Zainal Mustafa: Difference between revisions
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==Biography== |
==Biography== |
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Zainal Mustafa was born with the name Hudaemi in Singaparna, [[Tasikmalaya Regency]], [[Dutch East Indies]] in 1899. He changed his name to Zainal Mustafa after he went on the [[hajj]] to [[Mecca]]. As a [[santri]] - an orthodox Javanese Muslim |
Zainal Mustafa was born with the name Hudaemi in Singaparna, [[Tasikmalaya Regency]], [[Dutch East Indies]] in 1899. He changed his name to Zainal Mustafa after he went on the [[hajj]] to [[Mecca]]. As a [[santri]] - an orthodox Javanese Muslim — he studied at many [[pesantren|Islamic schools]], earning him the nickname ''santri kelana'' (wandering student). Then, when he was 20, he founded his own Islamic school named Pesantren Sukamanah.<ref>{{harvnb|Iskandar|2009|pp=90{{ndash}}91}}</ref><ref name="amin152">{{harvnb|Amin|2008|p=152}}</ref> He later served as the Assistant Councillor for the [[Nahdlatul Ulama]] branch in Tasyikmalaya.<ref name="amin152"/> |
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Fiercely against the Dutch colonist due to his belief that there ways were against the teachings of Islam, Mustafa was approached several times by the Dutch colonial government and asked to work with them. Each time he refused.<ref name="amin153"/> Eventually, after a period of censorship and stalking by the secret police, on 17 November 1941, he and fellow kyai Rukhiyat were arrested by the Dutch colonial government and charged with provoking people to rebel against the Dutch. He was jailed almost two months, but arrested again in February 1942. On 31 March 1942, the nineteenth day of [[Japanese occupation of Indonesia|Japanese occupation of the Indies]], a Japanese officer approached Mustafa in his prison cell in [[Ciamis]], [[West Java]], and promised to release him on condition that he should help the Japanese. He refused the condition, but he and Rukhiyat were sent to Sukamanah.<ref>{{harvnb|Iskandar|2009|p=91}}</ref><ref name="amin153">{{harvnb|Amin|2008|p=153}}</ref> |
Fiercely against the Dutch colonist due to his belief that there ways were against the teachings of Islam, Mustafa was approached several times by the Dutch colonial government and asked to work with them. Each time he refused.<ref name="amin153"/> Eventually, after a period of censorship and stalking by the secret police, on 17 November 1941, he and fellow kyai Rukhiyat were arrested by the Dutch colonial government and charged with provoking people to rebel against the Dutch. He was jailed almost two months, but arrested again in February 1942. On 31 March 1942, the nineteenth day of [[Japanese occupation of Indonesia|Japanese occupation of the Indies]], a Japanese officer approached Mustafa in his prison cell in [[Ciamis]], [[West Java]], and promised to release him on condition that he should help the Japanese. He refused the condition, but he and Rukhiyat were sent to Sukamanah.<ref>{{harvnb|Iskandar|2009|p=91}}</ref><ref name="amin153">{{harvnb|Amin|2008|p=153}}</ref> |
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During a ceremony at Sukamanah square, Mustafa and his followers denied to do ''seikerei'' (bow to honor the Japanese emperor). As a result, his pesantren was put under watch for 3 months. He was also accused by Japanese government of being insane and perpetuating a cult. The Japanese secret police soon attempted to assassinate Mustafa while he [[salah|prayed]], but missed and hit another devotee.<ref name="amin154">{{harvnb|Amin|2008|p=154}}</ref> In response, some of Mustafa's followers killed some Japanese secret police officers.<ref name="amin155"/> |
During a ceremony at Sukamanah square, Mustafa and his followers denied to do ''seikerei'' (bow to honor the Japanese emperor). As a result, his pesantren was put under watch for 3 months. He was also accused by Japanese government of being insane and perpetuating a cult. The Japanese secret police soon attempted to assassinate Mustafa while he [[salah|prayed]], but missed and hit another devotee.<ref name="amin154">{{harvnb|Amin|2008|p=154}}</ref> In response, some of Mustafa's followers killed some Japanese secret police officers.<ref name="amin155"/> |
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On 25 February 1944, the Japanese, totaling six companies of soldiers, two of [[heiho]]s, one of raiders, and two motorized brigades, besieged Pesantren Sukamanah after Mustafa led a peasant revolt. Zainal Mustafa was arrested in Kampung Cihaus and brought to Jakarta, while 120 people died in the siege. He was executed on 25 October 1944, but his family only learned of this fact in 1970. His remains were claimed by his family and buried in Sukamanah, Tasikmalaya.<ref name="amin155">{{harvnb|Amin|2008|p=155}}</ref> |
On 25 February 1944, the Japanese, totaling six companies of soldiers, two of [[heiho]]s, one of raiders, and two motorized brigades, besieged Pesantren Sukamanah after Mustafa led a peasant revolt. Zainal Mustafa was arrested in Kampung Cihaus and brought to Jakarta, while 120 people died in the siege. He was executed on 25 October 1944 along with 17 of his followers, but his family only learned of this fact in 1970.<ref>{{harvnb|Aritonang|2004|p=222}}</ref> His remains were claimed by his family and buried in Sukamanah, Tasikmalaya.<ref name="amin155">{{harvnb|Amin|2008|p=155}}</ref> |
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==Legacy== |
==Legacy== |
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==Bibliography== |
==Bibliography== |
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{{refbegin}} |
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* {{cite book |title=Karomah Para Kiai |trans_title=Dignity of the Kyai |language=Indonesian |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7DDriJCv-x4C |first=Samsul Munir |last=Amin |publisher=Pustaka Pesantren |year=2008 |location=Yogyakarta |isbn=9789798452499 |ref=harv}} |
* {{cite book |title=Karomah Para Kiai |trans_title=Dignity of the Kyai |language=Indonesian |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=7DDriJCv-x4C |first=Samsul Munir |last=Amin |publisher=Pustaka Pesantren |year=2008 |location=Yogyakarta |isbn=9789798452499 |ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite book |title=Sejarah Perjumpaan Kristen dan Islam di Indonesia |trans_title=History of the Interactions Between Christianity and Islam in Indonesia |language=Indonesian |url=http://books.google.ca/books?id=_r7Jiiu7DugC |first=Jan S. |last=Aritonang |publisher= BPK Gunung Mulia |year=2004 |location=Jakarta |isbn=9789796872213 |ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite book |title=99 Tokoh Muslim Indonesia |trans_title=99 Indonesian Muslim Figures |language=Indonesians |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=AOgtTlT-I-AC |first=Salman |last=Iskandar |publisher=Dar! Mizan |year=2009 |location=Bandung |isbn=9789797526825 |ref=harv}} |
* {{cite book |title=99 Tokoh Muslim Indonesia |trans_title=99 Indonesian Muslim Figures |language=Indonesians |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=AOgtTlT-I-AC |first=Salman |last=Iskandar |publisher=Dar! Mizan |year=2009 |location=Bandung |isbn=9789797526825 |ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite book |title=Nasionalisme Kiai: Konstruksi Sosial Berbasis Agama |trans_title=Nationalism of the Kyai: Social Constructs Based on Religion |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QTjjwlvTsvoC |first=Ali Maschan |last=Moesa |publisher=LKiS |year=2007 |location=Yogyakarta |isbn=9789791283281 |ref=harv}} |
* {{cite book |title=Nasionalisme Kiai: Konstruksi Sosial Berbasis Agama |trans_title=Nationalism of the Kyai: Social Constructs Based on Religion |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=QTjjwlvTsvoC |first=Ali Maschan |last=Moesa |publisher=LKiS |year=2007 |location=Yogyakarta |isbn=9789791283281 |ref=harv}} |
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{{refend}} |
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{{National Heroes of Indonesia}} |
{{National Heroes of Indonesia}} |
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Revision as of 13:27, 1 February 2012
Kiai Haji Zainal Mustafa (1899–25 October 1944) was an Indonesian ulama and National Hero of Indonesia. He founded Pesantren Sukamanah when he was 20. He was awarded the title National Hero in 1972.
Biography
Zainal Mustafa was born with the name Hudaemi in Singaparna, Tasikmalaya Regency, Dutch East Indies in 1899. He changed his name to Zainal Mustafa after he went on the hajj to Mecca. As a santri - an orthodox Javanese Muslim — he studied at many Islamic schools, earning him the nickname santri kelana (wandering student). Then, when he was 20, he founded his own Islamic school named Pesantren Sukamanah.[1][2] He later served as the Assistant Councillor for the Nahdlatul Ulama branch in Tasyikmalaya.[2]
Fiercely against the Dutch colonist due to his belief that there ways were against the teachings of Islam, Mustafa was approached several times by the Dutch colonial government and asked to work with them. Each time he refused.[3] Eventually, after a period of censorship and stalking by the secret police, on 17 November 1941, he and fellow kyai Rukhiyat were arrested by the Dutch colonial government and charged with provoking people to rebel against the Dutch. He was jailed almost two months, but arrested again in February 1942. On 31 March 1942, the nineteenth day of Japanese occupation of the Indies, a Japanese officer approached Mustafa in his prison cell in Ciamis, West Java, and promised to release him on condition that he should help the Japanese. He refused the condition, but he and Rukhiyat were sent to Sukamanah.[4][3]
During a ceremony at Sukamanah square, Mustafa and his followers denied to do seikerei (bow to honor the Japanese emperor). As a result, his pesantren was put under watch for 3 months. He was also accused by Japanese government of being insane and perpetuating a cult. The Japanese secret police soon attempted to assassinate Mustafa while he prayed, but missed and hit another devotee.[5] In response, some of Mustafa's followers killed some Japanese secret police officers.[6]
On 25 February 1944, the Japanese, totaling six companies of soldiers, two of heihos, one of raiders, and two motorized brigades, besieged Pesantren Sukamanah after Mustafa led a peasant revolt. Zainal Mustafa was arrested in Kampung Cihaus and brought to Jakarta, while 120 people died in the siege. He was executed on 25 October 1944 along with 17 of his followers, but his family only learned of this fact in 1970.[7] His remains were claimed by his family and buried in Sukamanah, Tasikmalaya.[6]
Legacy
Zainal Mustafa was awarded the title of National Hero of Indonesia title by President Suharto through Presidential Decree number 64 in 1972.[8]
References
- ^ Iskandar 2009, pp. 90–91
- ^ a b Amin 2008, p. 152
- ^ a b Amin 2008, p. 153
- ^ Iskandar 2009, p. 91
- ^ Amin 2008, p. 154
- ^ a b Amin 2008, p. 155
- ^ Aritonang 2004, p. 222
- ^ Moesa 2007, p. 117–118
Bibliography
- Amin, Samsul Munir (2008). Karomah Para Kiai (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pesantren. ISBN 9789798452499.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - Aritonang, Jan S. (2004). Sejarah Perjumpaan Kristen dan Islam di Indonesia (in Indonesian). Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia. ISBN 9789796872213.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - Iskandar, Salman (2009). 99 Tokoh Muslim Indonesia (in Indonesians). Bandung: Dar! Mizan. ISBN 9789797526825.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Moesa, Ali Maschan (2007). Nasionalisme Kiai: Konstruksi Sosial Berbasis Agama. Yogyakarta: LKiS. ISBN 9789791283281.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help)