Western alienation

Western Canada, defined politically

Political map of Canada

In Canadian politics, Western alienation is a concept that the Western provinces - British Columbia (B.C.), Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba - have been alienated, and in extreme cases excluded, from mainstream Canadian political affairs in favour of the provinces of Ontario and Quebec. Western alienation claims that these latter two are politically represented, and economically favoured, more significantly than the former, which has given rise to the sentiment of alienation among many western Canadians. This feeling is most pronounced in B.C. and Alberta.

History of alienation

Following Confederation in 1867, the first Canadian Prime Minister, Sir John A. Macdonald, announced a "National Policy" to develop and unite Canada geographically and economically. The policy aimed to build a transcontinental railway, to settle the prairies, and to develop a manufacturing base in Eastern Canada.

In 1980 Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau developed the National Energy Program (NEP), which intended to use Alberta's oil revenues to subsidize gasoline prices nationwide. The program was extremely unpopular in the west, where most of Canada's oil is produced, and heightened distrust of the federal government, especially in Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan. Many Albertans believed that the NEP was an unjustified intrusion of the federal government into an area of provincial jurisdiction, designed to strip their province of its natural wealth. By keeping the oil prices below world market prices, the eastern provinces were essentially being subsidized.

Current factors of alienation

There are a number of factors that have fueled disgruntlement in Western Canada. Political factors include low political representation and the pronounced attention paid to the ongoing issue of Quebec sovereignty by the federal government. A more potent, but ambiguous claim, is that the political agenda is controlled predominantly by politicians from Eastern Canada; who focus more on the vote-rich central regions of Quebec and Ontario at the expense of western interests. Economic factors include a general redistribution of income from western provinces to eastern ones through taxation and equalization payments.

Political factors

One source of western alienation is the distribution of population in Canada. As of July 2005, it was estimated that 23.5% and 38.9% of Canadians reside in Quebec and Ontario respectively, for a total of 62.4% of the national population; on the other hand, 13.2%, 10.1%, 3.1%, 3.6% live in B.C., Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan, 30% of the overall population–all together less than half that of Ontario and Quebec. Westerners who feel alienated from the rest of Canada believe that politicians favour areas with larger populations, namely Quebec and Ontario where they can win more seats, and therefore formulate policies that favour them. Such policies may not be directly detrimental to the west, or intentionally discriminatory towards the region, but such perceived "favouritism" can have the effect of alienating the Western Canadians.

Because of this uneven population distribution, Western Canadians are less represented in both the House of Commons and the Senate. While Alberta and B.C. have 495,801 and 651,290 citizens per senator respectively, Quebec and Ontario have 301,562 and 475,419. Because the constitution entitles a province to at least the same number of members of the House of Commons as the province had senators in 1982, some provinces, notably the Maritime Provinces, have more members in the House of Commons than their population would otherwise warrant. The average number of citizens per riding in B.C. and Alberta (109,000 and 106,000 respectively) is somewhat higher than the national average of 97,000. Nonetheless, Ontario also has disproportionately few seats (at 107,000 per citizen) while Manitoba and Saskatchewan have similar levels to the Maritimes.

Another source of Western irritation can be traced to the Quebec sovereignty movement. Many Western Canadians argue that Quebec receives undue attention from the rest of the country due to concerns about its desire to separate from the rest of Canada or obtain sovereignty-association. This has been the case at both domestic and international levels – as evinced by Jean Chrétien's plea to Quebec to vote no in the 1995 Quebec referendum – and at the grassroots level with a pro-Canada demonstration in Montreal attended by thousands of Canadians from across the country. Following the referendum the now infamous sponsorship scandal saw millions of federal dollars being funneled into Quebec in an attempt to bolster Canadian nationalism.

Bloc Québécois (BQ) have nationalist policies and their entry into federal politics has further irritated the west, as the party strongly supports policies seen as detrimental to the west including: carbon taxes and other measures specifically aimed at the oil industry; same sex marriage; and the gun registry. BQ campaigns have often attacked Western Canada in a manner that Western Canadians believe would be heavily condemned if attempted in reverse. During the same sex marriage debate, some Albertan Conservatives suggested that the federal law be amended to make the definition of marriage strictly a provincial issue, believing the Bloc reasonably ought be swayed to support that as opposed to a law compelling the Albertan government to recognize the change. The BQ's flat rejection of any such compromise caused considerable animosity in Alberta, and was seen as hypocritical.

Particularly aggravating (especially for Western Canadian farmers) is the BQ's support for retaining the Canadian Wheat Board (CWB) monopoly, something which, in the opinion of many in Western Canada, ought to be of little relevance to the population of Quebec. With the BQ holding the balance of power in the 39th and 40th Parliaments, this has been enough to prevent the Conservative government from abolishing the monopsony. The BQ's stance, with regards to the CWB, is widely seen in rural Western Canada as gratuitous and mean-spirited interference; and even as outright hypocrisy since Western Canadians generally believe Quebec would not tolerate similar interference in its own affairs. For their part, some Quebec federalists have accused the Bloc of deliberately and cynically attempting to provoke Quebec bashing, especially from the West.

Economic factors

Economic factors, including equalization payments and other transfer payments, have caused great discontent, especially in Alberta. In 2005, Alberta's share of equalization payments was calculated to be approximately $1.1 billion, less than that provided by, but significantly higher on a per capita basis than, Ontario. Equalization payments are made by the federal government to the six current "have-not" provinces. Unlike social and health transfers, there are no restrictions over how this money is spent at the provincial level. In 2009-2010, Quebec received $8.552 billion, making it the single largest beneficiary, as it has been throughout the program's history. In the 2009-2010 fiscal year, Ontario received an equalization payment of $347 million, the first time in the 51 year history of the program.

British Columbia was a "have-not" province for just over five years, ending in 2006-2007, when it received $459 million.

Equalization payments

2006-2007

Note: Amounts are in $ millions	Newfoundland	Prince Edward Island	Nova Scotia	New Brunswick	Quebec	Manitoba	Saskatchewan	British Columbia	Total
Regular	632	291	1,386	1,451	5,539	1,709	13	260	11,282
Adjustment*	54	-	-	-	-	-	-	199	254
Total	687	291	1,386	1,451	5,539	1,709	13	459	11,535
Per capita (Not in millions)	$1,334	$2,102	$1,475	$1,927	$725	$1,445	$13	$107	-

Notes: Totals may not add up due to rounding.

* For those provinces where there is a decline from the amount they had been advised of in November 2005, a one-time adjustment will be made to offset this decline.

2011-2012

The Canadian Government states that payments for the 2011-2012 period will total $14.7 billion:

Note: Amounts are in $ millions	Prince Edward Island	Nova Scotia	New Brunswick	Quebec	Ontario	Manitoba
Total	329	1,167	1,483	7,815	2,200	1,666

State of affairs since 2006

As of 2006, Western alienation does not appear to be a significant force in Canadian politics. Protests over equalization payments from former Alberta premier Ralph Klein and others objected to the formula the federal government used to determine the distribution of the payments. Klein had been quoted as threatening to drop out of the program, although this would have been a symbolic act with no legal weight since the program is funded from the federal government's general revenues.

There were also calls for the separation of at least Alberta from Canada, most notably from University of Alberta professor emeritus Leon Craig; however, such arguments were rare, while not necessarily new, and were not expected to materialize into a significant political movement in the near future.

Later decisions of the minority Conservative government of Stephen Harper – on issues such as income trusts and the recognition of the Québécois as a "nation within a united Canada" – caused some dissent amongst a segment of Western Canadians who traditionally supported the Tories. These feelings fostered only a small ripple in the Tories' popularity in Alberta, with the formation of the new federal Party of Alberta in late 2006.

See also

• Maritime Rights Movement