Cortinarius mucosus: Difference between revisions

Cortinarius mucosus
Mycological characteristics
Cortinarius mucosus Mycological characteristics
	Gills on hymenium
	Cap is conical
	Hymenium is adnexed
	Stipe has a cortina
	Spore print is ochre
	Ecology is mycorrhizal
	Edibility is inedible

Cortinarius mucosus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Fungi
Phylum:	Basidiomycota
Class:	Basidiomycetes
Order:	Agaricales
Family:	Cortinariaceae
Genus:	Cortinarius
Subgenus:	Myxacium
Species:	C. mucosus
Binomial name
	Cortinarius mucosus; (Bull.) Cooke (1867)
Synonyms
	Agaricus collinitus ß mucosus (Bull.) Fr.; Agaricus mucosus Bull.; Cortinarius collinitus var. mucosus (Bull.) Fr.; Myxacium mucosum (Bull.) P. Kumm.

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Cortinarius mucosus, commonly known as the orange webcap^[2] or the slimy cortinarius,^[3] is a species of mushroom in the family Cortinariaceae. In North America, the species is more commonly associated with northern coniferous forests.^[4] The specific epithet is derived from the Latin word mucosus, meaning mucus.^[5]

Taxonomy

Originally described as Agaricus mucosus by French mycologist Pierre Bulliard in 1792, Cortinarius mucosus belongs to the subgenus Myxacium (characterized by the presence of a viscid to glutinous outer veil and stipe), section Myxacium (distinguished by the presence of clamp connections), according to the infrageneric classification of the Cortinarius genus proposed by Moser in Singer (1986).^[6]^[7]

Description

The species has a sticky brown to orange cap, 4 to 10 cm (1½ to 4 in) in diameter, that is darker towards the center and with a rolled-in margin.^[2] The gills are closely spaced, have an adnexed attachment to the stipe, and are pale yellowish at first, becoming rusty brown as the spores mature.^[3] Like all species in the genus Cortinarius, young specimens have a cortina, a cobweb-like annulus that protects the developing gills. The slimy stipe, 5 to 15 cm (2 to 6 in) long by 1.5 to 2.5 cm (0.6 to 1.0 in) thick,^[2] is whitish until the spores mature and begin falling. The spore print is rust- to ochre-colored.^[2] Both the odor and the taste of this mushroom are nondescript.^[8]

The spores have a rough surface, and an elliptical shape, with dimensions of 12–14 x 5.5–6.5 µm. The basidia are 4-spored, and cystidia are not present on the edge of the gills.^[8]

The species is commonly found under birch and coniferous trees.^[9] It prefers acidic, sandy soils.^[10]

Edibility

Due to the prevalence of toxins in the Cortinarius genus, and the difficulty of positively identifying specimens to species level, consumption of any Cortinarius species is not generally recommended.^[2]^[3]^[8] Also, specimens of C. mucosus collected from northern Poland were found to bioaccumulate high concentrations of the toxic element mercury—that is, the concentration of mercury in the mature mushroom was significantly higher than that of the soil in which it grew.^[11]

External links

References

^ "Species Fungorum – Species synonymy". Retrieved 2009-01-19.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Roger's Mushrooms – Cortinarius mucosus". Retrieved 2009-01-19.
^ ^a ^b ^c Arora, David (1986). Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. Berkeley, Calif: Ten Speed Press. pp. 429–430. ISBN 0-89815-169-4. Google Books
^ Miller, Hope Ridings; Miller, Orson K. (2006). North American mushrooms: a field guide to edible and inedible fungi. Guilford, Conn: Falcon Guide. p. 321. ISBN 0-7627-3109-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Google Books
^ "Online Etymology Dictionary". Retrieved 2009-01-20.
^ Singer, Rolf (1986). The Agaricales in modern taxonomy. Koenigstein: Koeltz Scientific Books. ISBN 3-87429-254-1.
^ Seidl MT. (2000). Phylogenetic relationships within Cortinarius subgenus Myxacium, sections Defibulati and Myaxcium. Mycologia 92(6): 1091–1102.
^ ^a ^b ^c Jordan, Michael (1995). The encyclopedia of fungi of Britain and Europe. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. p. 271. ISBN 0-7153-0129-2.
^ First Nature
^ "Cortinarius mucosus (zas³onak kleisty)". Retrieved 2009-01-20.
^ Falandysz J, Kawano M, Swieczkowski A, Brzostowski A, Dadej M. (2003). Total mercury in wild-grown higher mushrooms and underlying soil from Wdzydze Landscape Park, Northern Poland. Food Chemistry 81(1): 21–26.

[[Category:Cortinar

[urlSpecies_Fungorum_-_Species_synonymy-1] "Species Fungorum – Species synonymy". Retrieved 2009-01-19.

[urlRogers_Mushrooms-2] "Roger's Mushrooms – Cortinarius mucosus". Retrieved 2009-01-19.

[isbn0-89815-169-4-3] Arora, David (1986). Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi. Berkeley, Calif: Ten Speed Press. pp. 429–430. ISBN 0-89815-169-4. Google Books

[isbn0-7627-3109-5-4] Miller, Hope Ridings; Miller, Orson K. (2006). North American mushrooms: a field guide to edible and inedible fungi. Guilford, Conn: Falcon Guide. p. 321. ISBN 0-7627-3109-5.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) Google Books

[urlOnline_Etymology_Dictionary-5] "Online Etymology Dictionary". Retrieved 2009-01-20.

[isbn3-87429-254-1-6] Singer, Rolf (1986). The Agaricales in modern taxonomy. Koenigstein: Koeltz Scientific Books. ISBN 3-87429-254-1.

[Seidl2000-7] Seidl MT. (2000). Phylogenetic relationships within Cortinarius subgenus Myxacium, sections Defibulati and Myaxcium. Mycologia 92(6): 1091–1102.

[isbn0-7153-0129-2-8] Jordan, Michael (1995). The encyclopedia of fungi of Britain and Europe. Newton Abbot: David & Charles. p. 271. ISBN 0-7153-0129-2.

[9] First Nature

[urlCortinarius_mucosus_(zas³onak_kleisty)-10] "Cortinarius mucosus (zas³onak kleisty)". Retrieved 2009-01-20.

[11] Falandysz J, Kawano M, Swieczkowski A, Brzostowski A, Dadej M. (2003). Total mercury in wild-grown higher mushrooms and underlying soil from Wdzydze Landscape Park, Northern Poland. Food Chemistry 81(1): 21–26.

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@@ Line 10: / Line 10: @@
 | genus = ''[[Cortinarius]]''
 | subgenus = ''Myxacium''
-| species = '''''C. mucosus'''''<ref name="urlSpecies Fungorum - Species synonymy">{{cite web |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=179061 |title=Species Fungorum - Species synonymy |format= |work= |accessdate=2009-01-19}}</ref>
+| species = '''''C. mucosus'''''<ref name="urlSpecies Fungorum - Species synonymy">{{cite web |url=http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=179061 |title=Species Fungorum – Species synonymy |format= |work= |accessdate=2009-01-19}}</ref>
 | binomial = ''Cortinarius mucosus''
 | binomial_authority = ([[Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard|Bull.]]) Cooke (1867)
 | synonyms = ''Agaricus collinitus'' ß ''mucosus'' <small>(Bull.) Fr.</small><br />
-''Agaricus mucosus''  <small>Bull.</small><br />
+''Agaricus mucosus'' <small>Bull.</small><br />
-''Cortinarius collinitus'' var. ''mucosus''  <small>(Bull.) Fr.</small><br />
+''Cortinarius collinitus'' var. ''mucosus'' <small>(Bull.) Fr.</small><br />
-''Myxacium mucosum''  <small>(Bull.) P. Kumm.</small>
+''Myxacium mucosum'' <small>(Bull.) P. Kumm.</small>
 }}
 {{mycomorphbox
 | name = Cortinarius mucosus
 | whichGills = adnexed
-| capShape =  conical
+| capShape = conical
 | hymeniumType=gills
 | stipeCharacter=cortina
@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 {{stack end}}
-'''''Cortinarius mucosus''''', commonly known as the '''orange webcap'''<ref name="urlRogers Mushrooms">{{cite web |url=http://www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~5419~gid~~source~gallerydefault.asp |title=Roger's Mushrooms - ''Cortinarius mucosus'' |format= |work= |accessdate=2009-01-19}}</ref> or the '''slimy cortinarius''',<ref name="isbn0-89815-169-4">{{cite book |author=Arora, David |title=Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi |publisher=Ten Speed Press |location=Berkeley, Calif |year=1986 |pages=429–430 |isbn=0-89815-169-4 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}} [http://books.google.ca/books?id=vY8FXXrlHFMC&pg=PA429&lpg=PA429&dq=Cortinarius+mucosus&source=web&ots=fjLDa4j_JF&sig=liEYwYCTYyiKymsWOB-kZJQJs1I&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PPA430,M1 Google Books]</ref> is a [[species]] of [[mushroom]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Cortinariaceae]]. In [[North America]], the species is more commonly associated with northern [[coniferous forests]].<ref name="isbn0-7627-3109-5">{{cite book |author=Miller, Hope Ridings; Miller, Orson K. |title=North American mushrooms: a field guide to edible and inedible fungi |publisher=Falcon Guide |location=Guilford, Conn |year=2006 |page=321 |isbn=0-7627-3109-5 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}} [http://books.google.com/books?id=zjvXkLpqsEgC&pg=PA321&dq=Cortinarius+mucosus Google Books]</ref> The [[specific name (botany)|specific epithet]] is derived from the [[Latin language|Latin]] word ''mucosus'', meaning mucus.<ref name="urlOnline Etymology Dictionary">{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=m&p=23 |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |format= |work= |accessdate=2009-01-20}}</ref>
+'''''Cortinarius mucosus''''', commonly known as the '''orange webcap'''<ref name="urlRogers Mushrooms">{{cite web |url=http://www.rogersmushrooms.com/gallery/DisplayBlock~bid~5419~gid~~source~gallerydefault.asp |title=Roger's Mushrooms – ''Cortinarius mucosus'' |format= |work= |accessdate=2009-01-19}}</ref> or the '''slimy cortinarius''',<ref name="isbn0-89815-169-4">{{cite book |author=Arora, David |title=Mushrooms demystified: a comprehensive guide to the fleshy fungi |publisher=Ten Speed Press |location=Berkeley, Calif |year=1986 |pages=429–430 |isbn=0-89815-169-4 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}} [http://books.google.ca/books?id=vY8FXXrlHFMC&pg=PA429&lpg=PA429&dq=Cortinarius+mucosus&source=web&ots=fjLDa4j_JF&sig=liEYwYCTYyiKymsWOB-kZJQJs1I&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result#PPA430,M1 Google Books]</ref> is a [[species]] of [[mushroom]] in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Cortinariaceae]]. In [[North America]], the species is more commonly associated with northern [[coniferous forests]].<ref name="isbn0-7627-3109-5">{{cite book |author=Miller, Hope Ridings; Miller, Orson K. |title=North American mushrooms: a field guide to edible and inedible fungi |publisher=Falcon Guide |location=Guilford, Conn |year=2006 |page=321 |isbn=0-7627-3109-5 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}} [http://books.google.com/books?id=zjvXkLpqsEgC&pg=PA321&dq=Cortinarius+mucosus Google Books]</ref> The [[specific name (botany)|specific epithet]] is derived from the [[Latin language|Latin]] word ''mucosus'', meaning mucus.<ref name="urlOnline Etymology Dictionary">{{cite web |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?l=m&p=23 |title=Online Etymology Dictionary |format= |work= |accessdate=2009-01-20}}</ref>
-==Taxonomy==
-Originally described as ''Agaricus mucosus'' by French mycologist [[Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard|Pierre Bulliard]] in 1792, ''Cortinarius mucosus'' belongs to the subgenus ''Myxacium'' (characterized by the presence of a viscid to glutinous outer veil and stipe), section ''Myxacium'' (distinguished by the presence of [[clamp connection]]s), according to the infrageneric classification of the ''[[Cortinarius]]'' genus proposed by Moser in Singer (1986).<ref name="isbn3-87429-254-1">{{cite book |author=Singer, Rolf |title=The Agaricales in modern taxonomy |publisher=Koeltz Scientific Books |location=Koenigstein |year=1986 |pages= |isbn=3-87429-254-1 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name=Seidl2000>Seidl MT. (2000). Phylogenetic relationships within ''Cortinarius'' subgenus ''Myxacium'', sections ''Defibulati'' and ''Myaxcium''. ''[[Mycologia]]'' '''92'''(6): 1091-1102.</ref>
-==Description==
+== Taxonomy ==
+Originally described as ''Agaricus mucosus'' by French mycologist [[Jean Baptiste François Pierre Bulliard|Pierre Bulliard]] in 1792, ''Cortinarius mucosus'' belongs to the subgenus ''Myxacium'' (characterized by the presence of a viscid to glutinous outer veil and stipe), section ''Myxacium'' (distinguished by the presence of [[clamp connection]]s), according to the infrageneric classification of the ''[[Cortinarius]]'' genus proposed by Moser in Singer (1986).<ref name="isbn3-87429-254-1">{{cite book |author=Singer, Rolf |title=The Agaricales in modern taxonomy |publisher=Koeltz Scientific Books |location=Koenigstein |year=1986 |pages= |isbn=3-87429-254-1 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=}}</ref><ref name=Seidl2000>Seidl MT. (2000). Phylogenetic relationships within ''Cortinarius'' subgenus ''Myxacium'', sections ''Defibulati'' and ''Myaxcium''. ''[[Mycologia]]'' '''92'''(6): 1091–1102.</ref>
-[[Image:P1050690 Cortinarius mucosus.jpg|thumb|left|The cortina is evident on this young specimen.]]
+== Description ==
+[[File:P1050690 Cortinarius mucosus.jpg|thumb|left|The cortina is evident on this young specimen.]]
 The species has a sticky brown to orange [[Pileus (mycology)|cap]], 4 to 10&nbsp;cm (1½ to 4 in) in diameter, that is darker towards the center and with a rolled-in margin.<ref name="urlRogers Mushrooms"/> The [[Lamella (mycology)|gills]] are closely spaced, have an [[Lamella (mycology)|adnexed]] attachment to the [[stipe (mycology)|stipe]], and are pale yellowish at first, becoming rusty brown as the [[spores]] mature.<ref name="isbn0-89815-169-4"/> Like all species in the genus ''[[Cortinarius]]'', young specimens have a cortina, a cobweb-like [[Annulus (mycology)|annulus]] that protects the developing gills. The slimy stipe, {{convert|5|to|15|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} long by {{convert|1.5|to|2.5|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} thick,<ref name="urlRogers Mushrooms"/> is whitish until the spores mature and begin falling. The [[spore print]] is rust- to ochre-colored.<ref name="urlRogers Mushrooms"/> Both the odor and the taste of this mushroom are nondescript.<ref name="isbn0-7153-0129-2"/>
-The [[spore]]s have a rough surface, and an elliptical shape, with dimensions of 12–14 x 5.5–6.5 [[micrometre|µm]]. The [[basidia]] are 4-spored, and [[cystidia]]  are not present on the edge of the gills.<ref name="isbn0-7153-0129-2">{{cite book |author=Jordan, Michael |title=The encyclopedia of fungi of Britain and Europe |publisher=David & Charles |location=Newton Abbot |year=1995 |page=271 |isbn=0-7153-0129-2 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate= |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=bFMfytLn3bEC&pg=PA271&dq=Cortinarius+mucosus&lr=}}</ref>
+The [[spore]]s have a rough surface, and an elliptical shape, with dimensions of 12–14 x 5.5–6.5 [[micrometre|µm]]. The [[basidia]] are 4-spored, and [[cystidia]] are not present on the edge of the gills.<ref name="isbn0-7153-0129-2">{{cite book |author=Jordan, Michael |title=The encyclopedia of fungi of Britain and Europe |publisher=David & Charles |location=Newton Abbot |year=1995 |page=271 |isbn=0-7153-0129-2 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate= |url = http://books.google.com/books?id=bFMfytLn3bEC&pg=PA271&dq=Cortinarius+mucosus&lr=}}</ref>
-The species is commonly found under [[birch]] and [[coniferous trees]].<ref>[http://www.first-nature.com/fungi/id_guide/cortinariales/cortinarius_mucosus.htm First Nature]</ref> It prefers acidic, sandy soils.<ref name="urlCortinarius mucosus (zas³onak kleisty)">{{cite web |url=http://www.grzyby.pl/gatunki/Cortinarius_mucosus.htm |title=''Cortinarius mucosus'' (zas³onak kleisty) |work= |accessdate=2009-01-20}}</ref>
+The species is commonly found under [[birch]] and [[coniferous trees]].<ref>[http://www.first-nature.com/fungi/cortinarius-mucosus.php First Nature]</ref> It prefers acidic, sandy soils.<ref name="urlCortinarius mucosus (zas³onak kleisty)">{{cite web |url=http://www.grzyby.pl/gatunki/Cortinarius_mucosus.htm |title=''Cortinarius mucosus'' (zas³onak kleisty) |work= |accessdate=2009-01-20}}</ref>
-==Edibility==
+== Edibility ==
+Due to the prevalence of toxins in the ''[[Cortinarius]]'' genus, and the difficulty of positively identifying specimens to species level, consumption of any ''Cortinarius'' species is not generally recommended.<ref name="urlRogers Mushrooms"/><ref name="isbn0-89815-169-4"/><ref name="isbn0-7153-0129-2"/> Also, specimens of ''C. mucosus'' collected from northern [[Poland]] were found to [[bioaccumulation|bioaccumulate]] high concentrations of the toxic element [[mercury (element)|mercury]]—that is, the concentration of mercury in the mature mushroom was significantly higher than that of the soil in which it grew.<ref> Falandysz J, Kawano M, Swieczkowski A, Brzostowski A, Dadej M. (2003). Total mercury in wild-grown higher mushrooms and underlying soil from Wdzydze Landscape Park, Northern Poland. ''Food Chemistry'' '''81'''(1): 21–26.</ref>
+== See also ==
-Due to the prevalence of toxins in the ''[[Cortinarius]]'' genus, and the difficulty of positively identifying specimens to species level, consumption of any ''Cortinarius'' species is not generally recommended.<ref name="urlRogers Mushrooms"/><ref name="isbn0-89815-169-4"/><ref name="isbn0-7153-0129-2"/> Also, specimens of ''C. mucosus'' collected from northern [[Poland]] were found to [[bioaccumulation|bioaccumulate]] high concentrations of the toxic element [[mercury (element)|mercury]]—that is, the concentration of mercury in the mature mushroom was significantly higher than that of the soil in which it grew.<ref> Falandysz J, Kawano M, Swieczkowski A, Brzostowski A, Dadej M. (2003). Total mercury in wild-grown higher mushrooms and underlying soil from Wdzydze Landscape Park, Northern Poland. ''Food Chemistry'' '''81'''(1): 21-26.</ref>
-==See also==
 {{Portal|Fungi}}
-*[[List of Cortinarius species]]
+* [[List of Cortinarius species]]
+== External links ==
-==References==
+* [http://www.mushroomhobby.com/Reports/Cortinarius%20mucosus/index.htm Several photos of fruiting bodies and spores]
+* [http://morelmushroomhunting.com/cortinarius_mucosus.htm Photos and description]
+== References ==
 {{Reflist}}
-==External links==
+{{DEFAULTSORT:Cortinarius mucosus}}
-*[http://www.mushroomhobby.com/Reports/Cortinarius%20mucosus/index.htm Several photos of fruiting bodies and spores]
+[[Category:Cortinar
-*[http://morelmushroomhunting.com/cortinarius_mucosus.htm Photos and description]
 {{DEFAULTSORT:Cortinarius mucosus}}

Cortinarius mucosus Mycological characteristics
	Gills on hymenium
	Cap is conical
	Hymenium is adnexed
	Stipe has a cortina
	Spore print is ochre
	Ecology is mycorrhizal
	Edibility is inedible