Multiple citizenship

Template:Legal status Multiple citizenship is a status in which a person is concurrently regarded as a citizen under the laws of more than one state. Multiple citizenships exist because different countries use different, and not necessarily mutually exclusive, citizenship requirements. Colloquial speech refers to people "holding" multiple citizenship but technically each nation makes a claim that this person be considered its national. For this reason, it is possible for a person to be a citizen of one or more countries, or even no country.

Citizenship of multiple countries

Individual countries follow their own rationales in establishing their criteria for citizenship. Each country has different requirements for citizenship, as well as different policies regarding dual citizenship. These laws sometimes leave gaps where the acquisition of other citizenships does not render the original citizenship invalid, creating a possible situation for an individual to hold two or more nationalities. Here are common reasons to bestow citizenship:

• At least one parent is a citizen (jus sanguinis).
• The person was born on the country's territory (jus soli)
• The person marries a person holding the citizenship (jure matrimonii).
• The person becomes naturalized.
• The person was adopted from another country as a minor and at least one adoptive parent is a citizen.
• The person, a few countries, makes a substantial monetary investment: Austria, Cyprus, Dominica and St. Kitts & Nevis.

Once citizenship is bestowed, the bestowing country may or may not consider a voluntary renunciation of that citizenship to be valid. In the case of naturalization, some countries require applicants for naturalization to renounce their former citizenship. However, this renunciation may not be recognized by the bestowing country. Technically, the person in question may still possess both citizenships.

For example, the US requires applicants for naturalization to renounce all prior allegiance to any other nation or sovereignty as part of the naturalization ceremony. In the case of a British citizen, however, the UK honors renunciation of citizenship only if done with competent UK authorities. Consequently, British citizens naturalized in the US remain British citizens in the eyes of the British government even after they renounce British allegiance to the satisfaction of U.S. authorities.

The Republic of Ireland frames its citizenship laws as relating to "the island of Ireland", thereby extending them to Northern Ireland, which is part of the United Kingdom. Therefore, anyone born in Northern Ireland who meets the requirements for being an Irish citizen through birth on the island of Ireland (or a child born outside of Ireland but with a qualifying parent) may exercise an entitlement to Irish citizenship by acting in such a way that only an Irish citizen is entitled to do (such as applying for an Irish passport). Conversely, that such a person has not acted in this way does not necessarily mean that they are not an Irish citizen. See Irish nationality law and British nationality law. People born in Northern Ireland are British citizens on the same basis as people born elsewhere in the United Kingdom. People born in Northern Ireland may choose to hold a British Passport, an Irish Passport, or both.

Multiple citizenship prohibited/discouraged

Some countries consider multiple citizenship undesirable and take measures to prevent it. This may take the following forms:

1. Automatic loss of citizenship if another citizenship is acquired voluntarily (such as Azerbaijan, China, Czech Republic, Denmark, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Nepal, the Netherlands, Norway). In the case of the Czech Republic, two specific exceptions apply: restoration of Czech citizenship (while keeping the one possessed to date) when the citizenship of former Czechoslovakia was illegally taken away in the years 1948-1990 by the Communist regime and Czechs, as former Czechoslovakians who, as of September 31, 1992, had their Slovak citizenship that caused the automatic loss of their Czech citizenship could apply to regain that Czech citizenship without losing the Slovak one.
2. Possible (but not automatic) loss of citizenship if another citizenship is acquired voluntarily (such as Singapore, South Africa).
3. Possible (but not automatic) loss of citizenship if people with multiple citizenships do not renounce their other citizenships after reaching the age of majority or within a certain period of time after obtaining multiple citizenships (such as Japan and Montenegro. In Montenegro loss is automatic with some exceptions.)

1. Criminal penalties for exercising another citizenship (such as Saudi Arabia).

In popular discourse, reference to countries that "recognise" multiple citizenship sometimes refer only to the lack of any specific statute forbidding multiple citizenship (leaving aside the difficulties of enforcing such statutes).

Some countries have more complex rules on dual and multiple citizenship. For example, Germany and Austria usually do not allow dual citizenship except for persons who obtain more than one citizenship at the time of birth Germans and Austrians can apply for a permit to keep their citizenship (Beibehaltungsgenehmigung) before taking a second one (such as Arnold Schwarzenegger holds Austrian and U.S. citizenship). In general however, any Austrian who takes up a second citizenship will automatically lose their Austrian citizenship. Spain has dual citizenship treaties with Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Paraguay, Peru, the Dominican Republic, Argentina, and Honduras, and Spaniards residing in these countries do not lose their rights as Spaniards if they adopt that nationality. For all other countries, Spanish citizenship is revoked upon the acquisition of foreign citizenship.

Dual Citizenship Impacting on Patriotism and Creating Unrest for the Global Peace

Written by Md Hasibur Rahman, Dual Citizenship is very vulnerable for global peace and ultimately vanishing patriotism from a person. In a particular a person with dual citizenship has greater flexibility of choices of where to live and works. In fact when someone has multiple citizenship then the person never be a patriot equal to the people living in homeland/motherland. Dual citizens never pay actual tax to any country, where they born or migrated, they move around for their own benefit not for any nation They never invest to any country only procure houses, flats and business shares for their own purpose, because they have multiple choices and facilities to reside. Dual citizens can have diverse advantages; they are just like the birds of spring. In this way, countries safety and security remain in a delicate position. Thus, the behaves of anyone with dual or multiple citizenship need to investigate for the specific situation very carefully. We are the people of global village so we have to love this earth and take-care this global village for the present and future generation. Global peace can’t be established without cancellation of dual citizenship and implement single citizenship policy. Indian government's and law maker understand the impacts of dual citizenship and they permitted Overseas Citizens of India (OCI) and Person of Indian Origin (POI) programs are often incorrectly described as offering "dual nationality" or "dual citizenship." The OCI and POI programs do offer card holders some travel and residency privileges. So, the government of Bangladesh and law makers needs to implement the law for dual citizenship for the peace of the country. It is time to take initiative steps from the world leaders and policy makers to phase-out the dual citizenship and to re-arrange the international immigration law for the multinational citizen. On the other hand, it is global rights to create trouble-free visa policy for job seeker, students and travelers to reduce poverty, hunger, retribution, jealousy to mitigate of world unrest and to established global peace. Key words: Dual citizenship, Patriotism, Global rights, Global peace, What is dual citizenship?

A person having two passport for two countries, one of his original country another one where, which country he/she migrated as a citizen. Then the personal can hold dual passport for dual citizenship. Citizens not lose his/her original citizenship if you become a U.S. citizen through naturalization. However, because some countries do not recognize dual citizenship, it is important to check the nationality laws and policies of home country. If any one automatically granted foreign citizenship, you will not lose U.S. citizenship. However, if any one granted foreign citizenship because he/she applied for it, he/she may lose U.S. citizenship. The application must have been made by free choice with the intention of giving up your U.S. citizenship. The concept of dual nationality means that a person is a citizen of two countries at the same time. Each country has its own citizenship laws based on its own policy. Persons may have dual nationality by automatic operation of different laws rather than by choice. For example, a child born in a foreign country to U.S. citizen parents may be both a U.S. citizen and a citizen of the country of birth.

Reflection of Dual Citizenship:

What is the reflection of dual citizenship; it is vanishing patriotism from a citizen. The person never can love any country when having multiple citizenships, multiple passports and having multiple choices. They became like a birds of spring. They never pay actual tax to any country, where they born or migrated, they move around for their own benefit not for any nation. They never invest to any country only buy house and flat for their own purpose because they have multiple choice and facilities. We are the people of global village so we have to love this earth and take-care this global village for the present and future generation. The love of a country means patriotism; it is natural feelings and emotion. When a person think about a country as a motherland or only one country to live and invest then the feelings patriotism will come in his/her mind automatically. If anyone has a multiple choices then the feelings of patriotism will become weaken and ultimately it will vanish some day from their mind. Global peace can’t be established without cancellation of dual citizenship and implement single citizenship policy. Dual citizenship can have distinct advantages. In particular, a person with dual citizenship has greater flexibility of choices where to live and works. Those people of Bangladeshi having dual passport they enter to the country with their Bangladeshi passport take the facilities without paying any arrival tax and having other facilities as a Bangladeshi citizen but after end of their visit they shows their foreign countries passport such as (USA, Canada, UK, EU citizenship passport) and get VIP treatment during departure. How many days they stay to country and how much they spend in Bangladesh there shouldn’t be any accountability? So, anyone with dual or multiple citizenship needs to investigate for the specific situation very carefully. What a dull idea of international immigrant law about permitting dual citizenship? In this way global peace can’t be established by permitting dual citizenship. Brief overview on dual citizenship: In general, countries define citizenship based on one's descent, place of birth, marriage, and/or naturalization. That is, you might be a citizen of a given country for one or more of the following reasons (Richard, 1991-2011): • You were born on territory belonging to, or claimed by, that country (often called ius soli, or sometimes jus soli -- Latin for "right of the soil"). • One or both of your parents were citizens of that country (often called ius sanguinis or jus sanguinis -- Latin for "right of the blood"). • You married a citizen of that country (though please note that the practice of granting immediate, automatic citizenship to a foreign spouse is far less prevalent today than it was decades ago). • You (or one or both of your parents) obtained that country's citizenship by going through a legal process of naturalization. The exact details will, not surprisingly, depend on the laws of the country in question. For example, the US limits its application of ius sanguinis by requiring American parents to have lived for a certain period of time in the US before foreign-born children can be entitled to US citizenship by birth. Many countries (Switzerland is one example) do not confer citizenship via ius soli at all, and those which do generally make exceptions for children of foreign diplomats. Automatic citizenship via marriage is rare nowadays; more commonly, marriage may allow one spouse a "fast track" to immigration to the other spouse's country, but a period of non-citizen permanent residence would still be required before the immigrant spouse could obtain a new citizenship via naturalization. Since there can be several ways to acquire a given country's citizenship, it is possible for someone to be considered a citizen under the laws of two (or more) countries at the same time. This is what is meant by dual (or multiple) citizenship. In 2006, India launched the "Overseas Citizens of India" (OCI) program, which has often been mischaracterized as a dual nationality program. It does not grant Indian citizenship. An OCI card holder, however, does not receive an Indian passport, cannot vote in Indian elections, and is not eligible for Indian government employment. The Indian government's Overseas Citizens of India (OCI) and Person of Indian Origin (POI) programs are often incorrectly described as offering "dual nationality" or "dual citizenship." The OCI and POI programs do offer card holders some travel and residency privileges. The Constitution of India does not allow holding Indian citizenship and citizenship of a foreign country simultaneously. Based on the recommendation of the High Level committee on Indian Diaspora, the Government of India decided to grant Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) commonly known as ‘dual citizenship’. Persons registered as OCI have not been given any voting rights, election to Lok Sabha/Rajya Sabha/Legislative Assembly/Council, holding Constitutional posts such as President, Vice President, Judge of Supreme Court/High Court etc.

Impacts of dual citizenship: Countries usually frame their citizenship laws with little or no regard for the citizenship laws of other countries. In some cases, a country may seek to restrict dual citizenship by requiring one of its citizens born with some other citizenship to renounce (give up) the other citizenship upon reaching adulthood. Similarly, newly naturalized citizens in some (but not all) countries are required to renounce their previous citizenship(s); the US has such a requirement, for example, but Canada does not. And in some (but, again, not all) cases, a country will automatically revoke the citizenship of one of its citizens who acquires another country's citizenship by naturalization, even if no explicit renunciation was involved. Where one country requires a citizen to renounce the citizenship of another country, this renunciation may or may not be acknowledged or accepted by the other country. This can sometimes lead to sticky legal situations. Also, countries which require such renunciations differ in how seriously they treat this requirement. In some cases (such as Singapore), an applicant for naturalization may be required by his new country to go to an embassy or consulate of his old country and renounce his old citizenship in a manner prescribed by his old country's laws. As a general rule, dual citizens have dual voting rights, the problem is overestimated even if voting rights are exercised in two or more countries and dual citizen residing abroad usually have voting rights. So, despite the benefit of dual citizenship some countries resist the increasing tolerance towards it because of fears about the consequence of dual voting, lack of integration, loyalty, and of a devaluation of citizenship (Thomas etal. 2008). So, anyone with dual or multiple citizen needs to investigate about their investment and movement very observantly. Every country has its won safety and security law for the state and citizen. But when migrated peoples become a citizen then the person will be treated as equal citizen rights. In fact when some one has multiple citizenship then the person never be a patriot equal to the people of homeland or motherland. Because, dual citizen have multiple choices for investment and residency. In this way, countries safety and security remain in a delicate position. Anti-Western terrorist groups, some on the U.S. government's list of foreign terrorist organizations, are active in different country, including religion extremist groups. The U.S. government continues to receive information that terrorist groups are planning attacks that could take place in different locations. Though not directed specifically at Westerners, the violence frequently occurs in densely-populated or high-traffic areas for maximum impact areas in different country. Now, time to think about why recession of world economy increasing poverty and job crisis all over the world. Why the occurrence held 9/11 and London unrest? Find out the fact is there lots of migrated peoples having dual citizenship all over the world and there is lack of patriotism among the migrated citizen? Dual citizenship now becomes as a big issue for the unrest of global peace and economical instability. Conclusion: It is time to take initiative steps from the world leaders and policy makers to phase-out the dual citizenship and to re-arrange the international immigration law for the multinational citizen. If a citizen migrates to foreign country the person must hold only one passport for one contrary’s citizenship. When we think about migrated country as a mother land then patriotism will reflect in our mind and soul. The citizen will realize that now to hold single passport for single citizenship forever not any multinational or dual citizenship facility. Then ultimately the citizen will concentrate to participate in development activities for better economy. Because any terrible economy or broken social environment he/she and their inheritors will suffer now-and-then in future. So patriotism will reveal for the country where the citizen will reside. It is very significant to cancellation of dual citizenship policy for the peace of the earth. On the other hand, it is global rights to create trouble-free visa policy for job seeker, students, and travelers to reduce poverty, hunger, retribution, jealousy and mitigation of world unrest. Dual Citizenship is very vulnerable for global peace it’s vanishing patriotism from a person from the earth. Now-a-days, Bangladeshi politicians, government's higher level officers, diplomats, industrialist all are having dual citizenship. They just stay in this country for earning money and fame. All of their children's are staying abroad like England, Canada, USA, Australia and other country. At the end of their earning money they just leave this country and stay with their family at abroad. What is the meaning of patriotism a dual citizen never be realized. Indian government and department of Immigration Law came to realize this situation and not permitting dual citizenship they have permitted Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) (Not a Dual Citizenship). So, the government of Bangladesh and law makers needs to rearrange the law for dual citizenship for the peace of the country. Otherwise there would be a dangerous future for Bangladesh; there could be no patriotism activities in near future in Bangladesh well as in migrated countries.

References:

1. Dual Citizenship FAQ: Dual Nationality and United States Law by Rich Wales (Copyright © 1991-2011 Richard B. Wales).

2. India Country Specific Information

3. OCI (Overseas Citizenship of India) (not a Dual Citizenship)

4. United States Permanent Resident Card

5. Thomas, etal, (2008). “Dual Citizenship in an Age of Mobility” MPI Migration Policy Institute, 2008.

6. United States Citizenship and Immigration Services

7. State Department Services Dual Nationality

Multiple citizenship encouraged

Some countries consider multiple citizenship desirable as it increases opportunities for their citizens to compete globally, and/or have taken active steps towards permitting multiple citizenship in recent years (such as Switzerland since 1 January 1992 and Australia since 4 April 2002).

India introduced a form of overseas citizenship, which stops just short of full dual citizenship and is in all aspects, like Permanent Residency.

Subnational citizenship

• Under the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, all persons born or naturalized in the United States, and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they are deemed to reside. Certain rights accrue as an incident of state citizenship and access to federal courts can sometimes be determined on State citizenship.
• Switzerland has a three tier system of citizenship - Confederation, canton and commune (municipality).
• Although considered part of the United Kingdom for British nationality purposes, the Crown Dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man have local legislation restricting certain employment and housing rights to those with "local status". Although the British citizenship of people from these islands gives them full citizenship rights when in the United Kingdom, it does not give them the rights that British citizenship generally confers when in other parts of the European Union (for example, the right to reside and/or work).
• The Australian territory of Norfolk Island has immigration laws that restrict residence in the territory to those with "local status". Most Norfolk Islanders are Australian citizens.
• The statuses of permanent residency of Hong Kong and Macau, each a Special Administrative Region of the People's Republic of China, are overlaid on Chinese nationality as stipulated in their respective basic laws. Those who concurrently have Chinese nationality and permanent residency in either SAR are entitled a Chinese passport issued by that SAR, which affords them more visa waivers. Laws may confer specific rights to certain persons by virtue of being a Chinese national (such as the right to transmit nationality by birth), a resident (permanent or all) of the region (e.g. right to vote in local elections), or a combination of both (such as the right to hold public office above a certain level). It is now possible to be a permanent resident of both Special Administrative Regions.
• People from Åland have joint regional (Åland) and national (Finnish) citizenship. People with Ålandic citizenship (hembygdsrätt) have the right to buy property and set up a business on Åland, but Finns without regional citizenship cannot. Finns can get Ålandic citizenship after living on the islands for five years, and Ålanders lose their regional citizenship after living on the Finnish mainland for five years.
• The government of Puerto Rico began issuing Puerto Rican citizenship certificates in September 2007 after Juan Mari Brás, a lifelong supporter of independence, won a successful court victory that validated his claim that Puerto Rican citizenship was valid and can be claimed by anyone born on the island or with at least one parent who was born there.
• In Bosnia and Herzegovina, citizens hold also citizenship of their respective entity which is generally the Entity of their residence. It can be either citizenship of Republika Srpska or of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. One cannot hold both entity citizenships simultaneously.

Former

• Following the federalization of Czechoslovakia in 1968, Czechoslovak citizens also possessed an internal citizenship of either the Czech or Slovak Republic. Upon the nation's peaceful dissolution in 1993, this was used to determine whether they ought to receive Czech or Slovak citizenship.
• Before the break-up of Yugoslavia in 1991, Yugoslav citizens possessed an internal citizenship of their own republic (Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia etc.) as well as Yugoslav citizenship. In Serbia and Montenegro, this system was in effect until 2006.

Supra-national citizenship

• In European Union law there is the concept of EU citizenship which flows from citizenship of a member state. A citizen of an EU country is free to live and to work in another EU country for an unlimited period of time, but member states may reserve the right to vote in national elections, stand for national election, become a public servant in highly sensitive ministries (Defence for example), etc. only for their citizens. An EU state may place restrictions on the free movement rights of citizens of newly admitted states for several years, such provisions remain in force mostly for nationals of Bulgaria and Romania (no later than 2014 but 2016 for Switzerland); in the past, and to a lesser extent, such provisions also affected Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary and Slovenia.
• The Commonwealth of Nations has a Commonwealth citizenship for the citizens of its members. Some member states (such as the United Kingdom) allow non-nationals who are Commonwealth citizens to vote and stand for election while resident there. Others make little or no distinction between citizens of other Commonwealth nations and citizens of non-Commonwealth nations.
• Commonwealth of Independent States nations (the republics of the former Soviet Union) are often eligible for fast track processing to citizenships of other CIS countries, with varying degrees of recognition/tolerance of dual citizenship among the states.

Overseas citizenship

There is an alternative form of Indian nationality, the Overseas Citizen of India. The Constitution of India does not permit dual citizenship or dual nationality, except for minors where the second nationality was involuntarily acquired. Indian authorities interpreted this to mean a person cannot have another country's passport while simultaneously holding an Indian one, even the for a child claimed by another country as its citizen, who may be required by the laws of this country to use the corresponding passports for foreign travel (such as a child born in the United States to Indian parents). Indian courts have given the executive branch wide discretion over this matter.

The Overseas Citizenship of India is not a full citizenship of India and so is exempt from the rule.However, bearers may not vote, run for office, join the army, or take up government posts. Moreover, people who have acquired citizenship in Pakistan or Bangladesh are not eligible for Overseas Citizenship.

Potential issues with multiple citizenship

National cohesiveness

Some have questioned whether allowing dual citizenship impedes cultural assimilation, increases disconnection from the political process, and degrades national identity/cohesiveness.

The rise in tension between mainstream and migrant communities is cited as evidence of the need to maintain a strong national identity and culture. They assert that the fact that a second citizenship can be obtained without giving anything up (such as the loss of public benefits, welfare, healthcare, retirement funds, and job opportunities in the country of origin in exchange for citizenship in a new country) both trivializes what it means to be a citizen and nullifies the consequential, transformational, and psychological change that occurs in an individual when they go through the naturalization process.

In effect, the self-centered taking of an additional citizenship contradicts what it means to be a citizen in that it becomes a convenient and painless means of attaining improved economic opportunity without any real consequences and can just as easily be discarded when it is no longer beneficial. Proponents argue that dual citizenship can actually encourage political activity providing an avenue for immigrants who are unwilling to forsake their country of origin either out of loyalty or due to a feeling of separation from the mainstream society because of language, culture, religion, or ethnicity.

A 2007 academic study concluded that dual citizens had a negative effect on the assimilation and political connectedness of first generation Latino immigrants to the United States:

• 32% less likely to be fluent in English
• 18% less likely to identify as "American"
• 19% less likely to consider the US as their homeland
• 18% less likely to express high levels of civic duty
• 9% less likely to register to vote
• 15% less likely to have ever voted in a national election

The study also noted that although dual nationality likely disconnects immigrants from the American political system and impedes assimilation, the initial signs suggest that these effects seem to be limited almost exclusively to the first generation (although it is mentioned that a full assessment of dual nationality beyond the first generation is not possible with present data).

Concern over the effect of multiple citizenship on national cohesiveness is generally more acute in the United States. The reason for this is twofold:

• The United States is a "civic" nation and not an "ethnic" nation. American citizenship is not based on belonging to a particular ethnicity, but on political loyalty to American democracy and values. Regimes based on ethnicity, which support the doctrine of perpetual allegiance as one is always a member of the ethnic nation, are not concerned with assimilating non-ethnics since they can never become true citizens. In contrast, the essence of a civic nation makes it imperative that immigrants assimilate into the greater whole as there is not an "ethnic" cohesiveness uniting the populace.
• The United States is an immigrant nation. It has prospered due to its generous immigration policy of taking in and absorbing a very diverse stock of immigrants. As immigration is primarily directed at family reunification and/or refugee status rather than education and job skills, the pool of candidates tends to be poorer, less educated, and consistently from less stable countries (either non-democracies or fragile ones) with less familiarity or understanding of American values, making their assimilation more difficult and important.

The degree of angst over the effects of dual citizenship seemingly corresponds to a country's model for managing immigration and ethnic diversity:

• The differential exclusionary model, which accepts immigrants as temporary "guestworkers" but is highly restrictive with regard to other forms of immigration and to naturalisation of immigrants. Japan, China, Taiwan, and the countries of the Middle East tend to follow this approach.
• The assimilationist model, which accepts that immigrants obtain citizenship, but on the condition that they give up any cultural, linguistic, or social characteristics that differ from those of the majority population. The United States is the primary example of this model and given its massive immigration tradition and increasingly diverse population, is very sensitive to matters regarding integration (see Immigration to the United States).
• The multicultural model, which grants immigrants access to citizenship and to equal rights without demanding that they give up cultural, linguistic, and/or intermarriage restrictions or otherwise pressure them to integrate or inter-mix with the mainstream population. Europe, Canada, and Australia have historically taken this approach, but there is some evidence that they are moving gradually toward the assimilationist model (especially in Europe as the number of non-European immigrants to the continent continues to increase) (see Immigration to Europe).

Appearance of foreign allegiance

Template:Globalize/US People with multiple citizenship may be viewed as having dual loyalty, having the potential to act contrary to a government's interests, and this may lead to difficulties in acquiring government employment where security clearance may be required.

In the United States, dual citizenship is associated with two categories of security concerns: foreign influence and foreign preference. Contrary to common misconceptions, dual citizenship in itself is not the major problem in obtaining or retaining security clearance in the United States. As a matter of fact, if a security clearance applicant's dual citizenship is "based solely on parents' citizenship or birth in a foreign country", that can be a mitigating condition. However, taking advantage of the entitlements of a non-US citizenship can cause problems. For example, possession and/or use of a foreign passport is a condition disqualifying one from security clearance and "is not mitigated by reasons of personal convenience, safety, requirements of foreign law, or the identity of the foreign country" as is explicitly clarified in a Department of Defense policy memorandum which defines a guideline requiring that "any clearance be denied or revoked unless the applicant surrenders the foreign passport or obtains official permission for its use from the appropriate agency of the United States Government".

This guideline has been followed in administrative rulings by the United States Department of Defense (DoD) Defense Office of Hearings and Appeals (DOHA) office of Industrial Security Clearance Review (ISCR), which decides cases involving security clearances for Contractor personnel doing classified work for all DoD components. In one such case, an administrative judge ruled that it is not clearly consistent with US national interest to grant a request for a security clearance to an applicant who was a dual national of the US and Ireland, despite the fact that it has with good relations with the US.

Multiple citizenship among politicians

This perception of dual loyalty can apply even when the job in question does not require security clearance. In the United States, dual citizenship is not very common among politicians or government employees; however, it does occur. For example, Arnold Schwarzenegger retained his Austrian citizenship during his service as a Governor of California. In 1999, the U.S. Attorney General's office issued an official opinion that a statutory provision that required the Justice Department not to employ a non-"citizen of the United States" did not bar it from employing dual citizens.

In 2006, Boris Johnson (at the time a Member of the British Parliament and afterward Mayor of London) renounced the US citizenship he had acquired by being born in New York. He declared: "After 42 happy years I am getting a divorce from America. It is not just that I no longer want an American passport. In fact, what I want is the right not to have an American passport." His renunciation was prompted by US laws that require a US citizen entering the United States to use a US passport, rather than any other passport.

A small controversy arose in 2005 when Michaëlle Jean was appointed the Governor General of Canada (official representative of the Queen). Although Jean no longer holds citizenship in her native Haiti, her marriage to French-born filmmaker Jean-Daniel Lafond allowed her to obtain French citizenship several years before her appointment. Article 23-8 of the French civil code allows the French government to withdraw the French nationality from French citizens holding government or military positions in other countries and Jean's appointment made her both de facto head of state and commander-in-chief of the Canadian forces. The French embassy released a statement that this law would not be enforced because the Governor General is essentially a ceremonial figurehead. Nevertheless, Jean renounced her French citizenship two days before taking up office to end the controversy about it.

However, former Canadian Prime Minister John Turner was born in the United Kingdom and still retains his dual citizenship. Stéphane Dion, former head of the Liberal Party of Canada and the previous leader of the official opposition, holds dual citizenship with France as a result of his mother's nationality; Dion has, however, indicated a willingness to renounce French citizenship if a significant number of Canadians view it negatively, in order not to hamper his party's prospects in a future election.

The Constitution of Australia, in Section 44(i), explicitly forbids people who hold foreign citizenship from sitting in the parliament of Australia. A court case (see Sue v Hill) determined that the UK is a foreign power for purposes of this section of the constitution, despite Australia holding a common nationality with it at the time that the Constitution was written, and that Senator-elect Heather Hill had not been duly elected to the national parliament because at the time of her election she was a subject or citizen of a foreign power. (This restriction does not apply to members of the state parliaments, where regulations vary by state.)

In New Zealand, controversy arose in 2003 when Labour MP Harry Duynhoven applied to renew his citizenship of the Netherlands. Duynhoven, the New Zealand-born son of a Dutch-born father, had possessed dual citizenship from birth but had temporarily lost his Dutch citizenship due to a 1995 change in Dutch law regarding non-residents. While New Zealand's Electoral Act allowed candidates with dual citizenship to be elected as MPs, Section 55 of the Act stated that an MP who applied for citizenship of a foreign power after taking office would forfeit his/her seat. This was regarded by many as a technicality, however; and Duynhoven, with his large electoral majority, was almost certain to re-enter Parliament in the event of a by-election. As such, the Labour Government retrospectively amended the Act, thus enabling Duynhoven to retain his seat. The amendment, nicknamed "Harry's Law", was passed by a majority of 61 votes to 56. The revised Act allows exceptions to Section 55 on the grounds of an MP's country/place of birth, descent, or renewing a foreign passport issued before the MP took office.

Both the current Estonian president Toomas Hendrik Ilves and the former Lithuanian president Valdas Adamkus had been naturalized US citizens prior to assuming their offices. Both have renounced their U.S. citizenships: Ilves in 1993 and Adamkus in 1998. This was necessary because neither individual's new country permits retention of a former citizenship. Adamkus was a high-ranking official in the Environmental Protection Agency, a federal government department, during his time in the United States.

Taxation

In some cases, multiple citizenship can create additional tax liability. Countries that impose tax normally use a combination of source and residency when determining if a person is subject to taxation, except for the US which uses citizenship:

• Residency: a country may tax the income of anyone who lives there, regardless of citizenship or whether the income was earned in that country or abroad;
• Source: a country may tax any income generated there, regardless of whether the earner is a citizen, resident, or non-resident; or
• Citizenship: the United States taxes the worldwide income of their citizens, regardless of whether they reside in the US or not.

Only two countries base taxation on citizenship: the United States and Eritrea..A few countries, such as the Philippines considers citizenship to a limited extent. Only U.S. expatriates are subject to tax on all of their worldwide income, although U.S. law provides measures to reduce or eliminate double taxation issues for some expatriates. It has been reported that some U.S. expatriates have renounced U.S. citizenship in order to avoid this tax burden.

A person with multiple citizenship may have a tax liability to his country of residence and also to one or more of his countries of citizenship; or worse, if unaware that one of his citizenships created a tax liability, that country may consider the person to be a tax evader. Many countries and territories have contracted tax treaties or agreements for avoiding double taxation. Still, there are cases in which a person with multiple citizenship will owe tax solely on the basis of holding one of those citizenships.

For example, a person who holds both Australian and United States citizenship, lives and works in Australia. He would be subject to Australian taxation, because Australia taxes its residents, and he would be subject to US taxation because he holds US citizenship. In general, he would be allowed to subtract the Australian income tax he paid from the US tax that would be due. Plus, the US will allow some parts of foreign income to be exempt from taxation; for instance, in 2006 the foreign earned income exclusion allowed up to US$82,400 of foreign salaried income to be exempt from income tax. This exemption, plus the credit for foreign taxes paid mentioned above, often results in no US taxes being owed, although a US tax return would still have to be filed. In instances where the Australian tax was less than the US tax, and if there was income that could not be exempted from US tax, the US would expect any tax due to be paid.

The United States Internal Revenue Service has excluded some regulations such as Alternative Minimum Tax (AMT) from tax treaties that protect double taxation. In its current format even if US citizens are paying income taxes at a rate of 56%, far above the maximum US marginal tax rate, the citizen can be subject to US taxes because the calculation of native Minimum Tax does not allow full deduction for taxes paid to a foreign country. Other regulations such as the post date of foreign mailed tax returns are not recognized and can result in penalties for late filing if they arrive at the IRS later than the filing date.

Issues with international travel

Many countries, even those that permit multiple citizenship, do not explicitly recognise multiple citizenship under their laws: individuals are treated either as citizens of that country or not, and their citizenship with respect to other countries is considered to have no bearing. This can mean (in Iran, Mexico, many Arab countries, and former Soviet republics) that consular officials abroad may not have access to their citizens if they also hold local citizenship. Some countries provide access for consular officials as a matter of courtesy, but do not accept any obligation to do so under international consular agreements. The right of countries to act in this fashion is protected via the Master Nationality Rule.

Multiple citizens who travel to a country that claims them as a citizen may be required to enter or leave the country on that country's passport. For example, in terms of the South African Citizenship Act, it is an offence for someone aged at least 18 with South African citizenship and another citizenship to enter or depart the Republic of South Africa by using of the passport of another country. They may also be required to fulfill requirements ordinarily required of its resident citizens, including compulsory military service or exit permits.

See also

• Naturalization
• Immigration
• Nationality
• Nationality law
• Canadians of convenience
• Talbot v. Janson

Dual Citizenship Impacting on Patriotism and Creating Unrest for the Global Peace.

Md. Hasibur Rahman Dual Citizenship is very vulnerable for global peace and ultimately vanishing patriotism from a person. In a particular a person with dual citizenship has greater flexibility of choices of where to live and works. In fact when someone has multiple citizenship then the person never be a patriot equal to the people living in homeland/motherland. Dual citizens never pay actual tax to any country, where they born or migrated, they move around for their own benefit not for any nation They never invest to any country only procure houses, flats and business shares for their own purpose, because they have multiple choices and facilities to reside. Dual citizens can have diverse advantages; they are just like the birds of spring. In this way, countries safety and security remain in a delicate position. Thus, the behaves of anyone with dual or multiple citizenship need to investigate for the specific situation very carefully. We are the people of global village so we have to love this earth and take-care this global village for the present and future generation. Global peace can’t be established without cancellation of dual citizenship and implement single citizenship policy. Indian government's and law maker understand the impacts of dual citizenship and they permitted Overseas Citizens of India (OCI) and Person of Indian Origin (POI) programs are often incorrectly described as offering "dual nationality" or "dual citizenship." The OCI and POI programs do offer card holders some travel and residency privileges. So, the government of Bangladesh and law makers needs to implement the law for dual citizenship for the peace of the country. It is time to take initiative steps from the world leaders and policy makers to phase-out the dual citizenship and to re-arrange the international immigration law for the multinational citizen. On the other hand, it is global rights to create trouble-free visa policy for job seeker, students and travelers to reduce poverty, hunger, retribution, jealousy to mitigate of world unrest and to established global peace. Key words: Dual citizenship, Patriotism, Global rights, Global peace, What is dual citizenship?

A person having two passport for two countries, one of his original country another one where, which country he/she migrated as a citizen. Then the personal can hold dual passport for dual citizenship. Citizens not lose his/her original citizenship if you become a U.S. citizen through naturalization. However, because some countries do not recognize dual citizenship, it is important to check the nationality laws and policies of home country. If any one automatically granted foreign citizenship, you will not lose U.S. citizenship. However, if any one granted foreign citizenship because he/she applied for it, he/she may lose U.S. citizenship. The application must have been made by free choice with the intention of giving up your U.S. citizenship. The concept of dual nationality means that a person is a citizen of two countries at the same time. Each country has its own citizenship laws based on its own policy. Persons may have dual nationality by automatic operation of different laws rather than by choice. For example, a child born in a foreign country to U.S. citizen parents may be both a U.S. citizen and a citizen of the country of birth.

Reflection of Dual Citizenship:

What is the reflection of dual citizenship; it is vanishing patriotism from a citizen. The person never can love any country when having multiple citizenships, multiple passports and having multiple choices. They became like a birds of spring. They never pay actual tax to any country, where they born or migrated, they move around for their own benefit not for any nation. They never invest to any country only buy house and flat for their own purpose because they have multiple choice and facilities. We are the people of global village so we have to love this earth and take-care this global village for the present and future generation. The love of a country means patriotism; it is natural feelings and emotion. When a person think about a country as a motherland or only one country to live and invest then the feelings patriotism will come in his/her mind automatically. If anyone has a multiple choices then the feelings of patriotism will become weaken and ultimately it will vanish some day from their mind. Global peace can’t be established without cancellation of dual citizenship and implement single citizenship policy. Dual citizenship can have distinct advantages. In particular, a person with dual citizenship has greater flexibility of choices where to live and works. Those people of Bangladeshi having dual passport they enter to the country with their Bangladeshi passport take the facilities without paying any arrival tax and having other facilities as a Bangladeshi citizen but after end of their visit they shows their foreign countries passport such as (USA, Canada, UK, EU citizenship passport) and get VIP treatment during departure. How many days they stay to country and how much they spend in Bangladesh there shouldn’t be any accountability? So, anyone with dual or multiple citizenship needs to investigate for the specific situation very carefully. What a dull idea of international immigrant law about permitting dual citizenship? In this way global peace can’t be established by permitting dual citizenship. Brief overview on dual citizenship: In general, countries define citizenship based on one's descent, place of birth, marriage, and/or naturalization. That is, you might be a citizen of a given country for one or more of the following reasons (Richard, 1991-2011): • You were born on territory belonging to, or claimed by, that country (often called ius soli, or sometimes jus soli -- Latin for "right of the soil"). • One or both of your parents were citizens of that country (often called ius sanguinis or jus sanguinis -- Latin for "right of the blood"). • You married a citizen of that country (though please note that the practice of granting immediate, automatic citizenship to a foreign spouse is far less prevalent today than it was decades ago). • You (or one or both of your parents) obtained that country's citizenship by going through a legal process of naturalization. The exact details will, not surprisingly, depend on the laws of the country in question. For example, the US limits its application of ius sanguinis by requiring American parents to have lived for a certain period of time in the US before foreign-born children can be entitled to US citizenship by birth. Many countries (Switzerland is one example) do not confer citizenship via ius soli at all, and those which do generally make exceptions for children of foreign diplomats. Automatic citizenship via marriage is rare nowadays; more commonly, marriage may allow one spouse a "fast track" to immigration to the other spouse's country, but a period of non-citizen permanent residence would still be required before the immigrant spouse could obtain a new citizenship via naturalization. Since there can be several ways to acquire a given country's citizenship, it is possible for someone to be considered a citizen under the laws of two (or more) countries at the same time. This is what is meant by dual (or multiple) citizenship. In 2006, India launched the "Overseas Citizens of India" (OCI) program, which has often been mischaracterized as a dual nationality program. It does not grant Indian citizenship. An OCI card holder, however, does not receive an Indian passport, cannot vote in Indian elections, and is not eligible for Indian government employment. The Indian government's Overseas Citizens of India (OCI) and Person of Indian Origin (POI) programs are often incorrectly described as offering "dual nationality" or "dual citizenship." The OCI and POI programs do offer card holders some travel and residency privileges. The Constitution of India does not allow holding Indian citizenship and citizenship of a foreign country simultaneously. Based on the recommendation of the High Level committee on Indian Diaspora, the Government of India decided to grant Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) commonly known as ‘dual citizenship’. Persons registered as OCI have not been given any voting rights, election to Lok Sabha/Rajya Sabha/Legislative Assembly/Council, holding Constitutional posts such as President, Vice President, Judge of Supreme Court/High Court etc.

Impacts of dual citizenship: Countries usually frame their citizenship laws with little or no regard for the citizenship laws of other countries. In some cases, a country may seek to restrict dual citizenship by requiring one of its citizens born with some other citizenship to renounce (give up) the other citizenship upon reaching adulthood. Similarly, newly naturalized citizens in some (but not all) countries are required to renounce their previous citizenship(s); the US has such a requirement, for example, but Canada does not. And in some (but, again, not all) cases, a country will automatically revoke the citizenship of one of its citizens who acquires another country's citizenship by naturalization, even if no explicit renunciation was involved. Where one country requires a citizen to renounce the citizenship of another country, this renunciation may or may not be acknowledged or accepted by the other country. This can sometimes lead to sticky legal situations. Also, countries which require such renunciations differ in how seriously they treat this requirement. In some cases (such as Singapore), an applicant for naturalization may be required by his new country to go to an embassy or consulate of his old country and renounce his old citizenship in a manner prescribed by his old country's laws. As a general rule, dual citizens have dual voting rights, the problem is overestimated even if voting rights are exercised in two or more countries and dual citizen residing abroad usually have voting rights. So, despite the benefit of dual citizenship some countries resist the increasing tolerance towards it because of fears about the consequence of dual voting, lack of integration, loyalty, and of a devaluation of citizenship (Thomas etal. 2008). So, anyone with dual or multiple citizen needs to investigate about their investment and movement very observantly. Every country has its won safety and security law for the state and citizen. But when migrated peoples become a citizen then the person will be treated as equal citizen rights. In fact when some one has multiple citizenship then the person never be a patriot equal to the people of homeland or motherland. Because, dual citizen have multiple choices for investment and residency. In this way, countries safety and security remain in a delicate position. Anti-Western terrorist groups, some on the U.S. government's list of foreign terrorist organizations, are active in different country, including religion extremist groups. The U.S. government continues to receive information that terrorist groups are planning attacks that could take place in different locations. Though not directed specifically at Westerners, the violence frequently occurs in densely-populated or high-traffic areas for maximum impact areas in different country. Now, time to think about why recession of world economy increasing poverty and job crisis all over the world. Why the occurrence held 9/11 and London unrest? Find out the fact is there lots of migrated peoples having dual citizenship all over the world and there is lack of patriotism among the migrated citizen? Dual citizenship now becomes as a big issue for the unrest of global peace and economical instability. Conclusion: It is time to take initiative steps from the world leaders and policy makers to phase-out the dual citizenship and to re-arrange the international immigration law for the multinational citizen. If a citizen migrates to foreign country the person must hold only one passport for one contrary’s citizenship. When we think about migrated country as a mother land then patriotism will reflect in our mind and soul. The citizen will realize that now to hold single passport for single citizenship forever not any multinational or dual citizenship facility. Then ultimately the citizen will concentrate to participate in development activities for better economy. Because any terrible economy or broken social environment he/she and their inheritors will suffer now-and-then in future. So patriotism will reveal for the country where the citizen will reside. It is very significant to cancellation of dual citizenship policy for the peace of the earth. On the other hand, it is global rights to create trouble-free visa policy for job seeker, students, and travelers to reduce poverty, hunger, retribution, jealousy and mitigation of world unrest. Dual Citizenship is very vulnerable for global peace it’s vanishing patriotism from a person from the earth. Now-a-days, Bangladeshi politicians, government's higher level officers, diplomats, industrialist all are having dual citizenship. They just stay in this country for earning money and fame. All of their children's are staying abroad like England, Canada, USA, Australia and other country. At the end of their earning money they just leave this country and stay with their family at abroad. What is the meaning of patriotism a dual citizen never be realized. Indian government and department of Immigration Law came to realize this situation and not permitting dual citizenship they have permitted Overseas Citizenship of India (OCI) (Not a Dual Citizenship). So, the government of Bangladesh and law makers needs to rearrange the law for dual citizenship for the peace of the country. Otherwise there would be a dangerous future for Bangladesh; there could be no patriotism activities in near future in Bangladesh well as in migrated countries.

References:

1. Dual Citizenship FAQ: Dual Nationality and United States Law by Rich Wales (Copyright © 1991-2011 Richard B. Wales).

2. India Country Specific Information (www.travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1139.html#special_circumstance).

3. OCI (Overseas Citizenship of India (not a Dual Citizenship) (www.immihelp.com/nri/overseascitizenshipindia/)

4. Permanent residence (United States) (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Permanent_Resident_Card)

5. Thomas, etal, (2008). “Dual Citizenship in an Age of Mobility” MPI Migration Policy Institute, 2008.

6. United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services)

7. US State Department Services Dual Nationality (http://travel.state.gov/travel/cis_pa_tw/cis/cis_1753.html).

Further reading

• Randall Hansen, Patrick Weil, ed. (2002). Dual Nationality, Social Rights and Federal Citizenship in the U. S. and Europe: The Reinvention of Citizenship. Berghahn Books. ISBN 1571818049. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Thomas Faist, ed. (2007). Dual Citizenship in Europe: From Nationhood to Societal Integration. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate. ISBN 9780754649144. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Thomas Faist, Peter Kivisto, ed. (2007). Dual Citizenship in Global Perspective: From Unitary to Multiple Citizenship. Houndmills, UK: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 9780230006546. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
• Federal Investigative Services Division of the U.S. Office of Personnel Management (2001). "Citizenship Laws of the World: A Directory" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-01-28. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameters: |month= and |coauthors= (help)

External links

International

• The Hague 1930 Convention
• Convention n°8 on the exchange of information concerning acquisition of nationality, 1964

Council of Europe

• Convention on the Reduction of Cases of Multiple Nationality and on Military Obligations in Cases of Multiple Nationality, 1963
• European Convention on Nationality, 1997