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Coordinates: 53°25′N 14°35′E / 53.417°N 14.583°E / 53.417; 14.583
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Allied [[Strategic bombing|air raids]] in 1944 and heavy fighting between the German and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] armies destroyed 65% of Stettin's buildings and almost all of the city centre, the seaport and local industries. Polish [[Home Army]] intelligence assisted in pinpointing targets for Allied bombing in the area of Stettin.<ref>Polski ruch oporu 1939–1945 Andrzej Chmielarz, Wojskowy Instytut Historyczny im. Wandy Wasilewskiej, Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1988 page 1019</ref> The city itself was covered by Home Army's structure "Bałtyk" and Polish resistance infiltrated Stettin's naval yards<ref>Wywiad Związku Walki Zbrojnej--Armii Krajowej, 1939-1945 [[Piotr Matusak]] 2002 page 166</ref><ref>Wywiad Polskich Sił Zbrojnych na Zachodzie 1939–1945 Andrzej Pepłoński AWM, 1995 page 342</ref> Other activities of the resistance consisted of smuggling people to [[Sweden]].<ref>Cudzoziemcy w polskim ruchu oporu: 1939-1945 Stanisław Okęcki 1975 page 49</ref>
Allied [[Strategic bombing|air raids]] in 1944 and heavy fighting between the German and [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] armies destroyed 65% of Stettin's buildings and almost all of the city centre, the seaport and local industries. Polish [[Home Army]] intelligence assisted in pinpointing targets for Allied bombing in the area of Stettin.<ref>Polski ruch oporu 1939–1945 Andrzej Chmielarz, Wojskowy Instytut Historyczny im. Wandy Wasilewskiej, Wydawnictwo Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej, 1988 page 1019</ref> The city itself was covered by Home Army's structure "Bałtyk" and Polish resistance infiltrated Stettin's naval yards<ref>Wywiad Związku Walki Zbrojnej--Armii Krajowej, 1939-1945 [[Piotr Matusak]] 2002 page 166</ref><ref>Wywiad Polskich Sił Zbrojnych na Zachodzie 1939–1945 Andrzej Pepłoński AWM, 1995 page 342</ref> Other activities of the resistance consisted of smuggling people to [[Sweden]].<ref>Cudzoziemcy w polskim ruchu oporu: 1939-1945 Stanisław Okęcki 1975 page 49</ref>


In April 1945, Nazi authorities of the city issued an order of evacuation and most of the city’s German population fled. The Soviet [[Red Army]] captured the city on 26 April. Stettin was virtually deserted when it fell, with only approx. 6,000 Germans in the city, when Polish authorities tried to gain control.<ref name="Bialecki"/> In the following month the Polish administration was forced to leave again twice. Finally the permanent handover occurred on 5 July 1945.<ref>[http://www.szczecin.pl/strasse/kalendar_uk.htm Szczecin.pl]</ref> In the meantime, part of the German population had returned, believing it might become part of the [[East Germany|Soviet occupation zone]] of Germany<ref name=Piskorski376>Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, p.376, ISBN 839061848</ref> and the Soviet authorities had already appointed the German Communists Erich Spiegel and [[Erich Wiesner]] as mayors.<ref>Grete Grewolls: ''Wer war wer in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern? Ein Personenlexikon''. Edition Temmen, Bremen 1995, ISBN 3-86108-282-9, p. 467.</ref> Stettin is located mostly west of the Oder river, which was considered to become Poland's new western border. This was in accordance with the results of the [[Potsdam Conference]], the [[Potsdam Agreement]] between the victorious [[Allied Powers]], which envisaged the [[Oder-Neisse border|new border]] to be in "a line running from the Baltic Sea immediately west of Swinemünde, and thence along the Oder River[...]". Because of the returnees, the German population of the town swelled to 84,000 again.<ref name=Piskorski376/> The [[mortality rate]] was at 20%, primarily due to starvation.<ref name=Piskorski377>Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, p. 377, ISBN 839061848</ref> However, Stettin and the mouth of the Oder River ({{lang-de|Stettiner Zipfel}}) became Polish on 5 July 1945, which had been decided in a treaty signed on 26 July 1944 between the Soviet Union and the Soviet-controlled [[Polish Committee of National Liberation]] (PKWN) (also known as "the Lublin Poles," as contrasted with the London-based Polish government-in-exile).<ref name="Bialecki"/> On 4 October 1945, the decisive land border of Poland was established west of the 1945 line,<ref name="Bialecki"/><ref name=Piskorski380381>Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, pp. 380–381, ISBN 839061848</ref> but excluded the [[Police, Poland|Police (Pölitz)]] area, the Oder river itself and the Szczecin port, which remained under [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] administration.<ref name=Piskorski380381/> The Oder river was handed over to Polish administration in September 1946, and the port was subsequently handed over between February 1946 and May 1954.<ref name=Piskorski380381/>
In April 1945, Nazi authorities of the city issued an order of evacuation and most of the city’s German population fled. The Soviet [[Red Army]] captured the city on 26 April. Stettin was virtually deserted when it fell, with only approx. 6,000 Germans in the city, when Polish authorities tried to gain control.<ref name="Bialecki"/> In the following month the Polish administration was forced to leave again twice. Finally the permanent handover occurred on 5 July 1945.<ref>[http://www.szczecin.pl/strasse/kalendar_uk.htm Szczecin.pl]</ref> In the meantime, part of the German population had returned, believing it might become part of the [[East Germany|Soviet occupation zone]] of Germany<ref name=Piskorski376>Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, p.376, ISBN 839061848</ref> and the Soviet authorities had already appointed the German Communists Erich Spiegel and [[Erich Wiesner]] as mayors.<ref>Grete Grewolls: ''Wer war wer in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern? Ein Personenlexikon''. Edition Temmen, Bremen 1995, ISBN 3-86108-282-9, p. 467.</ref> Stettin is located mostly west of the Oder river, which was considered to become Poland's new western border, placing Stettin in East Germany. This was in accordance with the results of the [[Potsdam Conference]], the [[Potsdam Agreement]] between the victorious [[Allied Powers]], which envisaged the [[Oder-Neisse border|new border]] to be in "a line running from the Baltic Sea immediately west of Swinemünde, and thence along the Oder River[...]". Because of the returnees, the German population of the town swelled to 84,000 again.<ref name=Piskorski376/> The [[mortality rate]] was at 20%, primarily due to starvation.<ref name=Piskorski377>Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, p. 377, ISBN 839061848</ref> However, Stettin and the mouth of the Oder River ({{lang-de|Stettiner Zipfel}}) became Polish on 5 July 1945, which had been decided in a treaty signed on 26 July 1944 between the Soviet Union and the Soviet-controlled [[Polish Committee of National Liberation]] (PKWN) (also known as "the Lublin Poles," as contrasted with the London-based Polish government-in-exile).<ref name="Bialecki"/> On 4 October 1945, the decisive land border of Poland was established west of the 1945 line,<ref name="Bialecki"/><ref name=Piskorski380381>Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, pp. 380–381, ISBN 839061848</ref> but excluded the [[Police, Poland|Police (Pölitz)]] area, the Oder river itself and the Szczecin port, which remained under [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] administration.<ref name=Piskorski380381/> The Oder river was handed over to Polish administration in September 1946, and the port was subsequently handed over between February 1946 and May 1954.<ref name=Piskorski380381/>


===After 1945===
===After 1945===

Revision as of 04:54, 6 December 2011

For other meanings, see Szczecin (disambiguation) and Stettin (disambiguation).
Szczecin
Top: Jagiellońska Street, Hey Market and old town hall Middle: The Oder, Sea Museum and Voivodeship Office Bottom: St James' Cathedral, Virgin Tower, PAZIM building
Top: Jagiellońska Street, Hey Market and old town hall
Middle: The Oder, Sea Museum and Voivodeship Office
Bottom: St James' Cathedral, Virgin Tower, PAZIM building
Flag of Szczecin
Flag
Coat of arms of Szczecin
Coat of arms
Nickname: 
Floating Garden
Motto(s): 
"Szczecin jest otwarty"
("Szczecin is open")
Country Poland
VoivodeshipWest Pomeranian
Countycity county
Established8th century
Town rights1243
Government
 • MayorPiotr Krzystek
Area
 • City
301 km2 (116 sq mi)
Population
 (2009)
 • City
406,427
 • Density1,400/km2 (3,500/sq mi)
 • Metro
777,000
Time zoneUTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal code
PL-70-017
to 71-871
Area code+48 91
Car platesZS
Websitehttp://www.szczecin.pl

Szczecin ([ˈʂt͡ʂɛt͡ɕin] ⓘ; Template:Lang-de [ʃtɛˈtiːn] ⓘ; Template:Lang-csb Template:IPA-csb), is the capital city of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship in Poland. On the Baltic Sea, it is the country's seventh-largest city and the largest seaport in Poland. As of June 2009 the population was 406,427.

Szczecin is located on the Oder River, south of the Szczecin Lagoon and the Bay of Pomerania. The city is situated along the southwestern shore of Dąbie Lake, on both sides of the Oder and on several large islands between the western and eastern branches of the river. Szczecin borders with the town of Police, the seat of Police County, situated on an estuary of the Oder River.

The city's beginnings were as an 8th century Slavic Pomeranian stronghold, built at the site of today's castle. In the 12th century, when the surrounding settlement had become one of Pomerania's main urban centers, it subsequently lost its independence to Piast Poland, Saxony, the Holy Roman Empire and Denmark. At the same time, the Griffin dynasty established themselves as local rulers, the population was converted to Christianity, and settlers from Western Europe arrived. The native Slavic population was subject to both discrimination and assimilation and gradually diminished in the following centuries. In 1237/43, the town was built anew and granted vast autonomy rights, it subsequently joined the Hanseatic League. Szczecin's oldest, Brick Gothic buildings date back to that period.

In the following centuries, the Griffins again erected a castle in the town and made it one of the Duchy of Pomerania's main residences. After the Treaty of Stettin (1630)the town came under Swedish control, though its population remained predominantly German. It was fortified and remained a Swedish fortress until 1720, when it was acquired by the Kingdom of Prussia and became capital of the Province of Pomerania, which after 1870 was part of the German Empire. In the late 19th century, Stettin became an industrial town, was de-fortified and vastly increased in size and population, serving as a major port for Berlin. Prior to World War II, the city had a population of 270,000. During the Nazi era, the city's Jews and Poles were classified as subhumans and targeted for slavery and eventual extermination. After Germany was defeated by the Allies in 1945 remaining slave workers in the city were liberated from Nazi rule by Allied forces, and Szczecin became part of People's Republic of Poland. With the remaining and returned Germans expelled after the war, Poles rebuilt and resettled the city, which became capital of the Szczecin Voivodeship. It played an important role in the anti-communist uprisings of 1970 and the rise of Solidarity trade union in the 1980s.


Name and its etymology

Main article: Etymology of Szczecin

The city's first recorded name is "Stetin", in the early 12th century.[1] The German version "Stettin", and the Polish version, "Szczecin" as well as the names of the town's neighbourhoods and oldest districts are of Pomeranian language origins (West Slavic language group), however the exact words upon which it is based on is subject of ongoing research.[2]

Historian Marian Gumowski (1881–1974) argued, based on his studies of early city stamps and seals, that the earliest name of the town was, in modern Polish spelling, Szczycin.[3][4]

History

Main article: History of Szczecin

Middle Ages

The history of Szczecin, began in the 8th century, when West Slavs settled Pomerania and erected a new stronghold on the site of the modern castle.[5] Since the 9th century, the stronghold was fortified and expanded toward the Oder bank.[5] Mieszko I of Poland took control of part of Pomerania between the 960s and 1005 and annexed the city of Szczecin to Poland[6] in 967[7] Subsequent Polish rulers, the Holy Roman Empire and the Liutician federation aimed at control of the territory.[2]

After the decline of neighboring regional center Wolin in the 12th century, the city became one of the more important and powerful seaports of the Baltic Sea south coasts.

In a campaign in the winter of 1121–1122,[8] Bolesław III Wrymouth, the Duke of Poland, gained control of the region as well the city of Szczecin and its stronghold.[2][9][10][11][12][13][14] The inhabitants were converted to Christianity[2] by two missions of bishop Otto of Bamberg in 1124 and 1128.[15] At this time, the first Christian church of St. Peter and Paul was erected. Polish minted coins were commonly used in trade in this period.[2] The population of the city at that time is estimated to be at around 5,000-9,000 people[16]

Polish rule ended with Boleslaw's death in 1138.[17] During the Wendish Crusade in 1147, a contingent led by the German margrave Albert the Bear, an enemy of Slavic presence in the region,[2] papal legat, bishop Anselm of Havelberg and Konrad of Meißen besieged the town.[18][19][20][21] There, a Polish contingent supplied by Mieszko III the Old[22][23] joined the crusaders.[18][19] However the citizens had placed crosses around the fortifications,[24] indicating they already had been Christianized.[2][25] Ratibor I, Duke of Pomerania, negotiated the disbandement of the crusading forces.[18][19][26]

Old Szczecin (Stettin), 1575

After the Battle of Verchen in 1164, Szczecin duke Bogislaw I became a vassal of the Saxony's Henry the Lion.[27] In 1173, Szczecin castellan Wartislaw II could not resist a Danish attack and became vassal of Denmark.[27] In 1181, duke Bogislaw I of Szczecin became a vassal of the Holy Roman Empire.[28] In 1185, Bogislaw again became a Danish vassal.[28] Following a conflict between his heirs and king Canute VI, the settlement was destroyed in 1189,[29] but the fortress was reconstructed and manned with a Danish force in 1190.[30] While the empire restored her superiority over Pomerania in the Battle of Bornhöved in 1227,[28] Szczecin was one of two bridgeheads remaining under Danish control (until 1235, Wolgast until 1241/43 or 1250).[29]

In the second half of the 12th century, a group of German tradesmen ("multus populus Teutonicorum"[31] from various parts of the Holy Roman Empire) settled in the city around St. Jacob's Church, which was donated in 1180[31] by Beringer, a trader from Bamberg, and consecrated in 1187.[31][32] Hohenkrug (now in Szczecin-Struga) was the first village in the Duchy of Pomerania which was clearly recorded as German (villa teutonicorum) in 1173.[33] Ostsiedlung accelerated in Pomerania during the 13th century.[34] Duke Barnim I of Pomerania granted Szczecin a local government charter in 1237, separating the German settlement from the Slavic community settled around the St. Nicholas Church in the neighborhood of Kessin (Template:Lang-pl). In the charter, the Slavs were put under German jurisdiction.[35]

When Barnim granted Szczecin Magdeburg rights in 1243, part of the Slavic settlement was reconstructed[36] The duke had to promise to level the burgh in 1249.[37] Most Slavic inhabitants were resettled to two new suburbia north and south of the town.[38] Last records of Slavs in Stettin are from the 14th century, when a Slavic bath (1350) and bakery are recorded, and within the walls, Slavs lived in a street named Schulzenstrasse.[39][inconsistent] By the end of the century, the remaining Slavs had been assimilated.[40][inconsistent]

The city's fortifications, as seen in 1642

In 1249, Barnim I granted town law also the town of Damm (also Altdamm) on the eastern bank of the Oder,[41][42] which only on 15 October 1939 was merged to neighboring Szczecin and is now the Dąbie, Szczecin neighborhood.[43] This town had been built on the site of a former Pomeranian burg, "Vadam" or "Dambe", which Boleslaw had destroyed during his 1121 campaign.[42]

On 2 December 1261, Barnim I allowed Jewish settlement in Szczecin according to Magdeburg law in a privilege renewed in 1308 and 1371.[44] The Jewish Jordan family was granted citizenship in 1325, but none of the 22 Jews allowed to settle in the duchy in 1481 lived in the city, and in 1492, all Jews in the duchy were ordered to convert to Christianity or leave - this order remained effective throughout the rest of the Griffin era.[44]

Stettin was part of the federation of Wendish towns, a predecessor of the Hanseatic League, in 1283.[45] The city prospered due to the participation in the Baltic Sea trade, primarily with herrings, grain and timber; also craftmenship prospered and more than forty guilds were established in the city.[46] The far-reaching autonomy from the House of Pomerania was in part reduced when the dukes reclaimed Stettin as their main residence in the late 15th century.[46] The anti-Slavic policies of German merchants and craftsmen intensified in this period, resulting in bans on people of Slavic descent joining craft guilds, doubling customs tax for Slavic merchants, or bans against public usage of their native language.[2] More prosperous Slavic citizens were forcefully stripped of their possessions which were awarded to Germans.[2] In 1514, the guild of the tailors added a Wendenparagraph to its statutes, banning Slavs.[47]

While not as heavily affected by medieval witchhunts as other regions of the empire, there are reports of the burning of three women and one man convicted of witchcraft in 1538.[48]

In 1570, during the reign of Pomeranian duke Johann Friedrich, a congress was held at Stettin ending the Northern Seven Years' War. During the war, Stettin had tended to side with Denmark, while Stralsund tended toward Sweden - as a whole, the Duchy of Pomerania however tried to maintain neutrality.[49] Nevertheless, a Landtag that had met in Stettin in 1563 introduced a sixfold rise of real estate taxes to finance the raising of a mercenary army for the duchy's defense.[49] Johann Friedrich also succeeded in elevating Stettin to one of only three places allowed to coin money in the Upper Saxon Circle of the Holy Roman Empire, the other two places were Leipzig and Berlin.[50] Bogislaw XIV, who resided in Stettin since 1620, became the sole, and Griffin duke when Philipp Julius died in 1625. Before the Thirty Years' War reached Pomerania, the city as all of the duchy declined economically due to the sinking importance of the Hanseatic League and a conflict between Stettin and Frankfurt (Oder).[51]

The 17th to 19th Centuries

Stettin in the late 19th century.

Following the Treaty of Stettin of 1630, the town (along with most of Pomerania) was allied to and occupied by the Swedish Empire, which managed to keep the western parts of Pomerania after the death of Bogislaw XIV in 1637 and the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 – despite the protests of Elector Frederick William of Brandenburg, who had a legal claim to inherit all of Pomerania. The exact partition of Pomerania between Sweden and Brandenburg was settled in Stettin in 1653.

Sedina Monument (1899-1913)

Stettin was turned into a major Swedish fortress, which was repeatedly besieged in subsequent wars.[52] It was on the path of Polish forces led by Stefan Czarniecki moving from Denmark; Czarniecki's sea based route is today mentioned in Polish anthem and numerous locations in the city honour his name. Wars inhibited the city's economical prosperity, which had undergone a deep crisis during the devastations of the Thirty Years' War and was further impeded by the new Swedish-Brandenburg-Prussian frontier, cutting Stettin off its traditional Farther Pomeranian hinterland.[46] Due to a Black Death epidemic during the Great Northern War, the city's population dropped from 6,000 people in 1709 to 4,000 inhabitants in 1711.[53] In 1720, after the Great Northern War, Sweden was forced to cede the city to King Frederick William I of Prussia. Stettin was made the capital city of the Brandenburg-Prussian Pomeranian province, since 1815 reorganized as Province of Pomerania. In 1816, the city had 26,000 inhabitants.[54]

The Prussian administration deprived Stettin of her administrative autonomy rights, abolished guild privileges as well as its status as a staple town, and subsidized manufacturers.[52] Also, colonists were settled in the city, primarily Hugenots.[52]

From 1683 to 1812, one Jew was permitted to reside in Stettin, and an additional Jew was allowed to spend a night in the city in case of an "urgent business".[44] These permissions were repeatedly withdrawn between 1691 and 1716, also between 1726 and 1730 although else the Swedish regulation was continued by the Brandenburg-Prussian administration.[44] Only after the Prussian edict of emancipation of 11 March 1812, which granted Prussian citizenship to all Jews living in the kingdom, did a Jewish community emerge in Stettin, with the first Jews settling in the town in 1814.[44] Construction of a synagogue started in 1834; the community also owned a religious and a secular school, an orphanage since 1855 and a retirement home since 1893.[55] The Jewish community had between 1,000 and 1,200 members by 1873 and between 2,800 and 3,000 members by 1927/28.[55] These numbers dropped to 2,701 in 1930 and to 2,322 in late 1934.[55]

After the Franco Prussian war of 1870–1871, 1,700 French POWs were imprisoned there in deplorable conditions. As a result, 600 of them died;[56] after the Second World War monuments in their memory were built by the Polish authorities.

Until 1873, Stettin remained a fortress.[52] When part of the defensive structures were levelled, a new neighborhood, Neustadt ("New Town") as well as canalization, water pipes and gas works, were built to meet the demands of the growing population.[52]

19th-20th century

Monument, erected in 1967 in Szczecin, Poland, commemorating French PoWs who died in German captivity from 1870 to 1871 in what was then Stettin, Germany[57]

Stettin developed into a major Prussian port and became part of the Prussian-led German Empire in 1871. While most of the province retained an agrarian character, Stettin was industrialized and its population rose from 27,000 in 1813 to 210,000 in 1900 and 255,500 in 1925.[58] Major industries prospering in Stettin since 1840 were shipbuilding, chemical and food industries and machinery construction.[52] Starting in 1843, Stettin became connected to the major German and Pomeranian cities by railways, and the water connection to the Bay of Pomerania was enhanced by the construction of the Kaiserfahrt (now Piast) canal.[52] On 20 October 1890, Poles created the Towarzystwo Robotników Polsko Katolickich (Society of Polish-Catholic Workers) in the city, one of the first Polish organisations.[59] In 1914, before World War I, the Polish community in the city numbered about 3,000 people[2] These were primarily industrial workers and their families who came from the Poznań area,[60] but also a few local wealthy industrialists and merchants. Among them was Kazimierz Pruszak, director of the Gollnow industrial works and a Polish patriot, who predicted the eventual return of Szczecin to Poland.[2]

Stettin was long Germany's largest Baltic port, a situation which greatly helped speed development and attract public investment.

During the interwar era, Stettin was Weimar Germany's largest port at the Baltic Sea, and her third-largest port after Hamburg and Bremen.[61] Cars of the Stoewer automobile company were produced in Stettin from 1899 to 1945. By 1939, the Reichsautobahn Berlin-Stettin was completed.[52]

In the March 1933 German elections to Reichstag, the Nazis and German nationalists from DNVP won most of the votes in the city, obtaining together 98.626 of 165.331 votes(the NSDAP 79.729 and the DNVP 18.897)[62]

In 1935 the German Wehrmacht made Stettin the headquarters for Wehrkreis II, which controlled the military units in all of Mecklenburg and Pomerania. It was also the Area Headquarters for units stationed at Stettin I and II; Swinemünde; Greifswald; and Stralsund.

In the interwar period the Polish minority numbered 2,000 people.[2][63] A number of Poles were members of the Union of Poles in Germany (ZPN), which was active in the city since 1924,[64] A Polish consulate was hosted in the city between 1925 and 1939.[65] On initiative of the consulate[65] and ZPN activist Maksymilian Golisz,[66] a number of Polish institutions were established, e.g. a Polish Scout team and a Polish school.[2][65] German historian Musekamp writes that "however, only very few Poles were active in these institutions, which for the most part were headed by employees of the [Polish] consulate."[66] {{citation}}: Empty citation (help) The withdrawal of the consulate from these institutions led to a general decline of these activities, which were in part upheld by Golisz and Aleksander Omieczyński.[67] Intensified repressions by the Nazis,[2][63] who exaggerated the Polish activities to propagate an infiltration,[66] led to the closing of the school.[2] In 1938 the head of Szczecin’s Union of Poles unit, Stanisław Borkowski, was imprisoned in Oranienburg.[2] In 1939 all Polish organisations in Szczecin were disbanded by the German authorities.[2] Golisz and Omieczyński were murdered during the war.[2] Since the role of the pre-war Polish community had been exaggerated for propagandistic purposes during the Communist era, according to Musekamp, "the numerically insignificant Polonia of Stettin became probably the best-researched social group" in history of the city.[65] After Nazi Germany was defeated, the city honoured Golisz by naming a street after him.[66]

World War II

Two soldiers of the German Wehrmacht take a stroll along the river front in Stettin.

During the 1939 invasion of Poland, which started World War II in Europe, Stettin was the base for the German 2nd Motorized Infantry Division, which cut across the Polish Corridor.

On 15 October 1939, neighbouring municipalities were amalgamated into Stettin, creating Groß-Stettin with about 380,000 inhabitants in 1940.[52] The city had become the third-largest German city by area, after Berlin and Hamburg.[68]

As the war started, the number of non-Germans in the city increased as slave workers were brought in. The first transports came in 1939 from Bydgoszcz, Toruń and Łódż. They were mainly used in a synthetic silk factory near Szczecin.[2] The next wave of slave workers was brought in 1940, in addition to PoWs who were used for work in the agricultural industry.[2] According to German police reports from 1940, 15,000 Polish slave workers lived within the city.[2][69]

During the war, 135 forced labour camps for slave workers were established in the city. Most of the 25,000 slave workers were Poles, but Czechs, Italians, Frenchmen and Belgians, as well as Dutch citizens, were also enslaved in the camps.[2]

In February 1940, the Jews of Stettin were deported to the Lublin reservation. International press reports emerged, describing how the Nazis forced Jews, regardless of age, condition and gender, to sign away all property and loaded them on to trains headed to the camp, escorted by members of the SA and SS. Due to publicity given to the event, German institutions ordered such future actions to be made in a way unlikely to attract public notice.[70]

Throughout the war, Stettin (Szczecin) was a major port of disembarkation for Baltic Germans returning to the 'fatherland', and later in the war those fleeing the advancing Soviet Red Army.

Allied air raids in 1944 and heavy fighting between the German and Soviet armies destroyed 65% of Stettin's buildings and almost all of the city centre, the seaport and local industries. Polish Home Army intelligence assisted in pinpointing targets for Allied bombing in the area of Stettin.[71] The city itself was covered by Home Army's structure "Bałtyk" and Polish resistance infiltrated Stettin's naval yards[72][73] Other activities of the resistance consisted of smuggling people to Sweden.[74]

In April 1945, Nazi authorities of the city issued an order of evacuation and most of the city’s German population fled. The Soviet Red Army captured the city on 26 April. Stettin was virtually deserted when it fell, with only approx. 6,000 Germans in the city, when Polish authorities tried to gain control.[2] In the following month the Polish administration was forced to leave again twice. Finally the permanent handover occurred on 5 July 1945.[75] In the meantime, part of the German population had returned, believing it might become part of the Soviet occupation zone of Germany[76] and the Soviet authorities had already appointed the German Communists Erich Spiegel and Erich Wiesner as mayors.[77] Stettin is located mostly west of the Oder river, which was considered to become Poland's new western border, placing Stettin in East Germany. This was in accordance with the results of the Potsdam Conference, the Potsdam Agreement between the victorious Allied Powers, which envisaged the new border to be in "a line running from the Baltic Sea immediately west of Swinemünde, and thence along the Oder River[...]". Because of the returnees, the German population of the town swelled to 84,000 again.[76] The mortality rate was at 20%, primarily due to starvation.[78] However, Stettin and the mouth of the Oder River (Template:Lang-de) became Polish on 5 July 1945, which had been decided in a treaty signed on 26 July 1944 between the Soviet Union and the Soviet-controlled Polish Committee of National Liberation (PKWN) (also known as "the Lublin Poles," as contrasted with the London-based Polish government-in-exile).[2] On 4 October 1945, the decisive land border of Poland was established west of the 1945 line,[2][79] but excluded the Police (Pölitz) area, the Oder river itself and the Szczecin port, which remained under Soviet administration.[79] The Oder river was handed over to Polish administration in September 1946, and the port was subsequently handed over between February 1946 and May 1954.[79]

After 1945

The city centre in 1945.

After World War II the city was transferred to Poland. Szczecin, as it was now called, was also demographically transformed into a Polish city. At the same time as the flight and expulsion of the German population, Poles moved in. Settlers from Central Poland made up about 70% of Szczecin's new population.[80] Additionally Poles and Ukrainians from Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union. settled there.[80] In 1945 and 1946 the city was the starting point of the northern route used by the Jewish underground organization Brichah to channel Jewish DPs from Eastern Europe to the American occupation zone.[81]

Monument to Polish Endeavor (Pomnik Czynu Polaków, Szczecin), dedicated to three Generations of Poles in Zachodniopomorskie: the pre-war Poles in Szczecin, the Poles who rebuilt the city after World War II and the modern generation

Szczecin was rebuilt and the city's industry was expanded. At the same time, Szczecin became a major Polish industrial centre and an important seaport (particularly for Silesian coal) for Poland, Czechoslovakia, and East Germany.[citation needed] Cultural expansion was accompanied by a campaign resulting in the "removal of all German traces."[82] In 1946 Winston Churchill prominently mentioned Szczecin in his Iron Curtain speech: "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent".[83]

The 1962 Szczecin military parade led to a road traffic accident in which a tank of the Polish People's Army crushed bystanders, killing seven children and injuring many more. The resultant panic in the crowd led to further injuries in the rush to escape. The incident was covered up for many years by the Polish communist authorities.

The city witnessed anti-communist revolts in 1970. In 1980, one of the four agreements, known as the August Agreements, which led to the first legalization of Solidarity, was signed in Szczecin. Pope John Paul II visited the city on 11 June 1987.[84] The introduction of martial law in December 1981 met with a strike by the dockworkers of Szczecin shipyard, joined by other factories and workplaces in a general strike. All these were suppressed by the authorities.[85][86] Another wave of strikes in Szczecin broke out in 1988 and 1989, which eventually led to the Round Table Agreement and first semi free elections in Poland.

Since 1999 Szczecin has been the capital of the West Pomeranian Voivodeship.

Architecture and urban planning

A panoramic view of Szczecin's centre (situated on the left bank of the Oder), taken from the river's right bank
Lotników Square

Szczecin's architectural style is due to trends popular in the last half of the 19th century and the first years of the 20th century, Academic art and Art Nouveau. In many areas built after 1945, especially in the city centre, which had been destroyed due to Allied bombing, social realism is prevalent.[citation needed]

Jasne Błonia Square

The city has an abundance of green areas: parks and avenues– wide streets with trees planted in the island separating opposite traffic (where often tram tracks are laid); and roundabouts. In that manner, Szczecin's city plan resembles that of Paris, mostly because Szczecin was rebuilt in the 1880s according to a design by Georges-Eugène Haussmann, who had redesigned Paris under Napoléon III.[citation needed] This course of designing streets in Szczecin is still used, as many recently built (or modified) city areas include roundabouts and avenues.[citation needed]

New and reconstructed buildings in the Old Town

During the city's reconstruction in the aftermath of World War II, the communist authorities of Poland wanted the city's architecture to reflect a old Polish Piast era. Since no buildings from the that time existed, instead Gothic, as well as Renaissance buildings,were picked as worthy of conservation.[87][need quotation to verify] The motivation behind this decision was that Renaissance architecture was used by the Griffin dynasty, who had Slavic roots and was viewed to be of Piast extraction by some historians[88][need quotation to verify] (later the Piast myth was replaced by a local Griffin myth, whereby the Slavic roots of the Griffin dynasty were to justify the post-war Polish presence in Pomerania).Cite error: A <ref> tag is missing the closing </ref> (see the help page). while else German traces were replaced by symbols of three main categories: Piasts, Martyrdom of Poles and gratitude to the Soviet and Polish armies which ended Nazi German genocide of Polish people.[89] The ruins of the former Griffin residence, initially renamed "Piast Palace", also played a central role in this concept[88] and were reconstructed in Renaissance style, with all traces of later eras removed.[90] In general, post-Renaissance buildings, especially from the 19th and early 20th centuries were deemed unworthy of conservation until the 1970s,[87] and were in part used in the Bricks for Warsaw campaign (an effort to rebuild Warsaw after it had been razed to the ground by the Germans): with 38 million bricks, Szczecin became Poland's largest brick supplier.[91]

The Old Town was rebuilt in the late 1990s, consisting of new buildings, some of which were reconstructions of buildings destroyed in World War II.

A portion of the Szczecin Landscape Park, in the forest of Puszcza Bukowa, lies within Szczecin's boundaries.

Municipal administration

Szczecin's administrative divisions

The city is administratively divided into districts (Polish: dzielnica), which are further divided into smaller neighbourhoods. The governing bodies of the latter serve the role of auxiliary local government bodies called Neighborhood Councils (Polish: Rady Osiedla). Elections for Neighborhood Councils are held up to six months after each City Council elections. Attendance is rather low (on 20 May 2007 it ranged from 1.03% to 27.75% and was 3.78% on average). Councillors are responsible mostly for small infrastructure like trees, park benches, playgrounds, etc. Other functions are mostly advisory. Official list of districts

Dzielnica Śródmieście (City Centre) Centrum, Drzetowo-Grabowo, Łękno, Międzyodrze-Wyspa Pucka, Niebuszewo-Bolinko, Nowe Miasto, Stare Miasto, Śródmieście-Północ, Śródmieście-Zachód, Turzyn.

Dzielnica Północ (North) Bukowo, Golęcino-Gocław, Niebuszewo, Skolwin, Stołczyn, Warszewo, Żelechowa.

Dzielnica Zachód (West) Arkońskie-Niemierzyn, Głębokie-Pilchowo, Gumieńce, Krzekowo-Bezrzecze, Osów, Pogodno, Pomorzany, Świerczewo, Zawadzkiego-Klonowica.

Dzielnica Prawobrzeże (Right-Bank) Bukowe-Klęskowo, Dąbie, Kijewo, Osiedle Majowe, Osiedle Słoneczne, Płonia-Śmierdnica-Jezierzyce, Podjuchy, Wielgowo-Sławociesze, Załom, Zdroje, Żydowce-Klucz.

Other historical neighborhoods

Babin, Barnucin, Basen Górniczy, Błędów, Boleszyce, Bystrzyk, Cieszyce, Cieśnik, Dolina, Drzetowo, Dunikowo, Glinki, Grabowo, Jezierzyce, Kaliny, Kępa Barnicka, Kijewko, Kluczewko, Kłobucko, Kniewo, Kraśnica, Krzekoszów, Lotnisko, Łasztownia, Niemierzyn, Odolany, Oleszna, Podbórz, Port, os.Przyjaźni, Rogatka, Rudnik, Sienna, Skoki, Słowieńsko, Sosnówko, Starków, Stoki, Struga, Śmierdnica, os.Świerczewskie, Trzebusz, Urok, Widok, Zdunowo.

Demographics

Monument by Czesław Dźwigaj to the workers killed during the 1970 anti-communist protests, known as the "Angel of Freedom"

Up to the end of World War II the vast majority of the population of Stettin were Protestants.

Number of inhabitants in years
  • 1720: 6,081[92]
  • 1740: 12,360[92]
  • 1756: 13,533[92]
  • 1763: 12,483[92]
  • 1782: 15,372 (no Jews)[92]
  • 1794: 16,700 (no Jews)[92]
  • 1812: 21,255 incl. 476 Catholics and five Jews[92]
  • 1816: 21,528, incl. 742 Catholics and 74 Jews.[92]
  • 1831: 27,399, incl. 840 Catholics and 250 Jews[92]
  • 1852: 48,028, incl. 724 Catholics, 901 Jews and two Mennonites.[92]
  • 1861: 58,487, incl. 1,065 Catholics and 1,438 Jews, six Mennonites, 305 German Catholics and three other citizens.[92]
  • 1905: 224,119 (incl. the military), among them 209,152 Protestants, 8,635 Catholics and 3,010 Jews.[93]
  • 1933: 269,557, mostly Protestant inhabitants.[94]
  • 2009: 406,427

Members of European Parliament (MEPs) from Szczecin

Economy

The Radission, Szczecin

Szczecin has three shipyards (Stocznia Remontowa Gryfia, Stocznia Pomerania, Stocznia Szczecińska). Stocznia Szczecińska is the biggest shipyard in Poland. It has a fishing industry and a steel mill. It is served by Szczecin-Goleniów "Solidarność" Airport and by the Port of Szczecin, third biggest port of Poland. It is also home to several major companies. Among them is the major food producer Drobimex, Polish Steamship Company, producer of construction materials Komfort, Bosman brewery and Cefarm drug factory. It also houses several of the new business firms in the IT sector.

Transportation

The S3 Expressway links Szczecin with its airport (at Goleniów) and Baltic ferry terminal (in Świnoujście), as well as with the major cities of Western Poland to the south.

There is a popular public transit system operating throughout Szczecin, including a bus network and electric trams, that is run by.[95]

Szczecin Shipyard

The A6 motorway (recently upgraded) serves as the southern bypass of the city, and connects to the German A11 autobahn (portions of which are currently undergoing upgrade), from where one can reach Berlin in about 90 minutes (about 150 km). Road connections with the rest of Poland are of lower quality (no motorways), though the S3 Expressway that is currently under construction will begin to improve the situation after its stretch from Szczecin to Gorzów Wielkopolski is opened around 2010. Construction of Express Roads S6 and S10 which are to run east from Szczecin has also started, though these roads will not be fully completed until about 2015.

Szczecin has good railway connections with the rest of Poland, but it is connected by only two single track, non-electrified lines with Germany to the west (high quality double-track lines were degraded after 1945). Because of this, the rail connection between Berlin and Szczecin is much slower and less convenient than one would expect between two European cities of that size and proximity. Plans have been made to restore the double track on the Berlin-Szczecin main line with complete electrification and other upgrades to allow 160 km/h (99.42 mph) running, but these have not been funded yet.

Szczecin is served by Szczecin-Goleniów "Solidarność" Airport which is 45 km northeast of the city.

Culture

Cultural events

File:The tall ships races.jpg
The Tall Ships' Races 2007 & Days of the Sea

Major cultural events in Szczecin are:

  • Days of the Sea (Polish Dni Morza) held every June.
  • European Night of Museums (Polish Europejska Noc Muzeów)
  • Street Artists' Festival (Polish Festiwal Artystów Ulicy) held every July.
  • Days of The Ukrainian Culture (Polish Dni Kultury Ukraińskiej) held every May.
  • Air show on Dabie airport held every May.
  • InSPIRATIONS (Polish InSPIRACJE)

Szczecin was a candidate for The European Capital of Culture 2016.[96]

Museums and galeries

Arts and entertainment

The Pleciuga Puppetry Theatre (newly built)
  • Bismarck tower Szczecin
  • Kana Theatre (Polish Teatr Kana)
  • Modern Theatre (Polish Teatr Współczesny)
  • Opera in the Castle (Polish Opera na Zamku)
  • Polish Theatre (Polish Teatr Polski)
  • (ruins of) The Quistorp's Tower (Polish Wieża Quistorpa, German Quistorpturm)
  • The Pomeranian Dukes' Castle in Szczecin (Polish Zamek Książąt Pomorskich w Szczecinie)
  • The Castle Cinema (Polish Kino Zamek)
  • The Cellar by the Vault Cabaret (Polish Kabaret Piwnica przy Krypcie)
  • The Crypt Theatre (Polish Teatr Krypta)
  • The Pleciuga Puppetry Theatre[102] (Polish Teatr Lalek Pleciuga)
  • The Niema Theatre (Polish Teatr Niema)

Education and science

The rectorate of the Pomeranian Medical University

Scientific and regional organizations

Sports

A match of Pogoń Szczecin

There are many popular professional sports team in Szczecin area. The most popular sport today is probably football (thanks to Pogoń Szczecin just promoted to play in the 1st league in season 2004/2005). Amateur sports are played by thousands of Szczecin citizens and also in schools of all levels (elementary, secondary, university).

Professional teams

Amateur leagues

International relations

Twin towns — Sister cities

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland

The twin towns and sister cities of Szczecin are:

Famous residents

Main article: Notable people of Szczecin

Over the long course of its history Szczecin has been a place of birth and of residence for many famous individuals, including Empress Catherine the Great, actress Dita Parlo, the mathematician Hermann Günther Grassmann, and the poet Konstanty Ildefons Gałczyński.

Panorama

Szczecin harbour and Oder River panorama
Szczecin harbour and Oder River panorama

See also

References

Bibliography

  • Encyclopedia of Szczecin. Vol. I, A-O. Szczecin: University of Szczecin, 1999, ISBN 83-87341-45-2 (pl)
  • Encyclopedia of Szczecin. Vol. II, P-Ż. Szczecin: University of Szczecin, 2000, ISBN 83-7241-089-5 (pl)
  • Jan M. Piskorski, Bogdan Wachowiak, Edward Włodarczyk, A short history of Szczecin, Poznań 2002, ISBN 83-7063-332-3 (pl)
  • Template:De icon Jan Musekamp: Zwischen Stettin und Szczecin - Metamorphosen einer Stadt von 1945 bis 2001 (Between Stettin and Szczecin - a town's metamorphoses from 1945 to 2005). Wiesbaden 2010 (restricted online preview)
  • Template:De icon Martin Wehrmann: Geschichte der Stadt Stettin. Stettin 1911 (reprinted in 1993 by Weltbild Verlag, Augsburg, ISBN 3-89350-119-3).
  • Template:De icon W. H. Meyer: Stettin in alter und neuer Zeit (Stettin in ancient and modern times). Stettin, 1887.
  • Template:De icon Gustav Kratz: Die Städte der Provinz Pommern - Abriss ihrer Geschichte, zumeist nach Urkunden (The towns of the Province of Pomerania - Sketch of their history, mostly according to historical records). Berlin 1865 (reprinted in 2010 by Kessinger Publishing, U.S.A., ISBN 1-161-12969-3), pp. 376–412 (online)
  • Template:De icon Fr. Thiede: Chronik der Stadt Stettin - Bearbeitet nach Urkunden und bewährtesten historischen Nachrichten (Chronicle of the town of Stettin - Worked out according to documents and reliable historical records). Stettin 1849 (online)

Notes

  1. ^ Gerard Labuda, Władysław Filipowiak, Helena Chłopocka, Maciej Czarnecki, Tadeusz Białecki, Zygmunt Silski, Dzieje Szczecina 1-4, Państwowe Wydawn. Nauk., 1994, p.14, ISBN 8301043423
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y Tadeusz Białecki, "Historia Szczecina" Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich, 1992 Wrocław. Pages 9,20-55, 92-95, 258-260, 300-306
  3. ^ Zdzisław Kaczmarczyk, Problematyka polsko-niemiecka i polskich Ziem Zachodnich w badaniach Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu (1919-1969), Wydawnictwo Naukowe Uniwersytetu im. Adama Mickiewicza w Poznaniu, 1971, pg 134
  4. ^ Poznańskie Towarzystwo Przyjaciół Nauk Wydział Filologiczno-Filozoficzny, Slavia occidentalis, 1974, pg. 13
  5. ^ a b Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, p.52, ISBN 839061848
  6. ^ The New Encyclopaedia Britannica, Volume 11, Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1998, page 473 "In the 8th and 9th centuries Szczecin was a Slavic fishing and commercial settlement in later named Western Pomerania (Pomorze Zachodnie) During the 10th century, it was annexed to Poland by Mieszko
  7. ^ The Origins of Polish state.Mieszko I and Bolesław Chrobry.Professor Henry Lang,Polish Academic Information Center, University at Buffalo. info-poland.buffalo.edu
  8. ^ Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, p.36, ISBN 839061848
  9. ^ Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, pp.31,36,43 ISBN 839061848: p.31 (yrs 967-after 1000 AD):"[...] gelang es den polnischen Herrschern sicherlich nicht, Wollin und die Odermündung zu unterwerfen." p.36: "Von 1119 bis 1122 eroberte er schließlich das pommersche Odergebiet mit Stettin, [...]" p.43: "[...] während Rügen 1168 erobert und in den dänischen Staat einverleibt wurde."
  10. ^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, pp.100-101, ISBN 3886802728
  11. ^ Norbert Buske, Pommern, Helms Schwerin 1997, pp.11ff, ISBN 3-931185-07-9
  12. ^ Kyra Inachim, Die Geschichte Pommerns, Hinstorff Rostock, 2008, pp.15ff, ISBN 978-3-356-01044-2: pp.14-15:"Die westslawischen Stämme der Obroditen, Lutizen und Pomoranen konnten sich lange der Eroberung widersetzen. Die militärisch überlegenen Mächte im Norden und Osten, im Süden und im Westen übten jedoch einen permanenten Druck auf den südlichen Ostseeraum aus. Dieser ging bis 1135 hauptsächlich von Polen aus. Der polnische Herzog Boleslaw III Krzywousty (Schiefmund) unterwarf in mehreren Feldzügen bis 1121 pomoranisches Stammland mit den Hauptburgen Cammin und Stettin und drang weiter gen Westen vor." p.17: Das Interesse Waldemars richtete sich insbesondere auf das Siedlungsgebiet der Ranen, die nördlich des Ryck und auf Rügen siedelten und die sich bislang gegen Eroberer und Christianisierungsversuche gewehrt hatten. [...] und nahmen 1168 an König Waldemar I. Kriegszug gegen die Ranen teil. Arkona wurde erobert und zerstört. Die unterlegenen Ranen versprachen, das Christentum anzunehmen, die Oberhoheit des Dänenkönigs anzuerkennen und Tribut zu leisten."
  13. ^ Malcolm Barber, "The two cities: medieval Europe, 1050-1320", Routledge, 2004, pg. 330 books.google.com
  14. ^ An historical geography of Europe, 450 B.C.-A.D.1330, Norman John Greville Pounds, Cambridge University Press 1973,page 241, "By 1121 Polish armies had penetrated its forests, captured its chief city of Szczecin"
  15. ^ Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, pp.36ff, ISBN 839061848
  16. ^ Archeologia Polski, Volume 38, Instytut Historii Kultury Materialnej (Polska Akademia Nauk, page 309, Zakład im. Ossolińskich, 1993
  17. ^ Kyra Inachim, Die Geschichte Pommerns, Hinstorff Rostock, 2008, p.17, ISBN 978-3-356-01044-2: "Mit dem Tod Kaiser Lothars 1137 endete der sächsische Druck auf Wartislaw I., und mit dem Ableben Boleslaw III. auch die polnische Oberhoheit."
  18. ^ a b c Bernhard Schimmelpfennig, Könige und Fürsten, Kaiser und Papst nach dem Wormser Konkordat, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 1996, p.16, ISBN 3486550349
  19. ^ a b c Horst Fuhrmann, Deutsche Geschichte im hohen Mittelalter: Von der Mitte des 11. Bis zum Ende des 12. Jahrhunderts, 4th edition, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 2003, p.147, ISBN 352533589
  20. ^ Peter N. Stearns, William Leonard Langer, The Encyclopedia of world history, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2001, pg 206, books.google.com
  21. ^ Davies, Norman (1996). Europe: A History. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-06-097468-0, p. 362
  22. ^ Jan M Piskorski, Pommern im Wandel der Zeit, 1999, p.43, ISBN 839061848: Greater Polish continguents of Mieszko the Elder
  23. ^ Heitz, Gerhard; Rischer, Henning (1995). Geschichte in Daten. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (in German). Münster-Berlin: Koehler&Amelang. p. 163. ISBN 3733801954.
  24. ^ Jean Richard, Jean Birrell, "The Crusades, c. 1071-c. 1291", Cambridge University Press, 1999, pg. 158, books.google.com
  25. ^ Jonathan Riley-Smith, "The Crusades: A History", Continuum International Publishing Group, 2005, pg. 130, books.google.com
  26. ^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.30, ISBN 3886802728
  27. ^ a b Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.34, ISBN 3886802728
  28. ^ a b c Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.35, ISBN 3886802728
  29. ^ a b Riis, Thomas (2003). Studien Zur Geschichte Des Ostseeraumes IV. Das Mittelalterliche Dänische Ostseeimperium. Ludwig. p. 48. ISBN 8778386152.
  30. ^ Université de Caen. Centre de recherches archéologiques médiévales, Château-Gaillard: études de castellologie médiévale, XVIII : actes du colloque international tenu à Gilleleje, Danemark, 24-30 août 1996, CRAHM, 1998, p.218, ISBN 290268505
  31. ^ a b c Heitz, Gerhard; Rischer, Henning (1995). Geschichte in Daten. Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (in German). Münster-Berlin: Koehler&Amelang. p. 168. ISBN 3733801954.
  32. ^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.43, ISBN 3886802728
  33. ^ Jan Maria Piskorski, Slawen und Deutsche in Pommern im Mittelalter, in Klaus Herbers, Nikolas Jaspert, Grenzräume und Grenzüberschreitungen im Vergleich: der Osten und der Westen des mittelalterlichen Lateineuropa, Akademie Verlag, 2007, p.85, ISBN 3050041552
  34. ^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.43ff, ISBN 3886802728
  35. ^ Jan Maria Piskorski, Slawen und Deutsche in Pommern im Mittelalter, in Klaus Herbers, Nikolas Jaspert, Grenzräume und Grenzüberschreitungen im Vergleich: der Osten und der Westen des mittelalterlichen Lateineuropa, Akademie Verlag, 2007, p.86, ISBN 3050041552
  36. ^ North, Michael (2008). Geschichte Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns (in German). Beck. p. 21. ISBN 3406577679.
  37. ^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.83, ISBN 3886802728
  38. ^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p.84, ISBN 3886802728
  39. ^ Jan Maria Piskorski, Slawen und Deutsche in Pommern im Mittelalter, in Klaus Herbers, Nikolas Jaspert, Grenzräume und Grenzüberschreitungen im Vergleich: der Osten und der Westen des mittelalterlichen Lateineuropa, Akademie Verlag, 2007, p.87, ISBN 3050041552
  40. ^ Jan Maria Piskorski, Slawen und Deutsche in Pommern im Mittelalter, in Klaus Herbers, Nikolas Jaspert, Grenzräume und Grenzüberschreitungen im Vergleich: der Osten und der Westen des mittelalterlichen Lateineuropa, Akademie Verlag, 2007, p.88, ISBN 3050041552
  41. ^ Roderich Schmidt, Pommern und Mecklenburg, Böhlau, 1981, p.61, ISBN 3412069760
  42. ^ a b Peter Johanek, Franz-Joseph Post, Städtebuch Hinterpommern 2-3, Kohlhammer, 2003, p.277, ISBN 3170181521
  43. ^ Johannes Hinz, Pommernlexikon, Kraft, 1994, p.25, ISBN 3808311649
  44. ^ a b c d e Heitmann, Margret (1995), "Synagoge und freie christliche Gemeinde in Stettin", in Heitmann, Margret; Schoeps, Julius (eds.), "Halte fern dem ganzen Lande jedes Verderben..". Geschichte und Kultur der Juden in Pommern (in German), Hildesheim/Zürich/New York: Olms, pp. 225–238, p.225, ISBN 3487100746
  45. ^ Wernicke, Horst (2007). "Die Hansestädte an der Oder". In Schlögel, Karl; Halicka, Beata (eds.). Oder-Odra. Blicke auf einen europäischen Strom (in German). Lang. pp. 137–48, here p. 142. ISBN 3631561490.
  46. ^ a b c Peter Oliver Loew, Staatsarchiv Stettin: Wegweiser durch die Bestände bis zum Jahr 1945, German translation of Radosław Gaziński, Paweł Gut, Maciej Szukała, Archiwum Państwowe w Szczecinie, Poland. Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2004, p. 344, ISBN 3486576410
  47. ^ Ślaski, Kazimierz (1987). "Volkstumswandel in Pommern vom 12. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert". In Kirchhoff, Hans Georg (ed.). Beiträge zur Geschichte Pommerns und Pommerellens. Mit einem Geleitwort von Klaus Zernack (in German (translated from Polish)). Dortmund. pp. 94–109, p. 97. ISBN 3923293194.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  48. ^ Hubertus Fischer, Klosterfrauen, Klosterhexen: Theodor Fontanes Sidonie von Borcke im kulturellen Kontext : Klosterseminar des Fontane-Kreises Hannover der Theodor-Fontane-Gesellschaft e.V. mit dem Konvent des Klosters St. Marienberg vom 14. bis 15. November 2003 in Helmstedt, Rübenberger Verlag Tania Weiss, 2005, p.22, ISBN 3936788073
  49. ^ a b Kyra Inachim, Die Geschichte Pommerns, Hinstorff Rostock, 2008, p.62, ISBN 978-3-356-01044-2
  50. ^ Joachim Krüger, Zwischen dem Reich und Schweden: die landesherrliche Münzprägung im Herzogtum Pommern und in Schwedisch-Pommern in der frühen Neuzeit (ca. 1580 bis 1715), LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster, 2006, pp.53-55, ISBN 3825897680
  51. ^ Kyra Inachim, Die Geschichte Pommerns, Hinstorff Rostock, 2008, p.65, ISBN 978-3-356-01044-2
  52. ^ a b c d e f g h i Peter Oliver Loew, Staatsarchiv Stettin: Wegweiser durch die Bestände bis zum Jahr 1945, German translation of Radosław Gaziński, Paweł Gut, Maciej Szukała, Archiwum Państwowe w Szczecinie, Poland. Naczelna Dyrekcja Archiwów Państwowych, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2004, p. 345, ISBN 3486576410
  53. ^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 532, ISBN 3886802728
  54. ^ Werner Buchholz, Pommern, Siedler, 1999, p. 416, ISBN 3886802728
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