Camera phone: Difference between revisions
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{{For|the song by The Game|Camera Phone (song)}} |
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{{See also|Mobile phone|Videophone}} |
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[[File:Camera phone sharing.JPG|thumb|320px|The camera phone solution allows to instantly share pictures. As it's automatic and instant, the user does not have to use a cable or removable media to connect to a personal computer.]] |
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A '''camera phone''' is a [[mobile phone]] which is able to capture still [[photograph]]s (and usually [[video]]). Since early in the 21st century the majority of cameras and of mobile phones in use are camera phones.<ref>[http://www.eetasia.com/ART_8800353398_499488_NT_85fffae0.HTM Majority of phones have cameras]</ref> |
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Most camera phones are simpler than separate [[digital camera]]s. Their usual [[fixed focus]] lenses and smaller [[Image sensor|sensors]] limit their performance in poor lighting. Having no physical shutter, most have a long [[shutter lag]]. Most have no [[Flash (photography)|flash]] or [[zoom lens|optical zoom]]<ref>[http://www.popularmechanics.com/technology/how-to/4282963 Popular Mechanics How-to] Take good photos with your poor camera phone</ref> or [[Tripod (photography)|tripod screw]]. Many lack a [[USB]] connection, removable [[memory card]], or other way of transferring their pictures more quickly than by the phone's inherent communication feature. |
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Some of the more expensive camera phones have only a few of these technical disadvantages, which apply most acutely in low light conditions and in any case have not inhibited their widespread use. Most model lines improve in these regards every year or two. Some, such as the [[Droid Incredible]] and [[iPhone]], only have a menu choice to start an application program to activate the camera.<ref>[http://www.phonearena.com/reviews/Motorola-DROID-X-vs.-HTC-Droid-Incredible_id2472 Phone Arena] Motorola Droid X vs HTC Droid Incredible</ref> Others, such as the [[BlackBerry Storm2]], [[Droid X]], [[Motorola V980]] and [[Nokia 5800]] also have a separate camera button for quickness and convenience. Some are designed to resemble separate low-end digital [[compact camera]]s in appearance and to some extent in features and picture quality, and are branded as both mobile phones and cameras, including [[Cyber-shot#Sony Ericsson mobile phones|certain Sony phones]]. |
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The principal advantages of camera phones are cost and compactness; indeed for a user who carries a mobile phone anyway, the additional size and cost are negligible. [[Smart phone]]s that are camera phones may run mobile applications to add capabilities such as [[geotagging]] and [[image stitching]]. A few high end phones can use their [[touch screen]] to direct their camera to focus on a particular object in the field of view, giving even an inexperienced user a degree of focus control exceeded only by seasoned photographers using manual focus. |
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== Technology == |
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Some camera phones use [[CMOS]] image sensors, due largely to reduced power consumption compared to [[Charge-coupled device|CCD]] type cameras, which are also used. |
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Images are usually saved in the JPEG file format, and the [[wireless infrastructure]] manages the sharing. The lower power consumption prevents the camera from quickly depleting the phones battery. |
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== History == |
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[[File:Nokia N8 (rear view).jpg|thumb|320px|right|The [[Nokia N8]] [[smartphone]] is one of the first camera phones to feature a 12 [[megapixel]] [[autofocus]] [[lens (optics)|lens]], and is one of the phones to feature [[Carl Zeiss AG|Carl Zeiss optics]] with [[xenon flash lamp|xenon flash]].]] |
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[[File:Kyocera VP-210 CP+ 2011.jpg|thumb|upright|200px|Kyocera VP-210 "Visual Phone " is the first commercial camera and video phone. The [[Personal Handy-phone System]] (PHS) phone was introduced for [[Willcom|DDI Pocket's]] network May 1999 (Japan).]] |
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The camera phone, like many [[complex systems]], is the result of converging and enabling technologies. There are dozens of relevant patents dating back as far as 1956. Compared to [[digital camera]]s of the 1990s, a consumer-viable camera in a mobile phone would require far less power and a higher level of camera electronics integration to permit the miniaturization. |
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The CMOS [[active pixel sensor]] "camera-on-a-chip" developed by Dr. [[Eric Fossum]] and his team in the early 1990s achieved the first step of realizing the modern camera phone as described in a March 1995 Business Week article. While the first camera phones, as successfully marketed by [[J-Phone]] in Japan, used [[Charge-coupled device|CCD]] sensors and not CMOS sensors, more than 90% of camera phones sold today use CMOS image sensor technology. |
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Over the years there have been many [[videophone]]s and [[camera]]s that have included communication capability. Some devices experimented with integration of the device to communicate wirelessly with Internet, which would allow instant media sharing with anyone anywhere. For example, in 1995 Apple experimented with the Apple Videophone/PDA.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://techweirdnews.blogspot.com/2006/11/apple-prototypes-5-products-we-never.html|work=Tech Weird News|title=Apple Prototypes: 5 Products We Never Saw|date=2006-11-30}}</ref> There were several digital cameras with cellular phone transmission capability shown by companies such as [[Kodak]], [[Olympus Corporation|Olympus]] in the early 1990s.<ref>[http://www-users.mat.uni.torun.pl/~olka/historia.html History of digital camera<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> There was also a digital camera with cellular phone designed by Shosaku Kawashima of Canon in Japan in May 1997.<ref>[http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect2=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&RefSrch=yes&Query=PN%2FD405457 United States Patent: D405457<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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On June 11, 1997, [[Philippe Kahn]] shared instantly the first pictures from the maternity ward where his daughter Sophie was born. He wirelessly transmitted his cell phone pictures to more than 2,000 family, friends and associates around the world. Kahn's wireless sharing software and camera integrated into his cell phone augured the birth of instant visual communications.<ref name="Wired">{{cite web| last=Parks| first=Bob| month=October| year=2000| url=http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/8.10/kahn.html| title = Wired Magazine, The Big Picture - Philippe Kahn| accessdate = 2006-04-20}}</ref><ref name="Usatoday">{{cite news| last=Maney| first=Kevin| url=http://www.usatoday.com/tech/columnist/kevinmaney/2007-01-23-kahn-cellphone-camera_x.htm| work=[[USA Today]] |title=Baby's birth foretells "birth" of the cell phone camera — and societal evolution| accessdate = 2007-12-25 | date=2007-01-23}}</ref> Kahn's cell phone transmission is the first known publicly-shared picture via a cell phone. |
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In Japan, two competing projects were run by [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]] and [[Kyocera]] in 1997. Both had cell phones with integrated cameras. However, the Kyocera system was designed as a peer-to-peer video-phone as opposed to the Sharp project which was initially focused on sharing instant pictures. That was made possible when the Sharp devices was coupled to the Sha-mail infrastructure designed in collaboration with American technologist, Kahn. The Kyocera team was led by Mr. Kazumi Saburi.<ref>[http://cache.zoominfo.com/CachedPage/?archive_id=0&page_id=1391889423&page_url=%2f%2fwww.tomshardware.co.uk%2fcolumn%2f20051118%2findex.html&page_last_updated=1%2f8%2f2006+5%3a17%3a35+PM&firstName=Kazumi&lastName=Saburi ZoomInfo Cached Page<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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Cameras on cell phones proved popular right from the start, as indicated that the J-Phone in Japan had more than half of its subscribers using cell phone cameras in two years. The world soon followed. By 2003, more camera phones were sold worldwide than stand-alone digital cameras. In 2005, Nokia became the world's most sold digital camera brand. In 2006, half of the world's mobile phones had a built-in camera. |
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In 2008, Nokia sold more camera phones than [[Kodak]] sells film based simple cameras, thus became the biggest manufacturer of any kind of camera. |
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In 2010 the worldwide number of camera phones totaled more than a billion,<ref>[http://www.economist.com/node/15865270 The Economist, August 2010] Billions of camera phones</ref> and sales of separate cameras began to decline. |
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By 2010 most mobile phones, even inexpensive ones, were being sold with a camera. High end camera phones usually have a good lens, high resolution, but a small sensor. |
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12 megapixel camera phones have been produced by at least two companies.<ref>http://www.newtechnology.co.in/samsung-pixon12-m8910-worlds-first-12-megapixel-camera-phone/</ref><ref>http://www.newtechnology.co.in/sony-ericsson-satio-a-phone-with-ultimate-multimedia-experience/</ref> To highlight the capabilities of the [[Nokia N8]](Big CMOS Sensor) camera, Nokia created a short film, ''[http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1764641/ The Commuter]'', in October 2010. The seven-minute film was shot entirely on the phone's [[720p]] camera. A 14 megapixel [[smartphone]] with 3x optical zoom was announced in 2010.<ref>[http://asia.cnet.com/crave/2010/06/15/hands-on-with-the-14-megapixel-altek-leo/ John Chan, June 15, 2010, Cnet.com] Hands-on with the 14-megapixel Altek Leo</ref> |
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In 2006, [[Thuraya]] released the first [[satellite phone]] with an integrated camera. The Thuraya SG-2520 is manufactured by a Korean company called APSI and runs [[Windows CE]]. |
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=== Multimedia Messaging Service === |
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{{Main|Multimedia Messaging Service}} |
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Camera phones can share pictures almost instantly and automatically via a sharing infrastructure integrated with the carrier network. Early developers of camera phones like Philippe Kahn envisioned a technology that would enable service providers to "collect a fee every time anyone snaps a photo."<ref name="Wired"/> The resulting technologies, [[Multimedia Messaging Service]] and [[Sha-Mail]] were developed parallel to and in competition to open [[Internet]] based mobile communication provided by [[GPRS]] and later [[3G]] networks. |
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The closed sharing infrastructure was critical and explains the early successes of [[J-Phone]], DoCoMo in Japan, [[Sprint Nextel|Sprint]], and other carriers worldwide. |
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The first commercial camera phone complete with infrastructure was the [[J-SH04]], made by [[Sharp Corporation]], had an integrated [[CCD sensor]], with the [[Sha-Mail]] (Picture-Mail in Japanese) infrastructure developed in collaboration with Kahn's [[LightSurf]] venture, and marketed from 2001 by J-Phone in Japan today owned by [[Softbank]]. |
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The first commercial deployment in North America of camera phones was in 2004. The Sprint wireless carriers deployed over one million camera phone manufactured by Sanyo and launched by the PictureMail infrastructure (Sha-Mail in English) developed and managed by [[LightSurf]]. |
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Users of early camera phones were held captive by the MMS business model. While phones had internet connectivity, working [[web browsers]] and email-programs, the phone menu offered no way of including a photo in an email or uploading it to a web site. Connecting cables or removable media that would enable the local transfer of pictures were also usually missing. |
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Modern [[smartphones]] have more connectivity and transfer options with photograph attachment features. |
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==Manufacturers== |
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Major manufacturers include [[Toshiba]], [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]], [[Nokia]], [[Sanyo]], [[Samsung]], [[Motorola]], [[Siemens AG|Siemens]], [[Sony Ericsson]], and [[LG Electronics]]. Resolution is typically in the range of one tenth to one half as many [[pixel|megapixels]] as contemporary low end [[compact digital camera]]s. |
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Major manufacturers of cameras for phones include [[Toshiba]], ST Micro, [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]], Omnivision, and [[Aptina]]. |
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== External camera == |
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During 2003 as camera phones were gaining popularity in Europe some phones without cameras had support for [[Multimedia Messaging Service|MMS]] and external cameras that could be connected with a small cable or directly to the data port at the base of the phone. The external cameras were comparable in quality to those fitted on regular camera phones at the time, typically offering [[VGA]] resolution. |
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Phones that supported extra cameras include the Siemens SL55 and [[Nokia Series 40]] phones such as the [[Nokia 6810]]. Unfortunately these cameras are not compatible with more recent phones. |
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These external cameras never proved very popular although they were stocked in various shops at the time. |
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==Social impact== |
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Personal photography allows people to capture and construct personal and group memory, maintain social relationships as well as expressing their identity.<ref>Gye, Lisa (2007) Picture This: The Impact of Mobile Camera Phones on Personal Photographic Practices in Continuum Vol 21 Issue 2. pp 279-288</ref> The hundreds of millions<ref>[http://www.prweb.com/releases/asia-pacific/cameraphone-market/prweb448774.htm Asia-Pacific Cameraphone market] 600 million camera phones sold in 2010 in the region</ref> |
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of camera phones sold every year provide the same opportunities, yet these functions are altered and allow for a different user experience. As mobile phones are constantly carried, camera phones allow for capturing moments at any time. Mobile communication also allows for immediate transmission of content (for example via [[Multimedia Messaging Service]]s), which cannot be reversed or regulated. |
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While phones have been found useful by tourists and for other common civilian purposes, as they are cheap, convenient, and portable; they have also posed controversy, as they enable [[secret photography]]. A user may pretend to be simply talking on the phone or browsing the internet, drawing no suspicion while photographing a person or place illegally or against that person's wishes. |
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As a network-connected device, megapixel camera phones are playing significant roles in crime prevention, journalism and business applications as well as individual uses. They can also be used for activities such as [[voyeurism]], [[invasion of privacy]], and [[copyright infringement]]. Because they can be used to share media almost immediately, they are a potent personal content creation tool. On January 17, 2007, New York City Mayor [[Michael Bloomberg]] announced a plan to encourage people to use their camera-phones to capture crimes happening in progress or dangerous situations and send them to emergency responders. Through the program, people will be able to send their images or video directly to 911.<ref>{{cite web |date = January 2007 |url=http://www.textually.org/picturephoning/archives/2007/01/014735.htm |title=Textually.org, NY Mayor Bloomberg outlines citizen camphone hotline |accessdate = 2007-01-18}}</ref> |
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Enforcing bans on camera phones has proven nearly impossible. They are small and numerous and their use is easy to hide or disguise, making it hard for law enforcement and security personnel to detect or stop use. |
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From time to time, organizations and places have prohibited or restricted the use of camera phones and other cameras because of the privacy, security, and copyright issues they pose. Such places include [[the Pentagon]], federal and state courts,<ref>[http://www.cacd.uscourts.gov/CACD/Notices.nsf/5a76d63503298120882567cf0058efb4/7411a1c78bcf1fae882570ee005e4cad?OpenDocument Notice from the Clerk<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> museums, schools, theaters, and local [[health club|fitness club]]s. [[Saudi Arabia]], in April 2004, banned the sale of camera phones nationwide for a time before reallowing their sale in December 2004 (although pilgrims on the [[Hajj]] were allowed to bring in camera phones). In [[South Korea]] and Japan, all camera phones sold in the country must make a clearly audible sound whenever a picture is taken: These laws are intended to reduce the number of [[voyeurism|up-skirt photo]]s taken. |
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There is the occasional anecdote of camera phones linked to industrial espionage and the activities of [[paparazzi]], as well as some hacking into wireless operators' network. |
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Camera phones have also been used to discreetly take photographs in museums, performance halls, and other places where photography is prohibited. However, as sharing can be instantaneous, even if the action is discovered, it is too late, as the image is already out of reach, unlike a photo taken by a digital camera that only stores images locally for later transfer. |
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In [[Ireland]] the annual "[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann|RTE]] 60 second short award" was won by 15 year old Laura Gaynor who made her winning cartoon,"Piece of Cake" on her [[Sony Ericsson]] [[C510]] camera phone. |
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== Notable events involving camera phones == |
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* The [[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake]] was the first global news event where the majority of the first day news [[footage]] was no longer provided by professional news crews, but rather by citizen journalists, using primarily camera phones. |
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* On November 17, 2006, during a performance at the [[Laugh Factory]] comedy club, comedian [[Michael Richards]] was recorded responding to hecklers with racial slurs by a member of the audience using a camera phone. The video was widely circulated in television and internet news broadcasts. |
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* On December 30, 2006, the execution of former Iraqi dictator [[Saddam Hussein]] was recorded by a video camera phone, and made widely available on the Internet. A guard was arrested a few days later.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/03/AR2007010300358.html Guard at Hanging Blamed for Covert Video of Hussein - washingtonpost.com]</ref> |
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* Camera phone video and photographs taken in the immediate aftermath of the [[7 July 2005 London bombings]] were featured worldwide. [[CNN]] executive [[Jonathan Klein (CNN)|Jonathan Klein]] predicts camera phone [[footage]] will be increasingly used by news organizations. |
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* Camera phone digital images helped to spread the [[2009 Iranian election protests]]. |
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* Camera phones recorded the [[BART Police shooting of Oscar Grant]]. |
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== Camera as an interaction device == |
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The cameras of smartphones are used as input devices in numerous research projects and commercial applications. A commercially successful example is the use of [[QR Code]]s attached to physical objects. QR Codes can be sensed by the phone using its camera and provide an according link to related digital content, usually a [[URL]]. Another approach is using camera images to [[Image recognition|recognize objects]]. Content based image analysis is used to recognize physical objects such as advertisement posters<ref>{{cite conference | first = M. | last = Pielot | coauthors = Henze, N.; Nickel, C.; Menke, C.; Smadi, S.; Boll, S. | title = Evaluation of Camera Phone Based Interaction to Access Information Related to Posters | booktitle = Proceedings of Mobile Interaction with the Real World | year = 2008 | url = http://mirw08.offis.de/paper/13.pdf}}</ref> to provide information about the object. Hybrid approaches use a combination of unobstrusive visual markers and image analysis. An example is to estimate the pose of the camera phone to create a real-time overlay for a 3D paper globe.<ref>{{cite conference | first = J. | last = Schöning | coauthors = Rohs, M.; Krüger, A | title = Mobile Interaction with the "Real World" | booktitle = Proceedings of Mobile Interaction with the Real World | year = 2008 | url = http://mirw08.offis.de/paper/09.pdf}}</ref> On recent camera phones it is even feasible to provide an [[augmented reality]] overlay for 2D objects<ref>{{cite conference | first = D. | last = Wagner | coauthors = Reitmayr, G; Mulloni, A; Drummond, T; Schmalstieg, D | title = Pose Tracking from Natural Features on Mobile Phones | booktitle = Proceedings of the Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality | year = 2008 | url = http://mi.eng.cam.ac.uk/~gr281/docs/WagnerIsmar08NFT.pdf}}</ref> and to recognize multiple objects on the phone using a stripped down object recognition algorithm<ref>{{cite conference | first = N. | last = Henze | coauthors = Schinke, T.; Boll, S. | title = What is that? Object recognition from Natural Features on a mobile Phone | booktitle = Proceedings of Mobile Interaction with the Real World | year = 2009 | url = http://mirw09.offis.de/paper/What%20is%20That%20-%20Object%20Recognition%20from%20Natural%20Features%20on%20a%20Mobile%20Phone.pdf}}</ref> as well as using [[GPS phone|GPS]] and [[compass]]. [[Auto-geotagging]] can show where a picture is taken, promoting interactions and allowing a photo to be mapped with others for comparison. |
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== Laws == |
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{{main|Photography and the law|Legality of recording by civilians}} |
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Camera phones, or more specifically, widespread use of such phones as cameras by the general public, has increased exposure to laws relating to public and private photography. The laws that relate to other types of cameras also apply to camera phones. There are no special laws for camera phones. |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist|2}} |
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{{Mobile phones}} |
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== External links == |
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{{commons category|Mobile phones with camera}} |
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* [http://www.mobitog.com/ Specialist Mobitography Forum (Mobile Phone Photography)] |
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[[Category:Digital cameras]] |
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[[Category:Mobile phones]] |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Camera Phone}} |
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[[ca:Telèfon amb càmera]] |
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[[de:Mobiltelefon#Kamera]] |
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[[es:Teléfono con cámara fotográfica]] |
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[[fr:Caméra pour téléphone]] |
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[[ko:카메라폰]] |
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[[ms:Telefon bimbit berkamera]] |
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[[ja:カメラ付き携帯電話]] |
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[[ru:Камерофон]] |
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[[fi:Kamerapuhelin]] |
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[[uk:Камерафон]] |
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[[zh:相機手機]] |
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Revision as of 15:48, 2 November 2011
l00l0ll0 trolled