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According to the Early Office Museum, the first patent for a bent wire paper clip was awarded in the United States to Samuel B. Fay, in 1867. This clip was originally intended primarily for attaching tickets to fabric, although the patent recognized that it could be used to attach papers together.<ref name="officemuseum.com">{{cite web|title=History of the Paper Clip|publisher=Early Office Museum|url=http://www.officemuseum.com/paper_clips.htm}}</ref> Fay received U.S. patent 64,088 on April 23, 1867. Although functional and practical, Fay's design along with the 50 other designs patented prior to 1899 are not considered reminiscent of the modern paperclip design known today.<ref>{{cite web|title=Paper Clip|publisher=The Great Idea Finder|url=http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/paperclip.htm}}</ref> Another notable paper clip design was also patented in the United States by Erlman J. Wright in 1877. This clip was advertised at that time for use in fastening newspapers.<ref name="officemuseum.com"/>
According to the Early Office Museum, the first patent for a bent wire paper clip was awarded in the United States to Samuel B. Fay, in 1867. This clip was originally intended primarily for attaching tickets to fabric, although the patent recognized that it could be used to attach papers together.<ref name="officemuseum.com">{{cite web|title=History of the Paper Clip|publisher=Early Office Museum|url=http://www.officemuseum.com/paper_clips.htm}}</ref> Fay received U.S. patent 64,088 on April 23, 1867. Although functional and practical, Fay's design along with the 50 other designs patented prior to 1899 are not considered reminiscent of the modern paperclip design known today.<ref>{{cite web|title=Paper Clip|publisher=The Great Idea Finder|url=http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventions/paperclip.htm}}</ref> Another notable paper clip design was also patented in the United States by Erlman J. Wright in 1877. This clip was advertised at that time for use in fastening newspapers.<ref name="officemuseum.com"/>


[[File:Middlebrook paperclip machine patent.gif|thumb|right|200px|Middlebrook 1899 patent for a paper clip machine showing that the Gem was already in common use (top and bottom)]]
[[File:Middlebrook paperclip machine patent2.gif|thumb|right|200px|Middlebrook 1899 patent for a paper clip machine showing that the Gem was already in common use (top and bottom)]]


The most common type of [[wire]] paper clip still in use, the Gem paper clip, was never patented, but it was most likely in production in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] already in the early 1870s by "The Gem Manufacturing Company", according to the American expert on technological innovations, Professor [[Henry Petroski|Henry J. Petroski]].<ref>Petroski, Henry: "Polishing the Gem: A First-Year Design Project", ''Journal of Engineering Education'', October 1998, p. 445</ref> He refers to an 1883 article about "Gem Paper-Fasteners", praising them for being "better than ordinary pins" for "binding together papers on the same subject, a bundle of letters, or pages of a manuscript".<ref>Penn, Arthur: ''The Home Library'', Appleton, New York, 1883</ref> Since the 1883 article had no illustration of this early "Gem", it may have been different from modern paper clips of that name. The earliest documentation of its existence is an advertisement for "Gem Paper Clips" published by Cushman & Denison, 172 9th Avenue, New York City, in ''The Book-Keeper'', August 1894, p.&nbsp;6.<ref name="History of the Paper Clip">[http://www.earlyofficemuseum.com/paper_clips.htm History of the Paper Clip], Early Office Museum.</ref> In 1904 Cushman & Denison registered a trade mark for the "Gem" name in connection with paper clips. The announcement stated that it had been used since March 1, 1892, which may have been the time of its introduction in the United States.<ref name="History of the Paper Clip"/> Paper clips are still sometimes called "Gem clips", and in [[Swedish (language)|Swedish]] the word for any paper clip is "gem".
The most common type of [[wire]] paper clip still in use, the Gem paper clip, was never patented, but it was most likely in production in [[United Kingdom|Britain]] already in the early 1870s by "The Gem Manufacturing Company", according to the American expert on technological innovations, Professor [[Henry Petroski|Henry J. Petroski]].<ref>Petroski, Henry: "Polishing the Gem: A First-Year Design Project", ''Journal of Engineering Education'', October 1998, p. 445</ref> He refers to an 1883 article about "Gem Paper-Fasteners", praising them for being "better than ordinary pins" for "binding together papers on the same subject, a bundle of letters, or pages of a manuscript".<ref>Penn, Arthur: ''The Home Library'', Appleton, New York, 1883</ref> Since the 1883 article had no illustration of this early "Gem", it may have been different from modern paper clips of that name. The earliest documentation of its existence is an advertisement for "Gem Paper Clips" published by Cushman & Denison, 172 9th Avenue, New York City, in ''The Book-Keeper'', August 1894, p.&nbsp;6.<ref name="History of the Paper Clip">[http://www.earlyofficemuseum.com/paper_clips.htm History of the Paper Clip], Early Office Museum.</ref> In 1904 Cushman & Denison registered a trade mark for the "Gem" name in connection with paper clips. The announcement stated that it had been used since March 1, 1892, which may have been the time of its introduction in the United States.<ref name="History of the Paper Clip"/> Paper clips are still sometimes called "Gem clips", and in [[Swedish (language)|Swedish]] the word for any paper clip is "gem".

Revision as of 03:34, 28 October 2011

For other uses, see Paper clip (disambiguation).
A few paper clips of different colors.

A paper clip (or sometimes paperclip) is an instrument used to fasten sheets of paper together usually made of steel wire bent to a looped shape.

Shape and composition

Paper clip

A paper clip is usually a thin wire in a looped shape that takes advantage of the elasticity and strength of the materials of its construction (usually steel or some other metal, but sometimes plastic) to compress and therefore hold together two or more pieces of paper by means of torsion and friction. Some other kinds of paper clip use a two-piece clamping system.

Recent innovations include multi-colored plastic-coated paper clips and spring-fastened binder clips.

History

According to the Early Office Museum, the first patent for a bent wire paper clip was awarded in the United States to Samuel B. Fay, in 1867. This clip was originally intended primarily for attaching tickets to fabric, although the patent recognized that it could be used to attach papers together.[1] Fay received U.S. patent 64,088 on April 23, 1867. Although functional and practical, Fay's design along with the 50 other designs patented prior to 1899 are not considered reminiscent of the modern paperclip design known today.[2] Another notable paper clip design was also patented in the United States by Erlman J. Wright in 1877. This clip was advertised at that time for use in fastening newspapers.[1]

Middlebrook 1899 patent for a paper clip machine showing that the Gem was already in common use (top and bottom)

The most common type of wire paper clip still in use, the Gem paper clip, was never patented, but it was most likely in production in Britain already in the early 1870s by "The Gem Manufacturing Company", according to the American expert on technological innovations, Professor Henry J. Petroski.[3] He refers to an 1883 article about "Gem Paper-Fasteners", praising them for being "better than ordinary pins" for "binding together papers on the same subject, a bundle of letters, or pages of a manuscript".[4] Since the 1883 article had no illustration of this early "Gem", it may have been different from modern paper clips of that name. The earliest documentation of its existence is an advertisement for "Gem Paper Clips" published by Cushman & Denison, 172 9th Avenue, New York City, in The Book-Keeper, August 1894, p. 6.[5] In 1904 Cushman & Denison registered a trade mark for the "Gem" name in connection with paper clips. The announcement stated that it had been used since March 1, 1892, which may have been the time of its introduction in the United States.[5] Paper clips are still sometimes called "Gem clips", and in Swedish the word for any paper clip is "gem".

Definite proof that the modern type of paper clip was well known in 1899 at the latest, is the patent granted to William Middlebrook of Waterbury, Connecticut on April 27 of that year for a "Machine for making wire paper clips." The drawing clearly shows that the product is a perfect clip of the Gem type.[6][7] The fact that Middlebrook did not mention it by name, suggests that it was already well known at the time. Since then countless variations on the same theme have been patented. Some have pointed instead of rounded ends, some have the end of one loop bent slightly to make it easier to insert sheets of paper, and some have wires with undulations or barbs to get a better grip. In addition, purely aesthetic variants have been patented, clips with triangular or round shapes.[8] But the original Gem type has for more than a hundred years proved to be the most practical, and consequently by far the most popular. Its qualities of easy use, gripping without tearing, and storing without tangling have been difficult to improve on.

It has been claimed,[9][10][11] though apparently without evidence, that Herbert Spencer, the originator of the term "survival of the fittest", invented the paper clip. Spencer claimed in his autobiography to have invented a "binding-pin" that was distributed by Ackermann & Company, and he shows a drawing of the pin in his Appendix I (following Appendix H). This pin looked more like a modern cotter pin than a modern paper clip, but it was designed to hold sheets of paper together. It is approximately 15 cm unfolded

Norwegian claim

Johan Vaaler in 1887.

A Norwegian, Johan Vaaler (1866–1910), has erroneously been identified as the inventor of the paper clip. He was granted patents in Germany[12] and in the United States[13] (1901) for a paper clip of similar design, but less functional and practical, because it lacked the last turn of the wire. Vaaler probably did not know that a better product was already on the market, although not yet in Norway. His version was never manufactured and never marketed, because the superior Gem was already available.

Long after Vaaler's death his countrymen created a national myth based on the false assumption that the paper clip was invented by an unrecognised Norwegian genius. Norwegian dictionaries since the 1950s have mentioned Vaaler as the inventor of the paper clip,[14] and that myth later found its way into international dictionaries and much of the international literature on paper clips.

The giant paper clip in Sandvika, Norway. It shows the Gem, not the one patented by Vaaler.

Vaaler probably succeeded in having his design patented abroad, despite the previous existence of more useful paper clips, because patent authorities at that time were quite liberal and rewarded any marginal modification of existing inventions.[15] Johan Vaaler began working for Alfred J. Bryns Patentkontor in Kristiania in 1892 and was later promoted to office manager, a position he held until his death.[16] As the employee of a patent office, he could easily have obtained a patent in Norway. His reasons for applying abroad are not known, but it is possible that he had an exaggerated confidence in his own invention and wanted to secure the commercial rights internationally. Also, he may have been aware that a Norwegian manufacturer would find it difficult to introduce a new invention abroad, starting from the small home market. Vaaler's patents expired quietly, while the "Gem" was used worldwide, also in his own country. The failure of his design was obvious — it was too impractical. Without the two full loops of the fully developed paper clip, it was difficult to insert sheets of paper into his clip. One could manipulate the end of the inner wire so that it could receive the sheet, but the outer wire was a dead end because it could not exploit the torsion principle. The clip would instead stand out like a keel, perpendicular to the sheet of paper. The impracticality of Vaaler's design may easily be demonstrated by cutting off the last outer loop and one long side from a regular Gem clip.

National symbol

The paper clip patented by Johan Vaaler in 1899 and 1901.

The originator of the Norwegian paper clip myth was an engineer of the national patent agency who visited Germany in the 1920s to register Norwegian patents in that country. He came across Vaaler's patent, but failed to detect that it was not the same as the then-common Gem-type clip.[17] In the report of the first fifty years of the patent agency, he wrote an article in which he proclaimed Vaaler to be the inventor of the common paper clip.[18] This piece of information found its way into some Norwegian encyclopedias after World War II.

Events of that war contributed greatly to the mythical status of the paper clip. Patriots wore them in their lapels as a symbol of resistance to the German occupiers and local Nazi authorities when other signs of resistance, such as flag pins or pins showing the cipher of the exiled King Haakon VII of Norway were forbidden. Those wearing them did not yet see them as national symbols, as the myth of their Norwegian origin was not commonly known at the time. The clips were meant to denote solidarity and unity ("we are bound together"). The wearing of paper clips was soon prohibited, and people wearing them could risk severe punishment.[19]

The leading Norwegian encyclopedia mentioned the role of the paper clip as a symbol of resistance in a supplementary volume in 1952, but did not yet proclaim it a Norwegian invention.[20] That information was added in later editions. According to the 1974 edition, the idea of using the paper clip to denote resistance originated in France. A clip worn on a lapel or front pocket could be seen as "deux gaules" (two posts or poles) and be interpreted as a reference to the leader of the French Resistance, General Charles de Gaulle.[21]

The post-war years saw a widespread consolidation of the paper clip as a national symbol. Authors of books and articles on the history of Norwegian technology eagerly seized it to make a thin story more substantial. They chose to overlook the fact that Vaaler's clip was not the same as the fully developed Gem-type clip.[22] In 1989 a giant paper clip, almost 7 meters high, was erected on the campus of a commercial college near Oslo in honour of Vaaler, ninety years after his invention was patented. But this monument shows a Gem-type clip, not the one patented by Vaaler. The celebration of the alleged Norwegian origin of the paper clip culminated in 1999, one hundred years after Vaaler submitted his application for a German patent. A commemorative stamp was issued that year, the first in a series to draw attention to Norwegian inventiveness. The background shows a facsimile of the German "Patentschrift". However, the figure in the foreground is not the paper clip depicted on that document, but the much better-known "Gem". In 2005, the national biographical encyclopedia of Norway (Norsk biografisk leksikon) published the biography of Johan Vaaler, stating he was the inventor of the paper clip.[23]

Paper Clips Project

Main article: Paper Clips Project

The Paper Clips Project is celebrated in the 2004 documentary, "Paper Clips" (film), Paper Clips Project

Johan Vaaler's fame as the paper clip inventor has spread worldwide, especially in the United States. When eighth-graders at Whitwell Middle School in Tennessee were to learn about the murder of six million Jews during the Holocaust, one teacher had the idea of illustrating that mind-boggling number by collecting as many small and cheap objects—this was called the Paper Clips Project. According to one website, the paper clip was chosen "after they learned (that) Norwegians wore them on their clothes to show support for Jews during World War II".[24] Another site elaborates this story even further: "That symbol of resistance originally honored Johann Vaaler, the Norwegian Jew who invented the paper clip".[25] Both of these statements are false. Vaaler was not a Jew,[26] he did not invent the common paper clip, and Norwegians who wore them did not do so to protest the tragic fate of the Jews, but to show national concord and solidarity, and opposition to the German occupation and local Nazi authorities.[19] But the project was a success — far more than the required 6 million clips were collected.

During promotion of the film that documents the middle school project, the film's promoters contacted and partnered with Baumgarten's Office Products in Atlanta, Georgia. Baumgarten's is the company that manufactures Plastiklips and other fastening devices; they constructed displays made of green plastic paper clips shaped into the Star of David to assist with the film's promotion at theaters around the United States. Hans Baumgarten, Baumgarten's treasurer and his family of Jewish descent, left Nazi Germany, avoiding death camps.

Baumgarten's Plastiklip was invented by the German Kurt Lorber, who has been a partner with Baumgarten's since WWII.

Other uses

Wire is versatile, and the most commonplace wire is in paper clips.[citation needed] Thus a paper clip is a useful accessory in many kinds of mechanical work including computer work: the metal wire can be unfolded with a little force. Several devices call for a very thin rod to push a recessed button which the user might only rarely need. This is seen on most CD-ROM drives as an "emergency eject" should the power fail; also on early floppy disk drives (including the early Macintosh). Both 1st generation iPhones and the iPhone 3G require a paper clip to eject the SIM card and some Palm PDAs advise the use of a paper clip to reset the device. The track ball can be removed from early Logitech pointing devices using a paper clip as the key to the bezel. A paper clip bent into a "U" can be used to start an ATX PSU without connecting it to a motherboard (connect the green to a black on the motherboard header). One or more paper clips can make a loopback device for a RS232 interface (or indeed many interfaces). A paper clip could be installed in a Commodore 1541 disk-drive as a flexible head-stop. Paper clips have been used (unsafely) to replace fuses.

Paper clips can be bent into a crude but sometimes effective lock picking device. Some types of handcuffs can be unfastened using paper clips. There are two approaches. The first one is to unfold the clip in a line and then the end to be twisted in right angle trying to imitate a key and using it to lift the lock fixator. The second approach, which is more feasible but needs some practice, is to use the semi-unfolded clip kink for lifting when the clip is inserted through the hole where the handcuffs are closed.[citation needed]

Paper clips can be worn as bracelets and rings, thus ensuring they can be found for their other uses.

Kyle MacDonald took one red paperclip and progressively traded it into a house. The Canadian blogger began with a red paper clip and posted it on Craigslist, later trading it for a pen. MacDonald kept trading things until he finally traded a movie role for a two-story house in Kipling, Saskatchewan.[27]

A paper clip image is the standard image for an attachment in an email client.

Other fastening devices

Notes

  1. ^ a b "History of the Paper Clip". Early Office Museum.
  2. ^ "Paper Clip". The Great Idea Finder.
  3. ^ Petroski, Henry: "Polishing the Gem: A First-Year Design Project", Journal of Engineering Education, October 1998, p. 445
  4. ^ Penn, Arthur: The Home Library, Appleton, New York, 1883
  5. ^ a b History of the Paper Clip, Early Office Museum.
  6. ^ Petroski, Henry, "From Pins to Paper Clips", The Evolution of Useful Things, Knopf, New York, 1993, pp. 68-69
  7. ^ Petroski, Henry, "Paper Clips and Design", Invention by Design, Harvard University Press, 1996, p. 17.
  8. ^ Petroski, Henry, "Polishing the Gem: A First-Year Design Project". Appendix: A selected list of U.S. Patents for paper clips. Journal of Engineering Education, 1998, p. 449.
  9. ^ A series, episode 8 of QI.
  10. ^ Father Gregory Tillett, review of The Pharaoh's Shadow: Travels in Ancient and Modern Egypt by Anthony Sattin, The Glastonbury Review, Edition 104.
  11. ^ G. W. Trompf, "Radical Conservatism in Herbert Spencer's Educational Thought", British Journal of Educational Studies, Vol. 17, No. 3 (Oct., 1969), pp. 267–280.
  12. ^ Application dated 12 November 1899, Patentschrift no. 121067, patent granted 6 June 1901.
  13. ^ US Patent No. 675,761 June 4, 1901.
  14. ^ "Binders" Aschehougs konversasjonsleksikon, Oslo 1975, vol. 2, p. 695.
  15. ^ Petroski, Henry "The Evolution of Artifacts", American Scientist, Volume 80, 1992, pp. 416–20.
  16. ^ Holst, Wilhelm: "Johan Vaaler", Studenterne fra 1887, Kristiania 1912.
  17. ^ Vaaler's forgotten German patent was found by patent engineer Halvard Foss of The Norwegian Industrial Property Office (Patenstyret) while looking for patents granted to Norwegians in the German patent office. "I made this discovery known to my colleagues", Foss stated in an interview with the weekly A-magasinet no. 52, 1988.
  18. ^ Foss, Halvard: "Den frittstående oppfinner", Styret for det industrielle rettsvern 50 år, Oslo 1961, p. 190.
  19. ^ a b Bø, Finn: Forbuden frukt (First edition 1945), Oslo 1995, ISBN 82-509-3249-8.
  20. ^ Aschehougs konversasjonsleksikon, supplementsbind, Oslo 1952.
  21. ^ Aschehougs konversasjonsleksikon, Oslo 1974, Vol. 2, p. 695.
  22. ^ Hesstvedt, Ola: "Den lille norske hjelperen fyller 90 år", A-magasinet nr. 52, 1988.
  23. ^ "Vaaler, Johan", Norsk biografisk leksikon, Kunnskapsforlaget, Oslo 2005. Vol. 9, p. 411, ISBN 82-573-1011-5.
  24. ^ "Paper Clips 2004". Spotlight. Christian Answers.
  25. ^ "Paper Clip Project". ACF News Source.
  26. ^ The records of Aurskog Church (Ministerialbok 1854-1877, p. 108) show that Johan, the son of Ole Johnsen and Anne Sofie Jensdatter Vaaler, born 15 March 1866, was baptized 8 April 1866.
  27. ^ one red paperclip.

References

  • Petroski, Henry. The Evolution of Useful Things. New York: Knopf, 1992. ISBN 0-679-74039-2. Includes a comprehensive history of the evolution of paper clip design.
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