Climate of California: Difference between revisions
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{{Refimprove|date=August 2009}} |
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[[Image:GGB in fog 2007 edit.jpg|thumb|[[Golden Gate Bridge]] in [[fog]].]] |
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'''[[California]]'s climate''' varies widely, from [[arid]] to [[subarctic]], depending on [[latitude]], [[elevation]], and proximity to the coast. Coastal and Southern parts of the state have a [[Mediterranean climate]], with somewhat rainy winters and dry summers. The influence of the [[ocean]] generally moderates temperature extremes, creating warmer winters and substantially cooler summers, especially along the coastal areas. |
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==Temperature range== |
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[[Image:Sbsnow 2.jpg|thumb|January snowfall in [[San Bernardino, California|San Bernardino]].]] |
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The cool [[California Current]] offshore, enhanced by [[upwelling]] of cold sub-surface waters, often creates summer [[fog]] near the coast, creating a moderate [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Cfb'') on the northern coast and a moderate [[Mediterranean climate]] (Köppen ''Csb'') from about [[Cape Mendocino]] southward. Further inland, the climate becomes more [[continental climate|continental]], with some areas turning[[semi-arid]] (Köppen ''BSk''), with colder winters and markedly hotter summers. Low-lying inland valleys, especially the [[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]], have a hot Mediterranean climate (Köppen ''Csa''), with [[subtropical]] temperatures but a well-defined summer dry season and cool, foggy, rainy season. |
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The temperature gradient between immediate coast and low-lying inland valleys in the south is about 7 °F (4 °C) in winter (the coast being warmer) and in summer roughly 25 °F (14 °C) (the interior being warmer). One exception is worth noting - during the cooler winter months (Oct-Mar) the Coachella Valley, in the far southeastern corner of the State, constantly has the warmest winter temperatures out of any place west of the Rocky Mountains. Palm Springs a city in the Coachella Valley averages high/low/mean temperatures of 75°F/50°F/63°F, (24°C/10°C/17°C) respectively during the period of cooler weather form Nov. to Apr. <ref>[http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/1981-2010/products/station/USC00044259.normals.txt 1981-2010 Monthly Climate Normals]</ref> The temperature difference is most dramatic nearer the coast. For example, the average daily high in [[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]] in July and August is {{convert|72|F|C}}, and in [[Walnut Creek, California|Walnut Creek]], some {{convert|20|mi|km|0|sp=us}} inland, the average daily high in July and August is {{convert|90|F|C}}; a temperature gain of approximately one degree (Fahrenheit) per mile.<ref> [http://www.weather.com/outlook/homeandgarden/home/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/94123?from=36hr_bottomnav_home Average temperatures in San Francisco] compared to [http://www.weather.com/outlook/driving/interstate/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USCA1209?from=search average temperatures in Walnut Creek]. </ref> In the south, the figures are approximately 4 °F and 23 °F (2 °C and 13 °C), respectively. At the [[Santa Monica, California|Santa Monica]] coast, the average high in August is {{convert|75|F|C}}, while in [[Burbank, California|Burbank]], approximately {{convert|10|mi|km}} inland, the average high in August is {{convert|90|F|C}}; a temperature gain over one degree per mile.<ref>[http://www.worldclimate.com/cgi-bin/grid.pl?gr=N33W118 Average temperatures in Santa Monica] compared to [http://www.weather.com/outlook/homeandgarden/home/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USCA0139?from=search average temperatures in Burbank]. </ref> The temperature gradient is most extreme between [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]] and [[Death Valley]], with temperatures between the two differing by 4 °F and 35 °F (2 °C and 20 °C) in the winter and summer. The extreme southwest, around [[San Diego, California|San Diego]], has a semi-arid warm steppe climate (Koppen ''BSh'') as winters are drier there. In [[San Bernardino, California|San Bernardino]] the winters get a low of {{convert|30|F|C}} and in the summers a high of {{convert|109|F|C}}, because of this the weather is considered temperate since it is about {{convert|70|mi|km}} inland of the Pacific Ocean in Southern California. |
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The southeastern regions have a hot [[arid]] climate (Koppen ''BWh''), similar to that of the Sahara Desert. In the northern portion of the [[Mojave Desert]] on the east side of the state is [[Death Valley]], which is the hottest spot on the [[Western Hemisphere]]. It is common in the summer for temperatures in the valley to reach {{convert|120|F|C}}. The highest temperature in the Western Hemisphere, {{convert|134|F|C}}, was recorded in Death Valley on July 10, 1913. Temperatures of {{convert|130|F|C}} or higher have been recorded as recently as 2005. The 24-hour average July temperature in Death Valley is {{convert|101.8|F|C}} (1981-2010 NCDC Normals). |
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Template:Convert/in (view source) (protected)An automated filter has identified this edit as removing a large amount of content, and potentially being unconstructive. Some material on Wikipedia should be removed, for example vandalism and false or libelous information. If this is what you're doing, and you believe your removal is correct, please go to the bottom of this page and press 'Save page' to continue (be sure to enter an edit summary if you have not done so already). If not, and your edit is clearly not constructive, you may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. If you did not remove a large amount of content,An automated filter has identified this edit as removing a large amount of content, and potentially being unconstructive. Some material on Wikipedia should be removed, for example vandalism and false or libelous information. If this is what you're doing, and you believe your removal is correct, please go to the bottom of this page and press 'Save page' to continue (be sure to enter an edit summary if you have not done so already). If not, and your edit is clearly not constructive, you may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. If you did not remove a large amount of content,An automated filter has identified this edit as removing a large amount of content, and potentially being unconstructive. Some material on Wikipedia should be removed, for example vandalism and false or libelous information. If this is what you're doing, and you believe your removal is correct, please go to the bottom of this page and press 'Save page' to continue (be sure to enter an edit summary if you have not done so already). If not, and your edit is clearly not constructive, you may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. If you did not remove a large amount of content,An automated filter has identified this edit as removing a large amount of content, and potentially being unconstructive. Some material on Wikipedia should be removed, for example vandalism and false or libelous information. If this is what you're doing, and you believe your removal is correct, please go to the bottom of this page and press 'Save page' to continue (be sure to enter an edit summary if you have not done so already). If not, and your edit is clearly not constructive, you may be blocked from editing Wikipedia. If you did not remove a large amount of content, |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 65/44<br>({{convert|65|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|44|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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! style="background:#f8f3ca; color:Black; height:16px;"| [[Los Angeles]] |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 69/50<br>({{convert|69|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|50|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 75/59<br>({{convert|75|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|59|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 85/66<br>({{convert|85|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|66|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 79/60<br>({{convert|79|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|60|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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! style="background:#c5dfe1; color:Black; height:16px;"| [[Sacramento]] |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 54/39<br>({{convert|54|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|39|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 87/56<br>({{convert|87|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|56|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 54/39<br>({{convert|54|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|39|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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! style="background:#c5dfe1; color:Black; height:16px;"| [[San Bernardino]] |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 73/46<br>({{convert|73|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|46|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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Template:California (edit) |
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! style="background:#f8f3ca; color:Black; height:16px;"| [[San Francisco]] |
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Template:ClimateUS (edit) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 68/53<br>({{convert|68|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|53|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 68/55<br>({{convert|68|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|55|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 69/56<br>({{convert|69|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|56|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 71/56<br>({{convert|71|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|56|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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Template:Convert/LoffAoffDbSoff (view source) (protected) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 70/54<br>({{convert|70|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|54|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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Template:Convert/LoffAoffDbSoffT (view source) (protected) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 64/51<br>({{convert|64|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|51|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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Template:Convert/LoffAoffDoutput number onlySoffT (view source) (protected) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 58/47<br>({{convert|58|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|47|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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Template:Convert/LoffAonDbSoffT (view source) (protected) |
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Template:Convert/LoffAonSoff (view source) (protected) |
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! style="background:#f8f3ca; color:Black; height:16px;"| [[San Jose, California|San Jose]] |
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Template:Convert/LoffT (view source) (protected) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 61/42<br>({{convert|60|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|42|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 64/45<br>({{convert|64|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|45|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 67/46<br>({{convert|67|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|46|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 73/48<br>({{convert|73|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|48|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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Template:Convert/km (view source) (protected) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 77/52<br>({{convert|77|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|52|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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Template:Convert/m (view source) (protected) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 82/55<br>({{convert|82|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|55|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 84/57<br>({{convert|84|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|57|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 84/57<br>({{convert|84|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|57|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 81/56<br>({{convert|81|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|56|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 76/52<br>({{convert|76|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|52|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 65/45<br>({{convert|65|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|45|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#f8f3ca; color:Black;"| 61/42<br>({{convert|60|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|42|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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Template:Convert/roundT0 (view source) (protected) |
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! style="background:#c5dfe1; color:Black; height:16px;"| [[South Lake Tahoe]] |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 43/18<br>({{convert|43|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|18|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 48/23<br>({{convert|48|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|23|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 53/27<br>({{convert|53|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|27|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 63/33<br>({{convert|63|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|33|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 72/37<br>({{convert|72|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|37|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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| style="text-align:center; background:#c5dfe1; color:Black;"| 80/42<br>({{convert|80|F|C|disp = output number only}}/{{convert|42|F|C|disp = output number only}}) |
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==Precipitation== |
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{{See also|United States rainfall climatology}} |
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Westerly winds from the oceans also bring [[moisture]], and the northern parts of the state generally receive higher annual rainfall amounts than the south. California's mountain ranges influence the climate as well: moisture-laden air from the west cools as it ascends the mountains, dropping moisture; some of the rainiest parts of the state are west-facing mountain slopes. Northwestern California has a [[temperate climate]] with rainfall of {{convert|15|in|mm}} to {{convert|50|in|mm}} per year. Some areas of [[Coast Redwood]] forest receive over {{convert|100|in|mm}} of precipitation per year. |
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The Central Valley has a wide range of precipitation. The northern parts of the Central Valley receive substantially greater precipitation from winter storms which sweep down from the [[Pacific Northwest]], while the southernmost regions of the Central Valley are near desert-like because of a lack of precipitation. Parts of the Valley are occasionally filled with thick fog (known locally as "[[tule fog]]"). |
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The high mountains, including the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]], the [[Cascade Range]], and the [[Klamath Mountains]], have a [[mountain climate]] with [[snow]] in winter and mild to moderate heat in summer. Ski resorts at [[Lake Tahoe]], [[Mammoth Lakes]], and [[Mount Shasta]] routinely receive over {{convert|10|ft|m}} of snow in a season, and some years, substantially more – leading, for example, to annual ski races on the [[Fourth of July]]. |
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On the east side of the mountains is a drier [[rain shadow]]. California's [[desert climate]] regions lie east of the high Sierra Nevada and Southern California's [[Transverse Ranges]] and [[Peninsular Ranges]]. The low deserts east of the southern California mountains, including the Imperial and Coachella valleys and the lower [[Colorado River (U.S.)|Colorado River]], are part of the [[Sonoran Desert]], with hot summers and nearly frostless mild winters; the higher elevation deserts of [[eastern California]], including the [[Mojave Desert]], [[Owens Valley]], and the [[Modoc Plateau]], are part of the [[Great Basin]] region, with hot summers and cold winters. During the summer months, especially from July through early September, the region is affected by the [[monsoon|Mexican Monsoon]] (also called the "southwest monsoon"), which drives moisture from the tropical Pacific, [[Gulf of California]], and/or [[Gulf of Mexico]] into the deserts, setting off brief, but often torrential thunderstorms, particularly over mountainous terrain. |
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Despite its long coastline, California is not vulnerable to [[tropical cyclones]]. Because of the cold [[California Current]] from the North Pacific Ocean and the fact that the storms tend to "steer" West, California has only been hit with two [[tropical storm]]s in recorded history, a storm which came ashore in 1939 and dumped heavy rainfall on the [[Los Angeles]] Area and interior deserts and [[Hurricane Nora (1997)|Tropical Storm Nora]]. The remnants of tropical systems will affect California more commonly, every several years. |
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<center><gallery> |
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Template:Rnd/c4dec0 (view source) (protected) |
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Image:CAprecipitation.gif|Average annual precipitation for California. |
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Template:Rnd/c4dec1 (view source) (protected) |
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Image:Snow on the mountains of Southern California.jpg|Snow in the [[mountains]] of [[Southern California]]. |
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Template:See also (view source) (protected) |
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Image:EmeraldBay LakeTahoe.jpg|Summer in the Sierra Nevada at [[Lake Tahoe]]. |
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Template:Transclude (view source) (protected) |
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Image:LakeBadwater.JPG|Unusually high precipitation in the winter of 2005 caused an ephemeral lake to occur in the [[Badwater Basin]] of [[Death Valley National Park]]. |
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</gallery></center> |
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==Wildfires== |
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[[Image:Zaca3.jpg|thumb|Active flame front of the [[Zaca Fire]], the second largest fire on record in California.]] |
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[[California's]] summers are typically hot, and dry, particularly in the southern areas. This makes them prone to [[wildfires]]. These can be [[life threatening]] and cause [[emergency evacuation|evacuation]]. Wildfires are less common along the coast because of the cool humid summers, but can occur in autumn when the [[Marine layer]] is less common making it warm and dry. |
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==Glossary== |
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The following are terms used to describe local or regional weather events. |
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*[[Santa Ana wind]]s: Santa Anas are hot, high winds that blow from the eastern mountains and deserts towards coastal [[Southern California]], usually in the [[spring (season)|spring]] and [[autumn|fall]]. They are the result of [[atmospheric pressure|air pressure]] buildup between the [[Sierra Nevada (U.S.)|Sierra Nevada]] and the [[Rocky Mountains]]. This air mass spills out, is pulled by [[gravity]], and circulates clockwise around the high pressure area, bringing winds from the east and northeast; as the air descends in elevation, it heats up and the [[humidity]] plummets to less than 15%. It is often said that the air is heated and dried as it passes through the nearby deserts, but according to [[meteorologist]]s this is a popular misconception (it's actually due to [[adiabatic compression]] as the air flows from the higher elevations down to sea level); during Santa Ana conditions, it is typically hotter along the coast than in the deserts. As the Santa Ana winds are channeled through the mountain passes they can approach hurricane force. The combination of speed, heat, and dryness turns the [[chaparral]] into explosive fuel for the infamous [[wildfire]]s the region is known for. |
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*[[Pineapple Express]]: A complex combination of events, bringing high levels of torrential precipitation to California. The Pineapple Express occurs when the [[jet stream]] dips across California, and warm, humid air from the mid-Pacific (from the vicinity of [[Hawaii]]–hence, the name) is drawn towards California. The resulting combination can cause extraordinarily heavy rains. A January 2005 Pineapple Express dropped nearly 25 inches (63.5 cm) of rain in [[Santa Barbara County]]. |
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*[[Tule fog]]: A thick ground [[fog]] that settles in the [[San Joaquin Valley]] and [[Sacramento Valley]] areas of the [[California Central Valley]]. Tule fog forms during the mid [[autumn|fall]], winter to early spring after the first significant rainfall. This phenomenon is named after the [[Tule|tule grass]] wetlands of the Central Valley. Tule fog can extend from [[Bakersfield, California|Bakersfield]] to [[Chico, California|Chico]]. Accidents caused by the tule fog are the leading cause of weather-related deaths in California; visibility is usually less than an eighth of a mile (about 600 feet or 183–200 m), but can be less than 10 feet (3 m). |
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*[[May Gray]]/[[June Gloom]]: A characteristic weather pattern of late spring (May and June) in which a combination of inland heat, off-shore cool water, and prevailing wind patterns bring foggy and overcast weather to coastal regions. From [[Point Conception]] northwards the gloom continues until early autumn. (See also: [[Catalina eddy]]) |
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*[[Marine layer]]: The cool, moist layer of air coming in from the ocean which typically includes fog. A standard weather phenomenon along the northern and central California coast from late spring to early fall. |
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*"[[Earthquake weather]]:" Any unseasonal, uncomfortable weather, typically hot and more humid than usual, and often associated with high and mid-level clouds, is spoken of (usually jokingly) as "earthquake weather." {{Citation needed|date=September 2009}} |
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==Gallery== |
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<center><gallery> |
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Image:Redwood and people.jpg|Visitors at [[Redwood National Park]]. |
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Image:Leadbetter beach.jpg|Mediterranean climate at [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]]. |
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Image:Storms in California.jpg|Storms over California. |
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File:Storms in California.OGG|Storms over California. |
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</gallery></center> |
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==See also== |
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*[[List_of_wettest_tropical_cyclones_in_the_United_States#California|List of wettest known tropical cyclones in California]] |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/CALIFORNIA.htm More about the climate of California] |
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*[http://conifercountry.com/nwCalifornia/climate.html Climate of Northwest California] |
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{{ClimateUS}} |
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{{California}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Climate Of California}} |
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[[Category:Climate of California| ]] |
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[[ar:مناخ كاليفورنيا]] |
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[[es:Clima de California]] |
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[[fi:Kalifornian ilmasto]] |
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[[ja:カリフォルニア州の気候]] |
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