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===Varna status===
===Varna status===
The Hindu Varna system clearly states that Jats are [[kshatriya]] . Jats have great influence on those regions where they ruled .
The Hindu Varna system clearly states that Jats are [[kshatriya]] . Jats have great influence on those regions where they ruled . [[1891 cencus of India]] also states that Jats are prominent members of Military and aristocratic society of India .


===Social customs===
===Social customs===

Revision as of 17:06, 14 September 2011

Jat
जाट جاٹ ਜੱਟ
File:Ethnic Group-Jat People.jpg
Maharaja Churaman • Bhagat Singh • Gurdas Mann • Bobby Deol
Bhagat Dhanna • Foolabai • Maharaja Kishan Singh • Simi Garewal
Regions with significant populations
•  India •  Pakistan
Languages
Punjabi • Hindi • Urdu • Haryanvi • Gujarati
Religion
Hinduism • Islam • Sikhism
Related ethnic groups
other Indo-Aryan peoples

The Jat people (Hindi: [जाट Jāṭ] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help), Punjabi: [ਜੱਟ Jaṭṭ] Error: {{Lang}}: text has italic markup (help)) are historically an Indo-Aryan ethnic group native to the Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, Jammu, Uttrakhand, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan areas.

Originally most of the Jats were Hindu. Some of these Jats were converted to Islam and Sikhism as was the case with other castes and clans, and now call themselves Jat-Muslims and Sikh Jatt respectively.

On demographics, the Encyclopædia Britannica states: "In the early 21st century the Jat constituted about 20 percent of the population of Punjab, nearly 10 percent of the population of Balochistan, Rajasthan, and Delhi, and from 2 to 5 percent of the populations of Sindh, Northwest Frontier, and Uttar Pradesh. The four million Jat of Pakistan are mainly Muslim; the nearly six million Jat of India are mostly divided into two large castes of about equal strength: one Sikh, concentrated in Punjab, the other Hindu."[1]

The Jats rose to prominence following the 1669 Jat uprising against Mughal rule, and they ruled various princely states throughout the 18th century. After 1858, under the British Raj, the Jats were known for their service in the Indian Army.

In 1931, the date of the last census of the British Raj before the abolition of caste, they were distributed throughout North India, mostly in the Punjab and Rajputana.

Origin of name

A Scythian horseman from the general area of the Ili river, Pazyryk, c 300 BCE.

The name Jat has been connected to the names of the Getae and Massagetae, beginning with James Tod in 1829,[2] which has been attested by scholars from time to time.[3][4] Alexander Cunningham connected it with the name of the Xanthii.[5][dubious – discuss]

G. C. Dwivedi writes that the Persian Mojmal al-tawarikh mentions Jats and Meds as the descendants of Ham (son of Noah), living in Sind on the banks of the river Bahar.[6][7] S.M. Yunus Jaffery believes that the Jat people have been mentioned in Shāhnāma, a Persian epic.[8]

Origins and genetic studies

The Jats have apparently formed during the centuries following the collapse of the Kushan Empire, during the early medieval period.

There is some evidence connecting the Jats and the Romani people, the descendants of groups which emigrated from India towards Central Asia during the medieval period.[9] There are serological[10] similarities shared with several populations that linked the two people in a 1992 study.[11][12]

In 2007 a limited medical survey of haplotypes frequently found in the Jat Sikhs and Jats of Haryana, and those found in the Romani populations revealed no matches.[13] However, in 2009 researchers discovered the "Jat mutation", which causes a type of glaucoma in Romani people. Their press release stated:

"An international collaboration led by Manir Ali of the Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, first identified the ‘Jatt’ mutation in one of four Pakistani]families. Further study amongst Roma populations in Europe showed that the same mutation accounted for nearly half of all cases of PCG [Primary congenital glaucoma] in that community. Manir Ali’s research also confirms the widely accepted view that the Roma originated from the Jatt clan of Northern India and Pakistan and not from Eastern Europe as previously believed."[14]

Furthermore, according to early twentieth century writers Ernest Binfield and William Cooke, ethnographic studies found that, at the time, the Jats, Khatris, and Rajputs of the Kashmir, Punjab, and Rajputana areas were the groups who most closely resembled the physical descriptions of Indo_Aryans found in Hindu epics.[15][16]

History

Medieval period

Maharaja Suraj Mal
Maharaja Ranjit Singh
File:Maharaja Bhim Singh Rana.jpg
Maharaja Bhim Singh Rana
Maharaja Bhupinder Singh
File:Churaman.JPG
Maharaja Churaman

There are very few records concerning Jats prior to the 17th century. There are records of Jat states in Rajasthan (the north Rajasthan region, then known as Jangladesh).[17] It is not known when Jat people established themselves in the Indian desert. By the fourth century they had spread to the Punjab. After this, foreign invaders had to encounter with the Jats of this region.[18] The whole of the region was composed of seven cantons namely Punia, Sihag, Godara, Saran, Beniwal, Johiya and Kaswan.[17]

K.R. Qanungo writes that when Muhammad bin Qasim invaded Sindh, the Kaikan region in Sindh was an independent possession of the Jat people.[19] In addition to frequent interaction with Jats (who for them represented Indians), the first Arab invasions of Persia and Sindh were met by the Jat people. According to Thakur Deshraj and Cunningham, Jat people of the Panwhar clan ruled Umerkot in Sindh prior to Mughal ruler Humayun.[20]

Thakur Deshraj also mentions that the Susthan region in Sindh was ruled by Chandra Ram, a Jat of Hala clan. Chandra Ram lost his kingdom (known as Halakhandi) to the Muslim invaders sent by Muhammad bin Qasim.[21]

However, in the beginning of the fifth century, there is evidence of the Jat ruler Maharaja Shalinder ruling from "Shalpur" (the present-day Sialkot); his territory extended from Punjab to Malwa and Rajasthan. This is indicated by the Pali inscription obtained by James Tod from village Kanswa[22] in Kota state in year 1820 AD.[23]

Jat uprising and aftermath

In 1699, the Jat people of the Gokula region around Mathura rebelled against the powerful Mughal rulers (see 1669 Jat uprising).[24] The rebellion resulted from political provocation aggravated by the economic discontent, and further aggravated by the religious persecution and discrimination.[25]

In the disorder following Aurangzeb's death in 1707, the Jat resistance resumed, organized under the leadership of Churaman (1695–1721). Churaman's nephew, Badan Singh (1722–1756), established a kingdom centered at Deeg, from which he extended his rule over Agra and Mathura. Badan Singh's eldest son and successor, Maharaja Suraj Mal (1707–1763), extended his kingdom to include Agra, Mathura, Dholpur, Mainpuri, Hathras, Aligarh, Etawah, Meerut, Rohtak (including Bhiwani), Farrukhnagar, Mewat, Rewari and Gurgaon. He has been described as one of the greatest Jat rulers.[26] Suraj Mal moved the capital from Deeg to Bharatpur in 1733. Rustam, a Jat king of the Sogariya clan, had previously laid the foundation of the modern city of Bharatpur. During the British Raj, the princely state of Bharatpur covered an area of 5,123 km2, and its rulers enjoyed a salute of 17 guns. The state acceded to the dominion of India in 1947.

Jat states of the 18th century

According to Cunningham and William Cook, the city of Gohad was founded in 1505 by the Jats of Bamraulia village, who had been forced to leave Bamraulia by a satrap of Firuz Shah Tughluq. Gohad developed into an important Jat state, and was later captured by the Marathas. The Jat people of Gohad signed a treaty with the British and helped them capture Gwalior and Gohad from the Marathas. The British kept Gwalior and handed control of Gohad to Jat people in 1804.[27] Gohad was handed over to the Marathas under a revised treaty dated 22 November 1805 between the Marathas and the British. As a compensation for Gohad, the Jat ruler Rana Kirat Singh was given Dhaulpur, Badi and Rajakheda; Kirat Singh moved to Dhaulpur in December 1805.[27]

In the 10th century, the Jat people took control of Dholpur, which had earlier been ruled by the Rajputs and the Yadavs. Dholpur was taken by Sikandar Lodhi in 1501, who transferred it to a Muslim governor in 1504. In 1527, the Dholpur fort fell to Babur and continued to be ruled by the Mughals until 1707. After the death of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, Raja Kalyan Singh Bhadauria obtained possession of Dholpur, and his family retained it until 1761. After that, Dholpur was taken successively by the Jat ruler Maharaja Suraj Mal of Bharatpur; by Mirza Najaf Khan in 1775; by the Scindia ruler of Gwalior in 1782; and finally, by the British East India Company in 1803. It was restored by the British to the Scindias under the Treaty of Sarji Anjangaon, but in consequence of new arrangements, was again occupied by the British. In 1806, Dholpur again came under the Jat rulers, when it was handed over to Kirat Singh of Gohad. Dholpur thus became a princely state, a vassal of the British during the Raj.[citation needed]

Ballabhgarh was another important princely state established by the Jat people of the Tewatia clan, who had come from Janauli village. Balram Singh, the brother-in-law of Maharaja Suraj Mal was the first powerful ruler of Ballabhgarh. Raja Nahar Singh (1823–1858) was another notable king of this princely state.[citation needed]

Other Jat states of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries included Kuchesar (ruled by the Dalal Jat clan of Mandoti, Haryana), and the Mursan state (the present-day Hathras district in Uttar Pradesh) ruled by the Thenua Jats.[citation needed]

The Jat people also briefly ruled at Gwalior and Agra. The Jat rulers Maharaja Bhim Singh Rana (1707–1756) and Maharaja Chhatar Singh Rana (1757–1782) occupied the Gwalior fort twice, Maharaja Bhim Singh Rana from 1740 to 1756, and Maharaja Chhatra Singh Rana from 1780 to 1783. Maharaja Suraj Mal captured Agra Fort on 12 June 1761 and it remained in the possession of Bharatpur rulers till 1774.[28] After Maharaja Suraj Mal, Maharaja Jawahar Singh, Maharaja Ratan Singh and Maharaja Kehri Singh (minor) under resident ship of Maharaja Nawal Singh ruled over Agra Fort.[citation needed]

Sikh States

Patiala and Nabha were two important Sikh[29][30] states in Punjab, ruled by the Jat-Sikh [31] people of the Siddhu clan.[32] The Jind state in present-day Haryana was founded by the descendants of Phul Jat of Siddhu ancestry.[32] These states were formed with the Military assistance of the 6th Sikh Guru, known as Guru Har Gobind.[29]

The rulers of Faridkot were Brar Jat Sikhs.[33] The princely state of Kalsia was ruled by Sandhu Jat Sikhs.[34]

Maharaja Ranjit Singh (1780–1839) of the Sandhawalia[32] Jat clan (other historians assert a Sansi Caste lineage to Maharaja Ranjit Singh[35]) of Punjab became the Sikh emperor of the sovereign country of Punjab and the Sikh Empire. He united the Sikh factions into one state, and conquered vast tracts of territory on all sides of his kingdom. From the capture of Lahore in 1799, he rapidly annexed the rest of the Punjab. To secure his empire, he invaded North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) (which was then part of Afghanistan), and defeated the Pathan militias and tribes. Ranjit Singh took the title of "Maharaja" on April 12, 1801 (to coincide with Baisakhi day). Lahore served as his capital from 1799. In 1802 he took the city of Amritsar. In the year 1818, Ranjit Singh successfully invaded Kashmir.

Demographics

Today, the largest population centre is located in Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, the Punjab region, Uttrakhand and Rajasthan; there are smaller distributions across the world, due to the large immigrant diaspora. In the immigrant diaspora major populations centres include the UK, US, Canada, New Zealand, Singapore, Japan, Indonesia, Russia, Belgium and Australia.[citation needed]

Census under the British Raj

The census in 1931 in India recorded population on the basis of ethnicity. In 1925, the population of Jats was around nine million in South Asia, of which 47% were Hindu, 33% Muslim and 20% Sikh.[36]

According to earlier censuses, the Jat people accounted for approximately 25% of the entire Sindhi-Punjabi speaking area, making it the "largest single socially distinctive group" in the region.[37]

The region-wise breakdown of the total Jatt people population in 1931 (including Jat Hindus, Jat Sikhs and Jat Muslims) is given in the following table. The Jat people, approximately 73%, were located mainly in the Punjab region.[38][39]

Name of region Jat population 1931 Approx
Percentage
Punjab (British India) 6,068,302 73 %
Rajputana 1,043,153 12 %
United Provinces of Agra and Oudh 810,114 9.2 %
Kashmir and Jammu 148,993 2 %
Balochistan 93,726 1.2 %
NWFP 76,327 1 %
Bombay Presidency 54,362 0.7 %
Delhi 53,271 0.6 %
Central Provinces and Berar 28,135 0.3 %
Ajmer-Merwara 29,992 0.3 %
Total 8,406,375 100 %

Post-independence estimates

Dhillon states that by taking population statistical analysis into consideration the Jat population growth of both India and Pakistan since 1925, Quanungo's figure of nine million could be translated into a minimum population statistic (1988) of 30 million.[40]

From 1931 to 1988 the estimated increase in the Jat people population of the Indian subcontinent including Pakistan respectively is 3.5% Hindu, 3.5% Sikh and 4.0% Muslim.[41] Sukhbir Singh estimates that the population of Hindu Jatts, numbered at 2,210,945 in the 1931 census, rose to about 7,738,308 by 1988, whereas Muslim Jats, numbered at 3,287,875 in 1931, would have risen to about 13,151,500 in 1988. The total population of Jats was given as 8,406,375 in 1931, and estimated to have been about 31,066,253 in 1988.

Republic of India

Jat people are considered a forward class in all the states of India with those of Haryana or Punjab origin.[citation needed]

Some specific clans of Jat people are classified as Other Backward Castes in some states, e.g.Jats of Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Delhi [42][43][44][45], Muslim Jats in Gujarat[46] and Mirdha Jat people (except Jat Muslims) in Madhya Pradesh.[47]

Land reforms, particularly the abolition of Jagirdari and Zamindari systems, Panchayati Raj and Green Revolution, to which Jat people have been major contributors, have contributed to the economic betterment of the Jat people.[original research?]

The Jat people are one of the most prosperous groups in India on a per-capita basis. (Haryana, Punjab, and Gujarat are the wealthiest of Indian states). Haryana has the largest number of rural crorepatis in India,[48]

Traditionally Jats have dominated as the political class in Haryana.[49] and Punjab.[50]

Some Jat people have become notable political leaders, including the sixth Prime Minister of India, Prime Minister Chaudhary Charan Singh.

Adult franchise has created enormous social and political awakening among Jat people. Consolidation of economic gains and participation in the electoral process are two visible outcomes of the post-independence situation. Through this participation they have been able to significantly influence the politics of North India. Economic differentiation, migration and mobility could be clearly noticed amongst the Jat people.[51]

Pakistan

See also: Muslim Jat of Punjab

A large number of the Jat Muslim people live in Pakistan[38] and have dominant roles in public life in the Pakistani Punjab and Pakistan in general.[40][36] In addition to the Punjab, Jat communities are also found in Pakistani-administered Kashmir, in Sindh, particularly the Indus delta and among Seraiki-speaking communities in southern Pakistani Punjab, the Kachhi region of Balochistan and the Dera Ismail Khan District of the North West Frontier Province.

North American diaspora communities

The Association of Jats of America (AJATA) is an organisation which serves as a forum and lobby for for Jat people in North America.[52] The North American Jat Charities (NAJC) is one of the main charities for Jat people in that area.[53]

Culture and society

Tejaji fairs are organized in all areas inhabited by Jats
Main article: Life and culture of Jat people

The life and culture of Jats is full of diversity and approaches most closely to that ascribed to the traditional Central Asian colonists of South Asia.[36][54] The Jat lifestyle was designed to foster a martial spirit.[55] Whenever they lost their kingdoms, Jat people retired to the country-side and became landed barons and the landlords with their swords girded round their waists.[36] They would draw the sword out of the scabbard at the command of their panchayat to fight with the invaders. Jat people have a history of being brave and ready fighters.[36] They are fiercely independent in character and value their self respect more than anything, which is why they offered heavy resistance against any foreign force that treated them unjustly.[36] They are known for their pride, bravery and readyness to sacrifice their lives in battle for their people and kinsmen.[54] In the government of their villages, they appear much more democratic. They have less reverence for hereditary right and a preference for elected headmen.[36]

Military

14th Murrays Jat Lancers (Risaldar Major) by AC Lovett (1862-1919).jpg
A WW1 (1914-1918) Jat Army Officer's Brass Button - from the famous 9th Jat Regiment an elite-fighting Unit of the Jat Regiment
File:A Jat soldier.JPG
A Jat soldier

A large number of Jat people serve in the Indian Army, including the Jat Regiment, Sikh Regiment, Rajputana Rifles and the Grenadiers, where they have won many of the highest military awards for gallantry and bravery. Jat people also serve in the Pakistan Army especially in the Punjab Regiment, where they have also been highly decorated. The Jat Regiment is an infantry regiment of the Indian Army, it is one of the longest serving and most decorated regiments of the Indian Army.[56] The regiment won 19 battle honours between 1839 and 1947[57] and post independence 5 battle honours, eight Mahavir Chakra, eight Kirti Chakra, 32 Shaurya Chakra, 39 Vir Chakra and 170 Sena Medals.[56] Major Hoshiar Singh of Rohtak won the Param Vir Chakra during Indo-Pak war of 1971. Rohtak district in Haryana, which has a high density of Jat people, has the distinction of producing the highest number of Victoria Cross winners of any district in India.[original research?]

The Jat people were designated by British officials as a "martial race", a designation created by officials of British India to describe peoples that were thought to be naturally warlike and aggressive in battle. The British recruited heavily from these martial races for service in the colonial army.[58]

Religion

Historically, the Jat people have sent a very high percentage of their eligible men to the army.

In 1925, the population of the Jat people was around nine million in British India, made up of followers of three major religions Hinduism (47%), Islam (33%) and Sikhism (20%).[36] During the early 1900s, four million Jats of present-day Pakistan were mainly Muslims by faith and the nearly six million Jats of present-day India were mostly divided into two large groups: Hindus concentrated in Haryana and Rajasthan and Sikhs, concentrated in Punjab.

Most Sikh Jats were converted from Hindu Jats[59][60] so they would join forces with the Khalsa to fight against the Mughal monarchy.

Varna status

The Hindu Varna system clearly states that Jats are kshatriya . Jats have great influence on those regions where they ruled . 1891 cencus of India also states that Jats are prominent members of Military and aristocratic society of India .

Social customs

Main article: Social customs of Jat people

Language

Jat people usually speak Punjabi, Urdu, Gojri, Dogri, Sindhi, Hindi and its dialects (Rajasthani, Haryanvi, Malvi). Hindu Jats from Haryana and Rajasthan mostly speak Haryanvi and Rajasthani specially their dialects Bangaru or Jatu (literary meaning the language of Jats) and Bagri language. Sikh and Muslim Jat people from the Punjab mostly speak Punjabi and its various dialects (such as Maajhi, Malwi, Doabi, Saraiki, Pothohari, and Jhangochi).[original research?]

Clan system

See also: Jat clan system
File:Jat Mahasabha Function.jpg
All India Jat Mahasabha Centenary Celebrations 2007, Seen in the image are Dharmendra, Dara Singh, Kamal Patel

The Jat people have always organized themselves into hundreds of patrilineage clans, Panchayat system or Khap. A clan was based on one small gotra or a number of related gotras under one elected leader whose word was law.[61]

In addition to the conventional Sarva Khap Panchayat, there are regional Jat Mahasabhas affiliated to the All India Jat Mahasabha to organize and safeguard the interests of the community, which held its meeting at regional and national levels to take stock of their activities and devise practical ways and means for the amelioration of the community.[62]

Some of the Jat clan names do overlap with other groups.[63] Jat clans have been compiled by several historians, such as Ompal Singh Tugania,[64] Bhaleram Beniwal.[65][66] and Mahendra Singh Arya.[67] These lists have more than 2700 Jat gotras. Thakur Deshraj, Ram Swarup Joon and Dilip Singh Ahlawat have mentioned history of some of Jat gotras.

See also

References

  1. ^ Britannica, Encyclopedia. "Jat (caste)". Encyclopedia Britannica. p. 1. Retrieved 22 November 2010. {{cite web}}: Check |archiveurl= value (help)
  2. ^ Tod, J., Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan, Vol.1, Routledge & Kegan Paul Ltd., London, 1972 (reprint), first published in 1829, pp. 623.
  3. ^ Toynbee, Arnold Joseph (1939). A Study of History. Vol. Volume 2. London: Oxford University Press. p. 435. It may not be fantastic to conjecture that the Tuetonic-speaking Goths and Gauts of Scandinavia may have been descended from a fragment of the same Indo-European-speaking tribe as the homonymous Getae and Thyssagetae and Massagetae of the Eurasian Steppe who are represented today by the Jats of the Panjab. {{cite book}}: |volume= has extra text (help)
  4. ^ Dhillon, Balbir Singh (1994). "Are the Jats Scythians?". History and study of the Jats: with reference to Sikhs, Scythians, Alans, Sarmatians, Goths, and Jutes (illustrated ed.). Canada: Beta Publishers. p. 8. ISBN 1895603021. The classical and modern authorities say that the word "Massagetae" means "great" getae (Jats).
  5. ^ Alexander Cunningham, Coins of the Indo-Scythians, Sakas, and Kushans, Indological Book House, Varanasi, India, 1971, first published in 1888, pp. 33.
  6. ^ Dwivedi, G. C. (2003). Singh, Vir (ed.). The Jats, Their role in the Mughal Empire. Delhi. p. 7.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ^ K.R.Qanungo, History of the Jat people, Ed Vir Singh, Delhi, 2003, p. 16
  8. ^ S.M. Yunus Jaffery:The Jats - Their Role and Contribution to the Socio-Economic Life and Polity of North and North West India, Vol.I, 2004. Page 36-37, Ed. by Vir Singh, Publisher - M/S Originals
  9. ^ Mayall, David. Gypsy identities, 1500–2000: from ... - Google Books. Books.google.co.uk. ISBN 9781857289602. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  10. ^ Saul, Nicholas; Tebbutt, Susan. The role of the Romanies: images and ... - Google Books. Books.google.co.uk. ISBN 9780853236795. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  11. ^ "ROMANI Project - Manchester". Romani.humanities.manchester.ac.uk. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  12. ^ Hancock, Ian. Ame Sam e Rromane Džene/We are the Romani people. p. 13. ISBN 1-902806-19-0
  13. ^ "The search with the Jat Sikhs and Jats of Haryana most frequent haplotypes resulted no matches in Romani populations". Fsijournal.org. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  14. ^ http://www.leeds.ac.uk/media/press_releases/current09/glaucoma.htm Leeds University Press Release
  15. ^ Havell, Ernest Binfield (1918). "ARYANS AND NON-ARYANS". The history of Aryan rule in India. Harrap. p. 32. Ethnographic investigations show that the Indo-Aryan type described in the Hindu epics — a tall, fair-complexioned, long-headed race, with narrow, prominent noses, broad shoulders, long arms, slim waists "like a lion," and thin legs like a deer — is now (as it was in the earliest times) mostly confined to Kashmir, the Panjab and Rajputana, and represented by the Khattris, Jats, and Rajputs. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |length= ignored (help)
  16. ^ Risley, Herbert; Crooke, William. Crooke, William (ed.). The people of India (2, reprint ed.). Asian Educational Services. p. 33. ISBN 8120612655. The Indo-Aryan type, occupying the Punjab, Rajputana, and Kashmir, and having as its characteristic members the Rajputs, Khatris, and Jats. This type approaches most closely to that ascribed to the traditional Aryan colonists of India. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |length= ignored (help)
  17. ^ a b James Tod, Annals and Antiquities, Vol.II, p. 1126=27
  18. ^ Thakur Deshraj, Jat Itihas, 1934, p. 616-624
  19. ^ K.R.Qanungo, History of the Jats, Ed. Vir Singh, 2003, p.17
  20. ^ Thakur Deshraj, Jat Itihas, p.705
  21. ^ Thakur Deshraj, Jat Itihas (Hindi), Maharaja Suraj Mal Smarak Shiksha Sansthan, Delhi, 1934, 2nd edition 1992 page 702.
  22. ^ "The Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Rajasthan". Museumsrajasthan.gov.in. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  23. ^ Thakur Deshraj, Jat Itihas, p.208-211
  24. ^ Girish Chandra Dwivedi, The Jats – Their role in the Mughal empire, Ed. by Vir Singh. Delhi, 2003, p. 15
  25. ^ Girish Chandra Dwivedi, The Jats – Their role in the Mughal empire, Ed. by Vir Singh. Delhi, 2003, p. 25
  26. ^ K.R. Qanungo, History of the Jats, Ed. Vir Singh, Delhi, 2003, p. 97
  27. ^ a b Ajay Kumar Agnihotri (1985) : "Gohad ke Jaton ka Itihas" (Hindi), p.63-71
  28. ^ Prakash Chandra Chandawat: Maharaja Suraj Mal aur unka yug, Jaypal Agencies Agra, 1982, Pages 197–200
  29. ^ a b Singh, Bhagat (1993). A History of Sikh Misals. Patiala: Punjabi University. p. 130.
  30. ^ Patiala Heritage Society. "Reference to Sikh State". Patialaheritage.in. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  31. ^ "Reference to Sikh States". Patiala.nic.in. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  32. ^ a b c History of the Jatt Clans - H.S. Duleh.
  33. ^ Indian states: a biographical ... - Google Books
  34. ^ The Golden Book of India: A ... - Google Books
  35. ^ Sir Lepel Griffin, Punjab Chiefs, Vol. 1, p 219 "...and from Sansi the Sindhanwalias and the Sansis have a common descent. The Sansis were the theivish and degraded tribe [sic] and the house of Sindhanwalia naturally feeling ashamed of its Sansi name invented a romantic story to account for it. But the relationship between the nobles and the beggars, does not seem the less certain and if history of Maharaja Ranjit Singh is attentively considered it will appear that much his policy and many of his actions had the true Sansi complexion"
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h Kalika Ranjan Qanungo: History of the Jats, Delhi 2003. Edited and annotated by Vir Singh
  37. ^ The People of Asia by Gordon T. Bowles. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London. 1977, p. 158.
  38. ^ a b Pawar, Hukum Singh (1993). The Jats - Their Origin, Antiquity and Migration. ISBN 8185253228. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: checksum (help)
  39. ^ Census of India 1931, Vol. I, Pt. 2; Delhi: 1933. Encl. Brit. Vol. 12, 1968 Jats, p. 969
  40. ^ a b Dhillon, B. S. (1994). History and study of the Jats. Beta Publishers. ISBN 1895603021.
  41. ^ Sukhbir Singh q. in "Suraj Sujan", August, September and October Issues, 1990, Maharaja Suraj Mal Sansthan
  42. ^ Sheila puts Delhi Jats on OBC list
  43. ^ Jats want OBC status in Haryana
  44. ^ So why are the Gujjars hungry for the ST pie?
  45. ^ Political process in Uttar Pradesh: identity, economic reforms, and governance By Sudha Pai, Jawaharlal Nehru University. Centre for Political Studies
  46. ^ "Central List Of Other Backward Classes: Gujarat". National Commission for Backward Classes. Retrieved 2007-06-24.
  47. ^ "Central List Of Other Backward Classes: Madhya Pradesh". National Commission for Backward Classes. Retrieved 2007-06-24.
  48. ^ "Poor rural India? It's a richer place". International Herald Tribune.
  49. ^ Book by Ghansyam Shah on cast and politics , Google book store
  50. ^ History of Punjab politics: Jats do it!
  51. ^ K L Sharma:The Jats - Their Role and Contribution to the Socio-Economic Life and Polity of North and North West India, Vol.I, 2004. Ed. by Vir Singh, p.14
  52. ^ "Association of Jats of America". AJATA. Retrieved 2009-08-09.
  53. ^ "About". North American Jat Charities.
  54. ^ a b Jindal, Mangal sen (1992). History of Origin of Some Clans in India. Sarup & Sons. pp. 17, 36. ISBN 8185431086.
  55. ^ Glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and NWFP, H A Rose
  56. ^ a b Army's Jat Regiment Best Marching Contingent in Republic Day 2007 Parade | India Defence
  57. ^ BHARAT RAKSHAK MONITOR: Volume 3(4)
  58. ^ H A Rose, Glossary of the tribes and castes of the Punjab and NWFP
  59. ^ The transformation of Sikh society - Page 92 by Ethne K. Marenco - The gazetteer also describes the relation of the Jat Sikhs to the Jat Hindus ...to 2019 in 1911 is attributed to the conversion of Jat Hindus to Sikhism. ...
  60. ^ Social philosophy and social transformation of Sikhs by R. N. Singh (Ph. D.) Page 130 - The decrease of Jat Hindus from 16843 in 1881 to 2019 in 1911 is attributed to the conversion of Jat Hindus to Sikhism. ...
  61. ^ Maheswari Prasad:The Jats - Their role & contribution to the socio-economic life and polity of North & North-West India, Vol.I Ed. Vir Singh, ISBN 81-88629-17-0, p.27
  62. ^ B.K. Nagla, "Jats of Haryana: A sociplogical Analysis", The Jats, Vol. II, Ed. Vir Singh, p.308
  63. ^ Marshall, J., A Guide to Taxila, Cambridge University Press, London, 1960, pp. 24.
  64. ^ Ompal Singh Tugania: Jat samudāy ke pramukh Ādhār bindu, Jaypal Agencies, Agra 2004
  65. ^ Bhaleram Beniwal: Jāton kā Ādikālīn Itihāsa, Jaypal Agencies, Agra 2005.
  66. ^ Bhaleram Beniwal: Jāt Yodhaon ke Balidān, Jaypal Agencies, Agra 2005
  67. ^ Mahendra Singh Arya, Dharmpal Singh Dudi, Kishan Singh Faujdar & Vijendra Singh Narwar: Ādhunik Jat Itihasa (The modern history of Jats), Agra 1998

Further reading

  • Nihal Singh Arya. Sarv Khap Panchayat ka Rastriya Parakram (The National Role of the Jat Republic of Haryana). Arya mandal, 1991
  • Bal Kishan Dabas. Political and Social History of the Jats". Sanjay Prakashan, 2001. ISBN 81-7453-045-2
  • Dharampal Singh Dudee. Indian Army History: France to Kargil. 2001.
  • Dharampal Singh Dudee. Navin Jat History. Shaheed Dham Trust, Bhiwani, Haryana, India.
  • Shashi Prabha Gupta. Demographic Differentials Among the Rajputs and the Jats: A Socio-Biological Study of Rural Haryana. Classical Pub. House. ISBN 81-7054-180-8
  • Aadhunik Jat Itihas. Dharmpal Singh Dudee & Mahinder Singh Arya. Jaypal Agency, Agra. 1998.
  • Joon, Ram Swaroop. History of the Jats.
  • Atal Singh Khokkar. Jaton ki Utpati evam Vistar. Jaipal Agencies
  • Chaudhary Kabul Singh. Sarv Khap Itihasa (History of the Jat Republic). Shoram, Muzzafarnagar, U.P. India. 1976.
  • K. Natwar Singh. Maharaja Suraj Mal.
  • Natthan Singh. Jat-Itihas. Jat Samaj Kalyan Parishad, Gwalior, 2004.
  • Singh, Raj Pal. Rise of the Jat Power. Harman. ISBN 8185151059.
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