Battle of Tunmen: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
| Line 20: | Line 20: | ||
==Causes== |
==Causes== |
||
Simão de Andrade had been kidnapping Chinese children to sell in [[Malacca]], and ignored Chinese sovereign authority at Tãmão, building a fort.<ref>{{cite book |title=New peace county: a Chinese gazetteer of the Hong Kong region |author=|editor=Peter Y. L. Ng|accessdate= 21st November 2011 |url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=-zLLTob9FIrv0gHY8Qw&ct=result&id=y6RnAAAAIAAJ&dq=This+and+other+tactless+behaviour+was+resented+by+the+Chinese%2C+and+in+1521+a+Chinese+naval+force+fell+on+the+Portuguese+and+defeated+them.47+In+1522+another+expedition+set+sail+from+Malacca.+They+were+met+outside+T%27un+Mun+by+a+large&q=tactless|archiveurl= |volume=| |edition= |series=|date= |year=1983 |month= |origyear= |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |location= |language= |isbn=9622090435 |page=25|pages= |at= |chapter= |quote=enable them to dominate the foreign trade. Thus when Simao de Andrade reached China in 1519 he built a fort in the neighbourhood of Tunmen without first seeking Chinese government permission. This and other tactless behaviour was resented by the Chinese, and in 1521 a Chinese naval force fell on the Portuguese and defeated them.47 |}}[located at the University of California]</ref> The Chinese responded by blockading the Portuguese. The Portuguese would have starved if they had not run the blockade. |
Simão de Andrade had been kidnapping Chinese children to sell in [[Malacca]]<ref>{{cite book |accessdate=14 December 2011|quote=At the same time, the Portuguese stationed in Tunmen began to set up fortifications, attacked and looted Chinese ships, and kidnapped Chinese men and women. But the main problem may be the Portuguese purchase and enslavement of Chinese children, who had been mosted likely kidnapped by local criminals. The purchase and enslavement were done by men led by Andarde's younger brother, Simão de Andrade in 1518-19. By that time, Fernão Peres de Andrade had already returned to Lisbon with triumph. So the Chinese arrested Pires on his way back to Guangzhou, and he died in prison there in 1524. The Portuguese were eventually expelled from Tunmen in 1521 and the authorities in Beijing and Guangzhou announced a ban on trade with the Portuguese.|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=LP9q1dzVRYQC&dq=malacca+chinese++portuguese++attack&q=looted+children#v=snippet&q=looted%20children&f=false|title=Macau History and Society|author=Zhidong Hao|edition=illustrated|volume=|series= |year=2011 |location= |publisher=Hong Kong University Press|language= |isbn=9888028545|page=11 |pages= |}}</ref>, and ignored Chinese sovereign authority at Tãmão, building a fort.<ref>{{cite book |title=New peace county: a Chinese gazetteer of the Hong Kong region |author=|editor=Peter Y. L. Ng|accessdate= 21st November 2011 |url=http://books.google.com/books?ei=-zLLTob9FIrv0gHY8Qw&ct=result&id=y6RnAAAAIAAJ&dq=This+and+other+tactless+behaviour+was+resented+by+the+Chinese%2C+and+in+1521+a+Chinese+naval+force+fell+on+the+Portuguese+and+defeated+them.47+In+1522+another+expedition+set+sail+from+Malacca.+They+were+met+outside+T%27un+Mun+by+a+large&q=tactless|archiveurl= |volume=| |edition= |series=|date= |year=1983 |month= |origyear= |publisher=Hong Kong University Press |location= |language= |isbn=9622090435 |page=25|pages= |at= |chapter= |quote=enable them to dominate the foreign trade. Thus when Simao de Andrade reached China in 1519 he built a fort in the neighbourhood of Tunmen without first seeking Chinese government permission. This and other tactless behaviour was resented by the Chinese, and in 1521 a Chinese naval force fell on the Portuguese and defeated them.47 |}}[located at the University of California]</ref> The Chinese responded by blockading the Portuguese. The Portuguese would have starved if they had not run the blockade. |
||
== The Battle == |
== The Battle == |
||
Revision as of 05:27, 20 December 2011
| Battle of Tãmão | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Ming Dynasty China | Kingdom of Portugal | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Wang Hong(汪鋐) | Simão de Andrade | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| Squadron of Junks | Caravel ships | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
The Battle of Tãmão was a naval battle when the Ming Dynasty Imperial Navy defeated a Portuguese navy led by Simão de Andrade in 1521.
Causes
Simão de Andrade had been kidnapping Chinese children to sell in Malacca[1], and ignored Chinese sovereign authority at Tãmão, building a fort.[2] The Chinese responded by blockading the Portuguese. The Portuguese would have starved if they had not run the blockade.
The Battle
During this period China maintained around fifty ships.[3]
Simão de Andrade's fleet was defeated by the Chinese navy, which emboldened the Chinese to take further military action the following year, at the Second Battle of Tamao (1522) against Martim Afonso de Mello.[4][5]
The Chinese were commanded by Wang Hong. The battle started in either April or May, and ended when the Portuguese fled to Malacca in October.[6]
See also
References
- ^ Zhidong Hao (2011). Macau History and Society (illustrated ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 11. ISBN 9888028545. Retrieved 14 December 2011.
At the same time, the Portuguese stationed in Tunmen began to set up fortifications, attacked and looted Chinese ships, and kidnapped Chinese men and women. But the main problem may be the Portuguese purchase and enslavement of Chinese children, who had been mosted likely kidnapped by local criminals. The purchase and enslavement were done by men led by Andarde's younger brother, Simão de Andrade in 1518-19. By that time, Fernão Peres de Andrade had already returned to Lisbon with triumph. So the Chinese arrested Pires on his way back to Guangzhou, and he died in prison there in 1524. The Portuguese were eventually expelled from Tunmen in 1521 and the authorities in Beijing and Guangzhou announced a ban on trade with the Portuguese.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ^ Peter Y. L. Ng, ed. (1983). New peace county: a Chinese gazetteer of the Hong Kong region. Hong Kong University Press. p. 25. ISBN 9622090435. Retrieved 21st November 2011.
enable them to dominate the foreign trade. Thus when Simao de Andrade reached China in 1519 he built a fort in the neighbourhood of Tunmen without first seeking Chinese government permission. This and other tactless behaviour was resented by the Chinese, and in 1521 a Chinese naval force fell on the Portuguese and defeated them.47
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|1=,|2=, and|month=(help)[located at the University of California] - ^ Peter Y. L. Ng, ed. (1983). New peace county: a Chinese gazetteer of the Hong Kong region. Hong Kong University Press. p. 65. ISBN 9622090435. Retrieved 21st November 2011.
were more than fifty ships in the fleet. These were the heady days when Wang Hong was able to engage and defeat a Portuguese expedition
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|1=,|2=, and|month=(help)[located at the University of California] - ^ Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. China Branch (1895). Journal of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society for the year ..., Volumes 27-28. The Branch. p. 44. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North-China Branch (1894). Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volumes 26-27. The Branch. p. 44. Retrieved 2010-06-28.
- ^ Zhidong Hao (2011). Macau History and Society (illustrated ed.). Hong Kong University Press. p. 12. ISBN 9888028545. Retrieved 21st November 2011.
A Portuguese fleet of several ships came to China again in April or May of 1521. The Ming court ordered the Guangdong authorities to expel the Portuguese. Led by Wang Hong, the Ming naval forces engaged in battles against the Portuguese and won. Many Portuguese were captured and endured horrific execution, rather than surrendering. More ships came in the following months and fought the Chinese, but failed. In the end of October, they retreated to Malacca after many casualties. This was the Battle of Tunmen.
{{cite book}}: Check date values in:|accessdate=(help); Cite has empty unknown parameters:|1=,|2=, and|month=(help)
This article incorporates text from Journal of the China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society for the year ..., Volumes 27-28, by Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. China Branch, a publication from 1895, now in the public domain in the United States.- This article incorporates text from Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volumes 26-27, by Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North-China Branch, a publication from 1894, now in the public domain in the United States.