Night on Bald Mountain

Modest Mussorgsky

Night on Bald Mountain (Ночь на лысой горе; Noch' na lysoy gorye) is a composition by Russian composer Modest Mussorgsky, based on the vocal score of the "Dream Vision of the Peasant Lad" (1880) from The Fair at Sorochyntsi with some revisions, most notably the omission of the choir.. The Russian word "лысая" (lïsaya) literally means "bald", but is used in this case figuratively for a mountain supposedly barren of trees; thus in English the titles A Night on the Bare Mountain or Night on Bald Mountain are both used.

The piece exists in several versions including a seldom-performed 1867 version and a more popular 1886 "fantasy for orchestra", A Night on the Bare Mountain, arranged by Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov. There is also a version orchestrated by twentieth-century conductor Leopold Stokowski; this version is used in the 1940 Walt Disney animated film Fantasia.

History

"No work of Mussorgsky's has had a more confused history and none is less known."

— Gerald Abraham, 1945

Inspired by Russian literary works and legend, Mussorgsky made a witches' sabbath the theme of the original tone poem, which was completed on 23 June 1867 (St. John's Eve). St. John's Night on the Bare Mountain and Rimsky-Korsakov's "musical picture" Sadko (also composed in 1867) share the distinction of being the first tone poems by Russian composers.

Composition history

As with so much of Mussorgsky's music, the work had a tortuous compositional history and was arranged after his death in 1881 by his friend and fellow member of The Mighty Handful Rimsky-Korsakov. It was never performed in any form during Mussorgsky's lifetime. The Rimsky-Korsakov edition premiered in 1886, and has become a concert favorite.

• 
  Nikolay Gogol
  (1809–1852)
• 
  Vladimir Stasov
  (1824–1906)
• 
  Vladimir Nikolsky
  (1836–1883)
• 
  Mily Balakirev
  (1837 – 1910)

The following sections of this article trace the evolution of the Night on Bald Mountain music.

Opera Project: St. John's Eve (1858)

A sheet of paper apparently found among Mussorgsky's manuscripts contains the following statement: "Program of the opera St. John's Night, in three acts, after the tale by Gogol, written by P. Boborykin, in the presence and with the help of Modest Mussorgsky, Yevgeny Mussorgsky, and Vasily. Witness to the proceedings: Mily Balakirev." This curious fragment, dated 25 December 1858, has been interpreted as an indication of Mussorgsky's intention of writing an opera on the subject of Gogol's short story St. John's Eve (Template:Lang-ru, Vecher nakanune Ivana Kupala, St. John's Eve). Gogol's tale contains the elements of witchcraft common to other stories in the Evenings on a Farm near Dikanka collection, but does not, as is often claimed, feature a witches' sabbath. Although Mussorgsky may have composed thematic sketches for this project, his plans were not mentioned.

Opera Project: The Witch (1860)

The theme of a witches' sabbath, the central theme in all subsequent Night on Bald Mountain projects, appears to have been derived from the nonextant play The Witch (Template:Lang-ru, Ved'ma, Witch) by Baron Georgy Mengden, a military friend of the composer. In 1860 Mussorgsky informed Balakirev that he had been commissioned to write one act of an opera on this subject. However, as with the previous project, it is unknown whether any materials were composed and, if so, whether they were transferred to subsequent projects.

Work for piano and orchestra (early 1860s)

Rimsky-Korsakov declares in his memoirs (Chronicle of My Musical Life) that in the early 1860s Mussorgsky had written a version of the Night on Bald Mountain music for piano and orchestra, under the influence of Franz Liszt's Totentanz. However, it is believed that Mussorgsky did not hear Liszt's work until 1866, by which time he was planning the orchestral tone poem St. John's Night on the Bare Mountain (see below). No trace of a work for piano and orchestra has survived outside Rimsky-Korsakov's recollections, so it is assumed that the score was lost, or, more likely, that it had never existed.

Tone Poem: St. John's Night on the Bare Mountain (1867)

The original tone poem St. John's Night on the Bare Mountain was composed and orchestrated by Mussorgsky in 1867.

In 1866 Mussorgsky wrote to Balakirev expressing a desire to discuss his plans for The Witches, his informal name for his Night on Bald Mountain music. In early June 1867, he began composing the orchestral version of the piece, and finished the score on 23 June (St. John's Eve). He described the event in a letter to Vladimir Nikolsky:

"My St. John's Night on the Bare Mountain (a far better title than The Witches) is, in form and character, Russian and original; and I want to feel sure that it is thoroughly in keeping with historic truth and Russian folk tradition — otherwise it would not be good enough. I wrote it quickly, straight away in full score without preliminary rough drafts, in twelve days. It seethed within me, and I worked day and night, hardly knowing what was happening within me. And now I see in my wicked prank an independent Russian product, free from German profundity and routine, and, like my Savishna, grown on our country's soil and nurtured on Russian bread."

He also stated — incorrectly, as it turned out — that he would never re-model it: "with whatever shortcomings, it is born; and with them it must live if it is to live at all." Having finally completed the work, Mussorgsky was crushed when his mentor Mily Balakirev was savagely critical of it. The score of this 'first version' was put aside, and did not appear in print until 1968, in a new edition prepared by Georgiy Kirkor.

Mussorgsky's original tone poem St. John's Night on the Bare Mountain (1867) was not performed until the 20th century. Gerald Abraham makes the claim that this version was performed by Nikolai Malko on 3 February 1932, apparently in England. Calvocoressi gives the year as 1933. According to the Grove Dictionary of Music this version premiered in Moscow in 1968. This was presumably in Kirkor's edition (see below).

Unfinished Opera: Mlada (1872)

The first re-modelling of the work took place in 1872, when Mussorgsky revised and recast it for chorus and orchestra as part of Act III that he was assigned to contribute to the collaborative opera-ballet Mlada. In this new version the music was to form the basis of the Night on Mt. Triglav (Template:Lang-ru, Noch' na gore Triglav) scene.

Mussorgsky referred to this piece under the title Glorification of Chornobog in a list of his compositions given to Stasov. Mlada was a project doomed to failure, however, and this 'second version' languished along with the first.

The score of Glorification of Chornobog has not survived; the piece was never performed.

Unfinished Opera: The Fair at Sorochyntsi (1880)

The work's 'third version', the Dream Vision of the Peasant Lad (Template:Lang-ru, Sonnoye videniye parobka), came into existence eight years later when the composer revived and revised the second version (see Night on Mount Triglav above) to function as a 'dream intermezzo' in his opera The Fair at Sorochyntsi (1874–80), a work which was still incomplete at the time of his death in 1881.

Mussorgsky originally chose the end of Act I of the opera as the location for his choral intermezzo. It is now generally performed in the Shebalin version (1930) of the opera, where it is more logically relocated to Act III, just after the peasant lad's dumka. The theme of the dumka also serves as one of the main themes of the new quiet ending in this version (which also finds its way into the Rimsky-Korsakov edition), thus forming a musical frame to the intermezzo.

Mussorgsky's piano-vocal score of Dream Vision of the Peasant Lad was finished in 1880. It was first performed as part of Shebalin's performing edition of The Fair at Sorochyntsi, which premiered in 1931 in Leningrad at the Maly Theater, conducted by Samuil Samosud. It was edited and orchestrated by Vissarion Shebalin, and was published by Muzgiz in 1934.

Rimsky-Korsakov's A Night on the Bare Mountain (1886)

• Rimsky-Korsakov's recomposition of Mussorgsky's work, titled A Night on the Bare Mountain, was completed in 1886; it received its premiere on 15 October of that year in St. Petersburg's Kononov Hall. It was performed by the orchestra of the Russian Symphony Concerts and was conducted by Rimsky-Korsakov himself. The score was published in the same year by V. Bessel and Co..

Instrumentation

Original Tone Poem (1867)

• Strings: Violins, Violas, Cellos, Double Basses
• Woodwinds: 1 Piccolo, 2 Flutes, 2 Oboes, 2 Clarinets, 2 Bassoons
• Brass: 4 Horns, 2 Cornets, 2 Trumpets, 3 Trombones, 1 Tuba
• Percussion: Timpani, Bass Drum, Snare Drum, Triangle, Tambourine, Cymbals, Tam-tam

Rimsky Korsakov Edition (1886)

• Strings: Violins, Violas, Cellos, Double Basses
• Woodwinds: 1 Piccolo, 2 Flutes, 2 Oboes, 2 Clarinets, 2 Bassoons
• Brass: 4 Horns, 2 Trumpets, 3 Trombones, 1 Tuba
• Percussion: Timpani, Bass Drum, Cymbals, Tam-tam, Bell
• Other: Harp

Program

Original Tone Poem (1867)

Setting

Russian legend tells of a witches' sabbath taking place on St. John's Night (June 23–24) on the Lysa Hora (Bald Mountain), near Kiev.

Program

The following program is taken from the score:

1. Сбор ведьм, их толки и сплетни (Assembly of the witches, their chatter and gossip)
2. Поезд Сатаны (Cortège of Satan)
3. Чёрная служба, Messe noire (Black service, Black mass)
4. Шабаш (Sabbath)

More details and a variation to this program may be found in a letter written by the composer to Vladimir Nikolsky:

"So far as my memory doesn't deceive me, the witches used to gather on this mountain, gossip, play tricks and await their chief — Satan. On his arrival they, i.e. the witches, formed a circle round the throne on which he sat, in the form of a kid, and sang his praise. When Satan was worked up into a sufficient passion by the witches' praises, he gave the command for the sabbath, in which he chose for himself the witches who caught his fancy. –So this is what I've done. At the head of my score I've put its content: 1. Assembly of the witches, their talk and gossip; 2. Satan's journey; 3. Obscene praises of Satan; and 4. Sabbath... The form and character of the composition are both Russian and original".

Glorification of Chornobog from Mlada (1872)

Mussorgsky's score for the Glorification of Chornobog portion of Mlada has not survived. The following scenario is taken from Rimsky-Korsakov's later (1890) 'magic opera-ballet' based on the same libretto.

(See also Dream Vision of the Peasant Lad from The Fair at Sorochyntsi, below.)

Setting

Mlada is set in the 9th or 10th century city of Retra, in the (formerly) Slavic lands between the Baltic Sea coast and the Elbe River. This would be the land of the pre-Christian Polabian Slavs, in the region corresponding to the modern German areas of Vorpommern, Mecklenburg, or Holstein.

The Mlada scenario is the only Night on Bald Mountain setting that mentions a 'Mt. Triglav', where the supernatural events of Act III take place. It is reasonable to assume that this Mt. Triglav is not the famous peak in Slovenia, some 750 kilometers distant. It is certainly not the Lysa Hora near Kiev, as is often mentioned in program and liner notes. However, the description of it in the libretto, as possessing a snow-covered peak, gorges, and glaciers, makes it difficult to place it among the low mountains and hills of northeast Germany. Incidentally, the name Triglav ['tri'(three) + 'glav'(heads)] happens to be the name of an ancient three-headed Slavic deity or a trinity of deities.

Plot

Voyslava and her father Mstivoy, the Prince of Retra, have poisoned Mlada, the betrothed of Yaromir, Prince of Arkona. Voyslava sells her soul to Morena, an evil goddess, to obtain her aid in making Yaromir forget Mlada so she may have him to herself. In Act III, the shade (ghost) of Mlada leads Yaromir up the slopes of Mt. Triglav to a pine wood in a gorge on top of the mountain. Mlada's shade joins a gathering of the spirits of the dead. She expresses in mime to Yaromir the wish to be reunited with him in the kingdom of dead souls. He is eager to join her. However, there is a rumbling sound announcing the appearance, apparently from underground, of the following fantastic characters:

Russian	Transliteration	Description
Злые духи	Zlïye dukhi	Evil spirits
Ведьмы	Ved'mï	Witches
Кикиморы	Kikimorï	Female hobgoblins
Чёрнобог	Chornobog	'Chorno'(black) + 'bog'(god), an infernal Slavic deity, in the form of a goat
Морена	Morena	An infernal Slavic deity
Кащей	Kashchey	An ogre familiar from Russian folktales; plays a gusli
Червь	Cherv	Worm, god of famine
Чума	Chuma	Plague, god of pestilence
Топелец	Topelets	'Drowner', god of floods

The evil spirits sing in a strange demonic language. Morena calls on Chornobog to help make Yaromir forsake Mlada. Kashchey determines that Morena and Chornobog will be successful if Yaromir is seduced by another. Chornobog commands Yaromir's soul to separate from his body, and for Queen Cleopatra to appear. Instantly the scene changes to a hall in Egypt, where the shade of Cleopatra attempts to entice Yaromir's soul to her side with a seductive dance. She almost succeeds in doing so when a cock crow announcing the break of day causes the entire infernal host to vanish. Yaromir awakens and ponders the mysterious events he has witnessed.

Dream Vision of the Peasant Lad from The Fair at Sorochyntsi (1880)

Setting

The Fair at Sorochyntsi is set in and around the Ukrainian village of Velyki Sorochyntsi, some 500 kilometers east of Kiev and the famous 'Bald Mountain' (Lysa Hora), in the year 1800.

Plot

The peasant Solopy Cherevik, his domineering wife Khivrya, and pretty daughter Parasya are visiting the Sorochintsi Fair. Parasya is wooed by Gritsko Golopupenko, the "peasant lad" of the title. Gritsko desires Cherevik's consent to marry his daughter. Although Cherevik is not against the match, his wife objects because Gritsko had thrown mud in her face on the way to the fair. Gritsko strikes a bargain with a gypsy to assist him in winning Parasya. They exploit the superstitious fears of the fairgoers, who believe that the location of the fair this year is ill-chosen, it being the haunt of a devil who was thrown out of hell, took to drinking, went broke, pawned his jacket, and has returned to claim it. After various pranks and comic circumstances, Gritsko achieves his goal and all ends happily.

At the end of Act 1, Gritsko falls asleep some distance from the fair, and, because there has been talk of devilry, has a dream of a witches' sabbath. The following remarks are taken from the score, which is dated 10 May 1880:

Act I, Scene II – Dream Vision of the Peasant Lad

• A hilly desolate area. An approaching subterranean choir of infernal forces.
• Witches and devils surround the sleeping peasant lad.
• On a hill appear fiery serpents. The approach of Chornobog.
• Chornobog climbs up from underground. Following him are Kashchey, Cherv, Chuma, Topelets, Smert, and the remaining members of his retinue.
• Worship of Chornobog: dwarfs begin to circle Chornobog and bow down. Behind them are also visible demons. Chornobog gives the signal for general earthly worship.
• Sabbath.
• Ballet.
• Stroke of a morning bell.
• Satan and his retinue vanish. The scene is covered by clouds.

Surviving the transfer from Glorification of Chornobog are the same supernatural characters, although Morena has been replaced by Death (Template:Lang-ru, Smert'). Chornobog and his accomplices form a kind of Six Horsemen of the Apocalypse. The demon language the characters sing, of which Mussorgsky was contemptuous in a letter, is preserved. Interestingly, Mussorgsky does not differentiate Satan from Chornobog clearly, in either this scenario or the next.

Mussorgsky sent the following program to Vladimir Stasov about three months after its composition in 1880:

The peasant lad sleeps at the foot of a hillock at some distance from the hut where he should have been. In his sleep appear to him:

1. Subterranean roar of non-human voices, uttering non-human words.
2. The subterranean kingdom of darkness comes into its own—mocking the sleeping peasant lad.
3. Foreshadowing of the appearance of Chornobog and Satan.
4. The peasant lad left by the spirits of darkness. Appearance of Chornobog.
5. Worship of Chornobog and the black mass.
6. Sabbath.
7. At the wildest moment of the sabbath the sound of a Christian church bell. Chornobog suddenly disappears.
8. Suffering of the demons.
9. Voices of the clergy in church.
10. Disappearance of the demons and the peasant lad's awakening.

Versions by other hands

Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov

Rimsky Korsakov edition (1886)

In the years after Mussorgsky's death, his friends prepared his manuscripts for publication and created performing editions of his unfinished works to enable them to enter the repertoire. The majority of the editorial work was done by Rimsky-Korsakov, who in 1886 produced a redacted edition of A Night on the Bare Mountain from the Dream Vision of the Peasant Lad vocal score and premiered at the first of the Russian Symphony Concerts:

"When I started putting it in order with the intention of creating a workable concert piece, I took everything I considered the best and most appropriate out of the late composer’s remaining materials to give coherence and wholeness to this work."

— Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov

He apparently did not make use of the original tone poem of 1867 in making his revision. The published score of his edition states "Completed and orchestrated by N. Rimsky-Korsakov, 1886". If he had the score of the 1867 tone poem at hand, he would have noticed that it was both completed and orchestrated. He also did not remember Mussorgsky's letter to him announcing that he had finished the work on St. John's Day, and had composed the work directly into full orchestral score, a practice unusual for him. Mussorgsky's manuscript is believed to have been in the keeping of Balakirev at the time.

However, Rimsky-Korsakov remembered that an orchestral score was Mussorgsky's original intention, and because he had no manuscript of that score, he orchestrated what he considered as an "unfinished" vocal score of the Dream Vision of the Peasant Lad, omitting the vocal parts. Rimsky-Korsakov has made some "corrections" typical of him (as he did with Boris Godunov, Khovanshchina, etc.), which means that he preserved the thematic structure, but occasionally added or omitted bars and changed harmonic structures.

Setting

For Rimsky-Korsakov's edition we apparently return to the 'Bald Mountain' (Lysa Hora) in or near Kiev.

Program

“Subterranean sounds of unearthly voices. Appearance of the Spirits of Darkness, followed by that of Chornobog. Glorification of Chornobog and celebration of the Black Mass. Witches’ Sabbath. At the height of the orgy, the bell of the little village church is heard from afar. The Spirits of Darkness are dispersed. Daybreak.”

Leopold Stokowski.

Stokowski arrangement (1940)

Millions of twentieth-century listeners owe their initial acquaintance with Mussorgsky's tone-poem to the use within Walt Disney's 1940 film Fantasia of a specially produced version made by Leopold Stokowski. Stokowski stated that he based it on the Rimsky-Korsakov arrangement in form and content (though notably without the 'fanfare' that marks the entrance of the black god Chernobog) but Mussorgsky's original in orchestration. However, like Rimsky-Korsakov himself, Stokowski had no copy of the original tone poem from 1867, so he did what he felt Mussorgsky would have done. Stokowski was familiar to some extent with Mussorgsky's style, having conducted the U.S. premiere of the original version of Boris Godunov in 1929 and subsequently produced a symphonic synthesis of Boris for concert purposes. Stokowski went on to produce an even more drastic adaptation of Night for concert performance. The Stokowski arrangements are only rarely heard today, Rimsky-Korsakov's orchestration being the concert favorite, and the one most often programmed.

In popular culture

• Stern-Combo Meißen, an experimental progressive rock band from East Germany, adapted Mussorgsky's original version in 1977 as Eine Nacht auf dem kahlen Berg on their first full length LP. The recording of SCM's Eine Nacht auf dem kahlen Berg occurred during a time permeating their late 1970s to early 1980s period albums when the band abstained from using guitar instrumentation.
• Isao Tomita's synthesised realisation appeared alongside his electronic interpretation of Stravinsky's Firebird Suite in 1975.
• Bob James' jazz-funk infused rendition of the song appears on his 1974 album, One.
• Film composer Douglas Gamley's score to the 1972 film Asylum.
• There is a disco version performed by David Shire available on the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack titled "Night on Disco Mountain". In 2007, this version was sampled by electro house duo Justice for their song "Stress"
• The German progressive/thrash metal band Mekong Delta performed the metal version of the poem on their album Dances of Death (and other Walking Shadows) in 1990, it also appears in its entirety on their live album Live at an Excibition (1991) and the compilation Classics (1993).
• Stokowski's Fantasia version was adapted by Yoko Shimomura for use in the video game Kingdom Hearts, in which Chernabog appears as a boss. A version of it also appeared on the Japanese rerelease of Kingdom Hearts, titled Kingdom Hearts Final Mix. The track plays as the player fights Chernabog from Walt Disney's movie Fantasia 1942 at End of the World.
• In Disneyland's show, Fantasmic!, excerpts from the song are used during a segment using footage from the Night on Bald Mountain segment of Fantasia.
• An a cappella version by Spiralmouth can be sometimes heard during the "Evilocity" racetrack in the video game Crash Tag Team Racing.
• Another abbreviated version appears in the video game Earthworm Jim, as the background music for "What the Heck!?", alternating with elevator music.
• The piece appears in the soundtrack to David Braben's game Frontier: Elite II, alongside extracts from Mussorgsky's Pictures At An Exhibition.
• New Trolls Atomic System released a symphonic rock single based on Mussorgsky's version in the early 1970s. It is also found on their self-titled album.
  • The Italian progressive rock band Buon Vecchio Charlie recorded a track in 1971 loosely based on Mussorgsky's piece, called All'uomo che raccoglie i cartoni.
• Swedish black metal band Marduk reworked themes from the piece into riffs for the song "Glorification of the Black God" on the album Heaven Shall Burn... When We Are Gathered and the EP Glorification.
  • Swedish band Pär Lindh Project released a 14-minute piece based on Mussorgsky's piece on their record Gothic Impressions (1994). [9]
• In The Wizard of Oz, an arranged version is played during the scene where the Scarecrow, the Tin Man, and the Cowardly Lion rescue Dorothy from the Wicked Witch of the West's castle.
• Rap artist Remy Ma sampled a piece of "Bald Mountain" in her song "Whutever", which was produced by Swizz Beats.
• Troma films used a version of this piece for the theme to The Toxic Avenger in 1984.
• Fractal Rock recorded a progressive rock single titled "The Cyclone", based on Mussorgsky's original. It can be streamed from their website: Fractal Rock
• Parts of the opening segment can be heard in various parts of Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare.
• A version by the Fauxharmonic Orchestra is available for download in the Rock Band series. Can be downloaded from the Rock Band Network.
• The final boss battle music for Little King's Story is an excerpt from Night on Bald Mountain, used as the main character fights off a gang of giant rats that threaten to destroy his storybook home.
• In My Gym Partner's A Monkey episode "Shark Attack" the music is heard when Bull Sharkowski makes his entrance in the show.
• In The Lantern 3: Blood Season at the beginning of the movie, the song was heard during the cops sirens of an emergency alert at the Slade house.
• The rap group Axe Murder Boyz sampled a part of this piece for their 2010 halloween song, "My House"
• Used in a commercial for the 6000 SUX during the movie Robocop.
• This was referenced in Grim Adventures of Billy and Mandy's episode: Dream a Little Dream.
• Stokowski's version of the song can be heard in Richard Williams' film The Thief and the Cobbler, when the Thief attempts to steal a priceless desert ruby by means of flight (using two palm tree leaf "wings" to do so.) This is possibly more of a parody of the Fantasia "Night on Bald Mountain" section, though, as the Thief unfurls his wings in much the same way Chernabog does in that segment.
• The piece was used by American band Beastie Boys as an intro for the song "Intergalactic" on the Hello Nasty album.
• In the 1992 live action/animated Ralph Bakshi film Cool World, after Holli Would takes The Spike Of Power, a scene of ghosts rising out of their graves in a cemetery can be seen as a clear reference to Fantasia.
• The song was heard in the remake as an opening intro in the movie.
• Part of the song was heard in Dracula 2000.
• Part of the song can be heard in 'The Ren and Stimpy Show' episode 'Stimpy's Invention' as the 'Happy Helmet' takes effect.

Discography

Original tone poem (1867)

• 1971, Lloyd-Jones, London Philharmonic Orchestra
• 1980, Abbado, London Symphony Orchestra
• 1991, Dohnanyi, Cleveland Orchestra
• 1991, Kitayenko, Bergen Philharmonic Orchestra
• 1993, Abbado, Berliner Philharmoniker
• 2003, Kuchar, National Symphony Orchestra of the Ukraine
• 2006, Salonen, Los Angeles Philharmonic Orchestra

Dream Vision of the Peasant Lad (1880)

As part of The Fair at Sorochyntsi:

• 1969, Aranovich, Moscow Radio Orchestra and Chorus
• 1983, Esipov, Chorus and Orchestra of the Stanislavsky Theater

Concert version:

• 1997, Polyansky, Russian State Symphony Orchestra
• 1997, Abbado, Berliner Philharmoniker
• 1997, Macal, New Jersey Symphony Orchestra

Rimsky-Korsakov edition (1886)

Recordings of Rimsky-Korsakov's revision are too numerous to catalog in this article.

Stokowski arrangement (1940)

• Stokowski, various orchestras
• 1992, Kunzel, Cincinnati Pops Orchestra

Media

Piano version of Night on Bald Mountain (arranged by Konstantin Chernov)

References

• Calvocoressi, M.D., Abraham, G., Mussorgsky, 'Master Musicians' Series, London: J.M.Dent & Sons, Ltd., 1946/1974
• Calvocoressi, M.D., Modest Mussorgsky: His Life and Works, London: Rockliff, 1956
• Catalog of autographs of M. P. Mussorgsky in the manuscript department of the St. Petersburg Conservatory [in Russian] (Accessed December 26, 2007), <http://biblio.conservatory.ru/Today/Public/Miller02.htm>
• Rimsky-Korsakov, N., Chronicle of My Musical Life, New York: Knopf, 1923