partner Countries], NATO Science Programme</ref>

⚫
Construction of a [[Saint Petersburg Dam|complex of dams]] protecting St. Petersburg from the floods began in 1979, but was halted in the 1990s when 60% was completed.<ref name=f1/> The president of Russia had set a target to finish construction by 2008.


Most floods occur in September–December. Between 1703 and 2003, 324 floods were recorded with the height above 160&nbsp;cm, of which 210 were higher than 210&nbsp;cm. Some years saw several floods (five in 1752) and there were long no-flood periods (e.g. 1744–1752).<ref name=list/>
Most floods occur in September–December. Between 1703 and 2003, 324 floods were recorded with the height above 160&nbsp;cm, of which 210 were higher than 210&nbsp;cm. Some years saw several floods (five in 1752) and there were long no-flood periods (e.g. 1744–1752).<ref name=list/>


==The largest floods==
==The largest floods==
⚫
[[File:7 ноября 1824 года на площади у Большого театра.jpg|200px|thumb|7 November 1824, in front of [[Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre|Bolshoi Theatre]]]]
⚫
[[File:The Flood in St.Petersburg in 1824. 1820-iеs.jpg|200px|thumb|7 November 1824]]
⚫
[[File:Floods in Saint Petersburg 1903 006.jpg|200px|thumb|[[Sadovaya Street]] near the former Nikolsky Market, 15 November 1903]]
⚫
[[File:Floods in Saint Petersburg 1903 005.jpg|200px|thumb|Bolshaya Podyacheskaya Street, 25 November 1903]]
⚫
[[File:Floods in Saint Petersburg 1924 001.jpg|200px|thumb|Boat transportation over [[Vasilievsky Island]] during the flood of 23 September 1924]]
⚫
[[File:Floods in Saint Petersburg 1924 003.jpg|200px|thumb|Vladimirsky Avenue after the flood of 1924]]
⚫
[[File:Floods in Saint Petersburg 1967 007.jpg|200px|thumb|A pier during the flood of 18 October 1967]]
⚫
[[File:Floods in Saint Petersburg 1967 008.jpg|200px|thumb|Near the [[Saint Petersburg Mining Institute|Mining Institute]] on 18 October 1967]]

The following table lists the 50 largest floods between 1703 and 2003.<ref name=list/><ref name=f1/><ref name=r1>{{cite book
The following table lists the 50 largest floods between 1703 and 2003.<ref name=list/><ref name=f1/><ref name=r1>{{cite book
| author = R. Nezhihovsky|title = Neva River and Neva Bay|year = 1981|pages = 203–204|url=http://books.google.com/?id=PQ8LHQAACAAJ
| author = R. Nezhihovsky|title = Neva River and Neva Bay|year = 1981|pages = 203–204|url=http://books.google.com/?id=PQ8LHQAACAAJ
Line 326: Line 335:
|21:00
|21:00
|}
|}

{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
==Protective dam==
|+
[[File:Zatvor-c2.JPG|thumb|left|200px|A giant lock of the [[Saint Petersburg Dam]].]]
⚫
|width="25%"|[[File:7 ноября 1824 года на площади у Большого театра.jpg|center|170px]]
{{main|Saint Petersburg Dam}}
⚫
|width="25%"|[[File:The Flood in St.Petersburg in 1824. 1820-iеs.jpg|center|170px]]
⚫
Construction of a [[Saint Petersburg Dam|complex of dams]] protecting St. Petersburg from the floods began in 1979, but was halted in the 1990s when 60% was completed.<ref name=f1/> The then [[President of Russia]] [[Vladimir Putin]] had resumed construction in 2005 and, as [[Prime Minister of Russia]], inaugurated the completed dam on 12 August 2011.
|width="25%"|[[File:Floods in Saint Petersburg 1903 006.jpg|center|210px]]

|width="25%"|[[File:Floods in Saint Petersburg 1903 005.jpg|center|210px]]
==See also==
|-
*[[Geography of Saint Petersburg]]
|7 November 1824, in front of [[Bolshoi Kamenny Theatre|Bolshoi Theatre]]
*[[History of Saint Petersburg]]
|7 November 1824
*[[The Bronze Horseman (poem)]]
⚫
|[[Sadovaya Street]] near the former Nikolsky Market, 15 November 1903
⚫
|Bolshaya Podyacheskaya Street, 25 November 1903
|-
|[[File:Floods in Saint Petersburg 1924 001.jpg|center|200px]]
⚫
|[[File:Floods in Saint Petersburg 1924 003.jpg|center|200px]]
⚫
|[[File:Floods in Saint Petersburg 1967 007.jpg|center|200px]]
|[[File:Floods in Saint Petersburg 1967 008.jpg|center|200px]]
|-
⚫
|Boat transportation over [[Vasilievsky Island]] during the flood of 23 September 1924
|Vladimirsky Avenue after the flood of 1924
|A pier during the flood of 18 October 1967
⚫
|Near the [[Saint Petersburg Mining Institute|Mining Institute]] on 18 October 1967
|}


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 18:29, 12 August 2011

A map of easily flooded areas of St. Petersburg from Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary of 1907.

Floods in Saint Petersburg refer to a rise of water on the territory of St. Petersburg, a major city in Russia. They are usually caused by the overflow of the delta of Neva River and surging water in the eastern part of Neva Bay, but sometimes by melting snow. Floods are registered when the water rises above 160 cm with respect to a gauge at the Mining Institute. More than 300 floods occurred after the city was founded in 1703.[1][2][3]

The construction of Saint Petersburg Dam, started in 1978 and completed in 2011, is expected to protect the city from devastating floods.[4] The dam is also the last competed part of Saint Petersburg Ring Road.

Causes

Floods in St. Petersburg are caused by several factors. Cyclones, originating in the Baltic Sea with a prevalence of west winds, induce a "slow" matched Kelvin wave to rise and move towards the delta of Neva River, where it meets the natural river flow moving in the opposite direction. The water level rises because of the shallowness of Neva Bay, flatness of its bottom and the narrowing of the Gulf of Finland near the delta. Seiches, onsets and another factors also contribute to the floods. Besides flooding as a result of tidal waves, in 1903, 1921 and 1956 floods were caused by the melting of snow.[5]

History

A sign of the heaviest flood in St. Petersburg (1824) at the intersection of the Cadet line and the Bolshoi Prospekt of Vasilievsky Island

Prior to the founding of St. Petersburg in 1703, the largest flood occurred in 1691. Swedish annals report that the water covered the entire area of the present St. Petersburg by 25 feet (7.62 meters). Knowing about frequent floods from the locals, the Swedes earlier laid the fortress Nyenschantz, and the city Nyen, not near the delta, but upstream of the Neva River, at the confluence of the river Ohta to Neva.[6]

The first flood in St. Petersburg city occurred 3 months after its founding, on the night of 19 to 20 in August 1703. Then the water rose more than 2 meters. The water rose much higher on 20 September 1706, which in his letter to the Alexander Menshikov Peter I described as "the west-south-west wind brought the flood undescribed before. In my offices, it stood 21 inches above the floor, and people traveled by boats through the city streets. Yet it did not last long, less than 3 hours. And it was amusing to see people on the roofs and trees .. Water was high, but didn't cause much harm ".[6][7]

Elevation of the city and other engineering measures resulted in that in the early 18 century,[8] the central part of the city was flooded by only 130–150 cm. Floods are registered in St. Petersburg when water rises above 160 cm vs. the level gauge at the Mining Institute; floods below 210 cm are considered dangerous, below 299 cm very dangerous and above 300 cm catastrophic. From the 324 floods in the history of St. Petersburg, three were catastrophic.[9]

Most floods occur in September–December. Between 1703 and 2003, 324 floods were recorded with the height above 160 cm, of which 210 were higher than 210 cm. Some years saw several floods (five in 1752) and there were long no-flood periods (e.g. 1744–1752).[6]

The largest floods

7 November 1824, in front of Bolshoi Theatre
File:The Flood in St.Petersburg in 1824. 1820-iеs.jpg
7 November 1824
Sadovaya Street near the former Nikolsky Market, 15 November 1903
Bolshaya Podyacheskaya Street, 25 November 1903
Boat transportation over Vasilievsky Island during the flood of 23 September 1924
Vladimirsky Avenue after the flood of 1924
A pier during the flood of 18 October 1967
Near the Mining Institute on 18 October 1967

The following table lists the 50 largest floods between 1703 and 2003.[6][9][10] The largest flood occurred in 1824 and killed at least several hundred people. This flood inspired the poem The Bronze Horseman by Alexander Pushkin.[8]

A recent large flood (239 cm) occurred on 8–9 January 2005 due to the cyclone Erwin.[11] Six metro stations were preventatively closed.[6] There were three floods in 2008, all below 2 meters.[6][12]

Chronological
No. 		Date
(New style) 		Water level
cm 		Peak hour
1 84 7 November 1824 421 14:00
2 210 23 September 1924 380 19:15
3 71 9 September 1777 321 morning
4 244 15 October 1955 293 20:45
5 264 29 September 1975 281 4:00
6 39 22 October 1752 280 10:00
7 9 2 October 1723 272 –
8 14 1 November 1726 270 –
9 183 13 November 1903 269 9:00
10 7 5 November 1721 265 daytime
11 86 20 August 1831 264 night
12 3 9 September 1706 262 daytime
13 319 30 November 1999 262 4:35
14 25 10 September 1736 261
15 298 6 Deccember 1986 260 13:30
16 215 15 October 1929 258 17:15
18 83 24 January 1822 254 night
19 144 29 October 1874 252 4:00
20 55 20 November 1764 244 –
21 201 17 November 1917 244 6:50
22 254 18 October 1967 244 13:30
23 45 29 September 1756 242
24 136 20 October 1873 242 –
25 175 4 November 1897 242 12:00
26 261 17 November 1974 242 1:00
27 177 26 November 1898 240 23:30
28 260 20 December 1973 240 7:15
29 219 8 January 1932 239 3:00
30 225 8 October 1935 239 5:50
31 18 12 October 1729 237 10:00
32 76 29 September 1788 237 –
33 145 26 November 1874 237 4:00
34 171 2 November 1895 237 3:00
35 227 9 September 1937 236 5:30
36 37 17 October 1744 234 –
37 41 26 October 1752 234 12:00
38 43 11 December 1752 234 night
39 228 14 September 1938 233 2:25
40 269 7 September 1977 231 16:50
41 292 1 January 1984 231 21:20
42 125 19 January 1866 229 10:00
43 208 24 November 1922 228 19:15
44 315 12 October 1994 228 13:50
45 116 8 October 1863 227 2:00
46 211 3 January 1925 225 21:30
47 81 6 September 1802 224 daytime
48 122 19 May 1865 224 9:10
49 202 24 August 1918 224 9:10
50 242 14 October 1954 222 21:00

Protective dam

A giant lock of the Saint Petersburg Dam.
Main article: Saint Petersburg Dam

Construction of a complex of dams protecting St. Petersburg from the floods began in 1979, but was halted in the 1990s when 60% was completed.[9] The then President of Russia Vladimir Putin had resumed construction in 2005 and, as Prime Minister of Russia, inaugurated the completed dam on 12 August 2011.

See also

References

  1. ^ Holly Hughes, Larry West (2008). Frommer's 500 Places to See Before They Disappear. Frommer's. p. 327. ISBN 047018986X.
  2. ^ D. V. Ryabchuk; et al. The Neva Bay (Russia) - antropogenic lagoon (PDF). All-Russia Research Geological Institute. {{cite book}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help)
  3. ^ Water pollution in the hydroelectric power plants area
  4. ^ [Saint Petersburg Dam official site Template:Ru icon
  5. ^ A. Morozova (26 February 2010). "A bridge might be removed in St. Petersburg because of the flood". Komsomolskaya Pravda.
  6. ^ a b c d e f List of floods in St. Petersburg (in Russian)
  7. ^ K. Valishevsky (2002). Петр Великий (in Russian). ACT. p. 294. ISBN 517015738X.
  8. ^ a b Julie A. Buckler (2005). Mapping St. Petersburg: imperial text and cityshape. Princeton University Press. pp. 230–233. ISBN 0691113491.
  9. ^ a b c The actual situation of problem in the Partner Countries, NATO Science Programme
  10. ^ R. Nezhihovsky (1981). Neva River and Neva Bay. Gidrometeoizdat. pp. 203–204.
  11. ^ Averkiev, Alexander S.; Klevannyy, Konstantin A. (2010). "A case study of the impact of cyclonic trajectories on sea-level extremes in the Gulf of Finland". Continental Shelf Research. 30 (6): 707. doi:10.1016/j.csr.2009.10.010.
  12. ^ Storm winds in St. Petersburg – St. Petersburg news, Фонтанка.Ру (in Russian)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Floods_in_Saint_Petersburg&oldid=444479577"