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'''Community Memory''' was the first public computerized [[bulletin board system]]. Established in 1973 in [[Berkeley, California]], it used an [[XDS 940| SDS 940]] [[Time sharing| timesharing]] system in [[San Francisco]] connected via a 110 [[baud]] link to a [[teleprinter]] at a record store in Berkeley to let users enter and retrieve messages. Individuals could place messages in the computer and then look through the memory for a specific notice.
'''Community Memory''' was the first public computerized [[bulletin board system]]. Established in 1973 in [[Berkeley, California]], it used an [[XDS 940| SDS 940]] [[Time sharing| timesharing]] system in [[San Francisco]] connected via a 110 [[baud]] link to a [[teleprinter]] at a record store in Berkeley to let users enter and retrieve messages. Individuals could place messages in the computer and then look through the memory for a specific notice.


While initially conceived as an information and resource sharing network linking a variety of counter-cultural economic, educational, and social organizations with each other and the public, Community Memory was soon generalized to be an information flea market.<ref>{{cite web|last=Szpakowski|first=Mark|title=Guide To Using The Community Memory|url=http://www.well.com/~szpak/cm/GuideToUsingCM.html|work=Community Memory: 1972 - 1974, Berkeley and San Francisco, California|accessdate=2 November 2010}}</ref> Once the system became available, the users demonstrated that it was a general communications medium that could be used for art, literature, journalism, commerce, and social chatter.
While initially conceived as an information and resource sharing network linking a variety of counter-cultural economic, educational, and social organizations with each other and the public, Community Memory was soon generalized to be an information flea market<ref>{{cite web|last=Szpakowski|first=Mark|title=Guide To Using The Community Memory|url=http://www.well.com/~szpak/cm/GuideToUsingCM.html|work=Community Memory: 1972 - 1974, Berkeley and San Francisco, California|accessdate=2 November 2010}}</ref>, by providing unmediated, two-way access to message databases through public computer terminals <ref>Schuler, D. (1994). Community networks: Building a new participatory medium. Communications of the ACM, 37(1), 38 </ref>. Once the system became available, the users demonstrated that it was a general communications medium that could be used for art, literature, journalism, commerce, and social chatter.


==People==
==People==

Revision as of 15:40, 22 October 2011

File:Cm-leopolds.jpg
Community Memory terminal at Leopold's Records, Berkeley, CA, 1973

Community Memory was the first public computerized bulletin board system. Established in 1973 in Berkeley, California, it used an SDS 940 timesharing system in San Francisco connected via a 110 baud link to a teleprinter at a record store in Berkeley to let users enter and retrieve messages. Individuals could place messages in the computer and then look through the memory for a specific notice.

While initially conceived as an information and resource sharing network linking a variety of counter-cultural economic, educational, and social organizations with each other and the public, Community Memory was soon generalized to be an information flea market[1], by providing unmediated, two-way access to message databases through public computer terminals [2]. Once the system became available, the users demonstrated that it was a general communications medium that could be used for art, literature, journalism, commerce, and social chatter.

People

Community Memory was created by Efrem Lipkin, Mark Szpakowski, and Lee Felsenstein, acting as The Community Memory Project within the Resource One computer center at Project One in San Francisco. This group of computer savvy friends and partners wanted to create a simple system that could function as a source of community information [3]. Felsenstein took care of hardware, Lipkin software, and Szpakowski user interface and information husbandry. Community Memory (CM) in its first phase (1973- 1975) was an experiment to see how people would react to using a computer to exchange information. At that time few people had any direct contact with computers. CM was conceived as a tool to help strengthen the Berkeley community. Their brochure states that "strong, free, non-hierarchical channels of communication--whether by computer and modem, pen and ink, telephone, or face-to-face--are the front line of reclaiming and revitalizing our communities."[4].

CM had a presence in Vancouver starting in July, 1974, led by Andrew Clement. A second incarnation of Community Memory, aimed at creating a global information network, appeared in the later seventies. Its major players were Efrem Lipkin and Ken Colstad.

In his book Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution, Steven Levy described how the founders of Community Memory began the organization.[5] Some of the founders were involved in the Homebrew Computer Club, an organization credited with significant impact in the development of the personal computer.

History

The first terminal was an Teletype Model 33 ASR connected to the SDS 940 computer by telephone, using a 10 character per second acoustic coupled modem. It was located at the top of the stairs leading to Leopold's Records in Berkeley, right next to a busy conventional bulletin board. The Teletype machine was noisy, so it was encased in a cardboard box, with a transparent plastic top so what was being printed out could be seen, and with holes for one's hands while typing. This was the first time individuals who were not studying a scientific subject had the opportunity to be able to use a computer [6].

Brief instructions were mounted above the modified keyboard showing how to send a message to the mainframe, how to attach keywords to it to make it searchable and how to search those keywords to find messages from others [7]. By the side sat a CM assistant, attracting people's attention and encouraging them to add and find messages. The record store and its bulletin board brought together drummers seeking fusion guitarists, bagel aficionados looking for sources, and the first poets of the medium, notably one who went by the nom de plume of Benway - the first net personality.[8] Periodically directories of recently added items or of musician-related messages would be printed out and left there.

Anonymity was possible with Community Memory because users were not required to share their names or register to use the system. All of the information on the system is community generated, which has two implications. Firstly, there was no central authority of any kind that establishes what information is available in the system. The second implication is that information is not imported from other sites [9].

When CRT based terminals became more cheaply available one was set up at the original Berkeley Whole Earth Access Store and another at the Mission Public Library in San Francisco. The character of the message base varied with location.

The Community Memory software was implemented as an extension of the ROGIRS keyword information retrieval system written by Bart Berger and John M. Cooney at Resource One, which in turn was derived from Robert Shapiro's MIRS (Meta Information Retrieval System). It was written in QSPL and ran on an SDS 940, an early timesharing system the size of eight refrigerators, originally used by Douglas Engelbart in The Mother of All Demos, which had been donated to Resource One for community use.

By 1974 it was apparent that Community Memory needed to move from its home on the XDS-940 (which was large, underpowered, and uneconomical) and be recast as a network of more modern minicomputers. It was shut down in January 1975; its staff left Resource One and began to explore funding for a new project which would develop the software for a replicable and networked version of Community Memory.

See also

References

  1. ^ Szpakowski, Mark. "Guide To Using The Community Memory". Community Memory: 1972 - 1974, Berkeley and San Francisco, California. Retrieved 2 November 2010.
  2. ^ Schuler, D. (1994). Community networks: Building a new participatory medium. Communications of the ACM, 37(1), 38
  3. ^ Remembering Community Memory 2001 story at SF Gate
  4. ^ Schuler, D. (1994). Community networks: Building a new participatory medium. Communications of the ACM, 37(1), 38
  5. ^ Levy, S: "Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution". Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1984.
  6. ^ Community Memory Project, 1972-74 at The WELL
  7. ^ Remembering Community Memory 2001 story at SF Gate
  8. ^ Community Memory Project, 1972-74 at The WELL
  9. ^ Schuler, D. (1994). Community networks: Building a new participatory medium. Communications of the ACM, 37(1), 38
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