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'''Mass killing''' of non-combatants has occurred '''under several Communist regimes''' in the pursuit of the communist ideal of a [[utopian]] society<ref name="Valentino 1">Valentino p. 91</ref><ref name="Gellately 1">Gellately p. 69</ref> Estimates for those killed range from 60 million<ref name="Rosefielde 2">Rosefielde p. 2</ref> to 100 million.<ref name="Rosefielde 3">Rosefielde p. 126</ref><ref name="Courtois 1">Courtois et al p. IX</ref><ref name="Staub">Staub p. 8</ref>
'''Mass killing''' of non-combatants has occurred '''under several Communist regimes''' in the pursuit of the communist ideal of a [[utopian]] society<ref name="Valentino 1">Valentino p. 91</ref><ref name="Gellately 1">Gellately p. 69</ref> Estimates for those killed range from 60 million<ref name="Rosefielde 2">Rosefielde p. 2</ref> to 100 million.<ref name="Rosefielde 3">Rosefielde p. 126</ref><ref name="Courtois 1">Courtois et al p. IX</ref><ref name="Staub">Staub p. 8</ref>
The term "mass killing" refers not only to direct methods of killing, such as executions, bombing, and gassing, but also to the deaths in a population caused by starvation, disease and exposure resulting from the intentional confiscation or destruction of their necessities of life, or similarly caused deaths during forced relocation or forced labor.<ref name="Valentino 2">Valentino p. 10</ref> Thus the starvation deaths in the 1932-1933 [[Holodomor]], political assassinations during the [[Red Terror]], lethal forced labor in the [[Gulag]] and [[ethnic cleansing]] in the Caucasus, may all be considered mass killings, given enough deaths and an evaluation of the intentions of the killers.<ref name="Rosefielde, Steven 1">Rosefielde p. 114</ref>
The term "mass killing" refers not only to direct methods of killing, such as executions, bombing, and gassing, but also to the deaths in a population caused by starvation, disease and exposure resulting from the intentional confiscation or destruction of their necessities of life, or similarly caused deaths during forced relocation or forced labor.<ref name="Valentino 2">Valentino p. 10</ref> Thus the starvation deaths in the 1958-1961 [[Great Chinese Famine]], political assassinations, lethal forced labor in the [[North Korea]] and [[ethnic cleansing]] in [[Vietnam]], can all be considered mass killings.<ref name="Rosefielde, Steven 1">Rosefielde p. 114</ref>


The highest documented death tolls have occurred in the [[Soviet Union]] under [[Joseph Stalin]] with estimates for those killed ranging from 20<ref name="Hosking, Geoffrey A.">Hosking pp203</ref><ref name="Naimark, Norman">Naimark pp11</ref> to 40<ref name=”Combs, Dick”>Combs pp 307</ref> million during Stalin`s rule to some 60 million for the USSR as a whole.<ref name=”Kurtz, Lester R. Turpin Jennifer E.”>Kurtz pp62</ref> In the [[People's Republic of China]] under [[Mao Zedong]], with estimates ranging from 65<ref name=”Courtois, Stéphane 2”>Courtois et al pp4</ref> to 72.3million.<ref name="Rosefielde, Steven 4">Rosefielde pp114</ref> And in [[Cambodia]] under the [[Khmer Rouge]] with an estimated death toll of between 2<ref name="Courtois, Stéphane 3">Courtois et al pp4</ref> and 2.5 million.<ref name="Rosefielde, Steven 5">Rosefielde pp114</ref>
The highest documented death tolls have occurred in the [[Soviet Union]] under [[Joseph Stalin]] with estimates for those killed ranging from 20<ref name="Hosking, Geoffrey A.">Hosking pp203</ref><ref name="Naimark, Norman">Naimark pp11</ref> to 40<ref name=”Combs, Dick”>Combs pp 307</ref> million during Stalin`s rule to some 60 million for the USSR as a whole.<ref name=”Kurtz, Lester R. Turpin Jennifer E.”>Kurtz pp62</ref> In the [[People's Republic of China]] under [[Mao Zedong]], with estimates ranging from 65<ref name=”Courtois, Stéphane 2”>Courtois et al pp4</ref> to 72.3million.<ref name="Rosefielde, Steven 4">Rosefielde pp114</ref> And in [[Cambodia]] under the [[Khmer Rouge]] with an estimated death toll of between 2<ref name="Courtois, Stéphane 3">Courtois et al pp4</ref> and 2.5 million.<ref name="Rosefielde, Steven 5">Rosefielde pp114</ref>

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Mass killing of non-combatants has occurred under several Communist regimes in the pursuit of the communist ideal of a utopian society[1][2] Estimates for those killed range from 60 million[3] to 100 million.[4][5][6] The term "mass killing" refers not only to direct methods of killing, such as executions, bombing, and gassing, but also to the deaths in a population caused by starvation, disease and exposure resulting from the intentional confiscation or destruction of their necessities of life, or similarly caused deaths during forced relocation or forced labor.[7] Thus the starvation deaths in the 1958-1961 Great Chinese Famine, political assassinations, lethal forced labor in the North Korea and ethnic cleansing in Vietnam, can all be considered mass killings.[8]

The highest documented death tolls have occurred in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin with estimates for those killed ranging from 20[9][10] to 40[11] million during Stalin`s rule to some 60 million for the USSR as a whole.Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page). In the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong, with estimates ranging from 65Cite error: The <ref> tag has too many names (see the help page). to 72.3million.[12] And in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge with an estimated death toll of between 2[13] and 2.5 million.[14]

There have also been killings on a smaller scale in North Korea, Vietnam, and some Eastern European and African countries.[15]

References

  1. ^ Valentino p. 91
  2. ^ Gellately p. 69
  3. ^ Rosefielde p. 2
  4. ^ Rosefielde p. 126
  5. ^ Courtois et al p. IX
  6. ^ Staub p. 8
  7. ^ Valentino p. 10
  8. ^ Rosefielde p. 114
  9. ^ Hosking pp203
  10. ^ Naimark pp11
  11. ^ Combs pp 307
  12. ^ Rosefielde pp114
  13. ^ Courtois et al pp4
  14. ^ Rosefielde pp114
  15. ^ Valentino pp91

Bibliography

  • Rosefielde, Steven (2010) Red Holocaust Routledge ISBN 978-041577757
  • Courtois, Stéphane (1999) The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression Stéphane Courtois (ed.) (Harvard University Press): 1–32. ISBN 978-0674076082
  • Staub, Ervin (2011) Overcoming evil: genocide, violent conflict, and terrorism Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0195382044
  • Kurtz, Lester R. Turpin Jennifer E. (1999) Encyclopedia of violence, peace & conflict Elsevier ISBN 978-0122270116
  • Combs, Dick (2008) Inside the Soviet Alternate Universe The Cold War's End and the Soviet Union's Fall Reappraised Penn State University Press ISBN 978-0-271-03355-6
  • Naimark, Norman (2010) Stalin’s Genocides princeton university press ISBN 978-0691147840
  • Valentino, Benjamin A. (2005) Final solutions: mass killing and genocide in the twentieth century Cornell University Press ISBN 978-0801472732
  • Hosking, Geoffrey A. (1993) The first socialist society: a history of the Soviet Union from within Harvard University Press ISBN 978-0674304437
  • Gellately, Robert. Kiernan, Ben. (2003) The specter of genocide: mass murder in historical perspective Cambridge University Press ISBN 978-0521527507
Concept 1
"Definition of "mass killings under Communist regimes" is a matter of judgement and heavily coloured by political opinion, so no figures of the scale of these killings should appear in the first sentence of the lede, before needed explanations have been provided of what each particular author means under "mass killings"."
Concept 2
"@TLAM and others. Place your statement there"

I also present two versions of the lede, which are based on the two concepts mentioned above. I suggest everybody to express their opinion about the concepts and the texts writtem based on them.--Paul Siebert (talk) 18:02, 29 September 2011 (UTC)


Draft 1
"Mass killings occurred under some Communist regimes during the twentieth century.[1] Scholarship focuses on the causes of mass killings in single societies, though some claims of common causes for mass killings have been made. Some higher estimates of mass killings include not only mass murders or executions that took place during the elimination of political opponents, civil wars, terror campaigns, and land reforms, but also lives lost due to war, famine, disease, and exhaustion in labor camps. There are scholars who believe that government policies and mistakes in management contributed to these calamities, and, based on that conclusion combine all these deaths under the categories "mass killings", democide, politicide, "classicide", or loosely defined genocide. According to these scholars, the rough estimates of total death toll of the mass killings defined in this way amounts to a hundred of million; however, the validity of this approach is questioned by other scholars. As of 2011, academic consensus has not been achieved on causes of large scale killings by states, including by states governed by communists. In particular, the number of comparative studies suggesting causes is limited. The highest death tolls that have been documented in communist states occurred in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin, in the People's Republic of China under Mao Zedong, and in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge. The estimates of the number of non-combatants killed by these three regimes alone range from a low of 21 million to a high of 70 million.[1] There have also been killings on a smaller scale in North Korea, Vietnam, and some Eastern European and African countries.
References: per WP:LEDE the proposed text is supposed to summarise the article, so no references are needed. The sole reference is to the scholar who utilised the term "Mass killings" to describe most mass mortality events under Communists.
  1. ^ a b Valentino (2005) Final solutions p. 91.
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