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== Controversy ==
== Controversy ==


Some consumers believe this extract is an effective natural preservative even though some scientific studies have concluded that the universal antimicrobial activity is from contamination with synthetic antimicrobials.<ref>Ganzera M, Aberham A, Stuppner H (May 2006). "Development and validation of an HPLC/UV/MS method for simultaneous determination of 18 preservatives in grapefruit seed extract". J. Agric. Food Chem. 54 (11): 3768–72. doi:10.1021/jf060543d. PMID 16719494</ref><ref>Sakamoto S, Sato K, Maitani T, Yamada T (1996). "[Analysis of components in natural food additive "grapefruit seed extract" by HPLC and LC/MS]" (in Japanese). Eisei Shikenjo Hokoku (114): 38–42. PMID 9037863</ref>
GSE usage has been popularized by many companies within the scope of the health food industry. There are books exclusively dedicated to GSE.<ref name="E-Book">Sims, Judith. Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine. Available in e-book format. ''Thomson Gale.'' 2001.</ref><ref name="Healing_Powers">Sharamon, S., Baginski, B.J. The Healing Power of Grapefruit Seed. ''Lotus Press, Wisconsin.'' 1996. ISBN 0-914955-27-6</ref><ref name="GSE_Guide">{{cite book |author=Allan Sachs |title=The authoritative guide to grapefruit seed extract |publisher=LifeRhythm |location=Mendocino, CA |year=1997 |isbn=0-940795-17-5 }}</ref> This extract is promoted by marketers on the internet and some health food stores recommend its use.<ref name="preservative_compounds">Todd Caldecott. [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0ISW/is_259-260/ai_n13628960 Grapefruit seed extract antibiotic activity is due to preservative compounds]. Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients. 2005.</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==

Revision as of 20:35, 8 January 2012

Grapefruit seed extract (GSE), also known as citrus seed extract, is a liquid derived from the seeds, pulp, and white membranes of grapefruit. Grapefruit seed extract is sold as a food supplement and used in cosmetics because it is a claimed natural antimicrobial.

This extract has been stated by some practitioners of alternative medicine to possess antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties.[1] It has been recommended by some nutritionists for the treatment of candidiasis, earache, throat infections, and diarrhea.[1]

Properties

There is evidence that the extract of citrus grapefruit seed has antioxidant properties.[2][3] Analysis shows the constituents of the seed extract and pulp are flavonoids,[4][5] ascorbic acid (commonly known as vitamin C[6][7][8]), tocopherols, citric acid,[2] limonoids,[9][10][11] sterols, and minerals.[12] A study suggests the consumption of the bioactive compounds found in grapefruit seed and pulp may help suppress the development of colon cancer.[13] Another study showed the flavonoid naringin is an excellent plasma lipid lowering and plasma antioxidant active elevating flavonone.[14]

Precautions

Grapefruit can have a number of interactions with certain drugs, increasing the potency of many compounds,[15] including warfarin (coumadin). Grapefruit has components that inhibit the CYP3A4 enzyme in the intestine.[15] Thus, it is this effect that increases the rate of absorption of several drugs.[16] There are concerns about the safety of ingesting synthetic preservatives found in grapefruit seed extract.[17]

Controversy

Some consumers believe this extract is an effective natural preservative even though some scientific studies have concluded that the universal antimicrobial activity is from contamination with synthetic antimicrobials.[18][19]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference E-Book was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ a b Armando C, Maythe S, Beatriz NP (1997). "Antioxidant activity of grapefruit seed extract on vegetable oils". Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 77 (4): 463–7. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1097-0010(199808)77:4<463::AID-JSFA62>3.0.CO;2-1. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  3. ^ Giamperi L, Fraternale D, Bucchini A, Ricci D (2004). "Antioxidant activity of Citrus paradisi seeds glyceric extract". Fitoterapia. 75 (2): 221–4. doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2003.12.010. PMID 15030930. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  4. ^ Drewnowski A, Gomez-Carneors C (2000). "Bitter taste, phytonutrients, and consumer: a review". Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 72 (6): 1424–35. PMID 11101467.
  5. ^ Tirillini B (2000). "Grapefruit: the last decade acquisitions". Fitoterapia. 71: 29–37. doi:10.1016/S0367-326X(00)00176-3. PMID 10930710.
  6. ^ Andrew W. Saul, Ph.D. Vitamin C Has Been Known To Fight 30 Major Diseases... For Over 50 Years. Orthomolecular Medicine News Service. March 15, 2006.
  7. ^ Vitamin C. American Cancer Society. 2009.
  8. ^ The World's Healthiest Foods; Grapefruit. The George Mateljan Foundation. 2009.
  9. ^ Bennett RD, Hasegava S, Herman Z (1989). "Glucosides of acidic limonoids in citrus". Phytochemistry. 28 (10): 2777–81. doi:10.1016/S0031-9422(00)98087-7.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  10. ^ Ohta H, Fong CH, Berhow M, Hesegawa (1993). "Thin-layer and high-performance liquid chromatographic analyses of limonoids and limonoid glucosides in citrus seeds". J. Chromatogr. 639 (2): 295–302. doi:10.1016/0021-9673(93)80266-B.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Braddock RJ, Bryan CR (2001). "Extraction parameters and capillary electrophorisis analysis of limonin glucoside and phlorin in citrus products". J. Agric. Food Chem. 49 (12): 5982–8. doi:10.1021/jf010737n. PMID 11743796.
  12. ^ Tushiswili LS, Durmishidze SV, Sulaberidze KV (1983). "Sterols of grapefruit, orange, mandarin pulps (Citrus paradisi, Citrus sinensis, Citrus unshiu)". Chem. Nat. Comp. 18: 445–7.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ Vanamala J, Leonardi T, Patil BS; et al. (2006). "Suppression of colon carcinogenesis by bioactive compounds in grapefruit". Carcinogenesis. 27 (6): 1257–65. doi:10.1093/carcin/bgi318. PMID 16387741. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Gorinstein S, Leontowicz H, Leontowicz M; et al. (2005). "Changes in plasma lipid and antioxidant activity in rats as a result of naringin and red grapefruit supplementation". J. Agric. Food Chem. 53 (8): 3223–8. doi:10.1021/jf058014h. PMID 15826081. {{cite journal}}: Explicit use of et al. in: |author= (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ a b Bakalar, Nicholas. Experts Reveal the Secret Powers of Grapefruit Juice. The New York Times. March 21, 2006.
  16. ^ He K, Iyer KR, Hayes RN, Sinz MW, Woolf TF, Hollenberg PF (1998). "Inactivation of cytochrome P450 3A4 by bergamottin, a component of grapefruit juice". Chem. Res. Toxicol. 11 (4): 252–9. doi:10.1021/tx970192k. PMID 9548795. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  17. ^ Cite error: The named reference preservative_compounds was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  18. ^ Ganzera M, Aberham A, Stuppner H (May 2006). "Development and validation of an HPLC/UV/MS method for simultaneous determination of 18 preservatives in grapefruit seed extract". J. Agric. Food Chem. 54 (11): 3768–72. doi:10.1021/jf060543d. PMID 16719494
  19. ^ Sakamoto S, Sato K, Maitani T, Yamada T (1996). "[Analysis of components in natural food additive "grapefruit seed extract" by HPLC and LC/MS]" (in Japanese). Eisei Shikenjo Hokoku (114): 38–42. PMID 9037863
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