Zainal Mustafa: Difference between revisions
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Revision as of 14:24, 1 February 2012
Zainal Mustafa | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Born | Hudaemi 1899 Singaparna, Tasikmalaya Regency, Dutch East Indies |
| Died | October 25, 1944 (aged 44–45) Batavia, Dutch East Indies |
| Cause of death | Executed |
| Resting place | Tasikmalaya |
| Occupation(s) | Religious teacher, guerrilla fighter |
Kiai Haji Zainal Mustafa (1899–25 October 1944), also spelled Zainal Mustofa, was an Indonesian ulama and National Hero of Indonesia. He founded Pesantren Sukamanah when he was 20. He was awarded the title National Hero in 1972.
Biography
Early life and dealing with the Dutch colonial government
Zainal Mustafa was born with the name Hudaemi in Singaparna, Tasikmalaya Regency, Dutch East Indies in 1899. As a santri - an orthodox Javanese Muslim — after attending a standard elementary school he studied at many Islamic schools, earning him the nickname santri kelana (wandering student). In 1927 he went to Mecca on the hajj; after he returned to Indonesia, he changed his name to Zainal Mustafa. Then, when he was 20, he founded his own Islamic school named Pesantren Sukamanah.[1][2][3] He later served as the Assistant Councillor for the Nahdlatul Ulama branch in Tasyikmalaya.[2]
Fiercely against the Dutch colonist due to his belief that there ways were against the teachings of Islam, Mustafa was approached several times by the Dutch colonial government and asked to work with them. Each time he refused.[4] Eventually, after a period of censorship and stalking by the secret police, on 17 November 1941, he and fellow kyai Rukhiyat were arrested by the Dutch colonial government and charged with provoking people to rebel against the Dutch. He was jailed for almost two months in Sukamiskin, Bandung. In February 1942 he was arrested again.[4][5][6]
Japanese occupation, struggle, and death
On 31 March 1942, the nineteenth day of Japanese occupation of the Indies, a Japanese officer approached Mustafa in his prison cell in Ciamis, West Java, and promised to release him on condition that he should help the Japanese. He refused the condition, resulting in he and Rukhiyat being sent back to Sukamanah.[4][7]
During a ceremony at Sukamanah square, Mustafa and his followers denied to do seikerei (bow to honor the Japanese emperor). As a result, his pesantren was put under watch for 3 months. He was also accused by Japanese government of being insane and perpetuating a cult. The Japanese secret police soon attempted to assassinate Mustafa while he prayed, but missed and hit another devotee.[8] In response to this and increasing instances of Japanese-ordered forced labour, Mustafa formed his own militia and began training for an armed struggle, planning to launch it on 1 Maulud, which fell on 25 February 1944.[3]
The day before he was to launch his attack, the Japanese sent an expeditionary force to invite Mustafa to hold negotiations. In response, Mustafa's troops killed all but one of the Japanese soldiers; the remaining soldier was told to return to his commander with an ultimatum requiring the sovereignty of Java.[3] On 25 February 1944, the Japanese, totaling six companies of soldiers, two of heihos, one of raiders, and two motorized brigades, besieged Pesantren Sukamanah. Mustafa was arrested in Kampung Cihaus and brought to Batavia (modern day Jakarta), while 120 people died in the siege. He was executed on 25 October 1944 along with 17 of his followers after several months of torture, but his family only learned of this fact in 1970.[9][10][11] His remains were claimed by his family and buried in Sukamanah, Tasikmalaya,[9] on 10 January 1974.[11]
Legacy
Zainal Mustafa was awarded the title of National Hero of Indonesia title by President Suharto through Presidential Decree number 64 in 1972.[12]
References
- ^ Iskandar 2009, pp. 90–91
- ^ a b Amin 2008, p. 152
- ^ a b c Jakarta City Government, Zainal Mustofa
- ^ a b c Amin 2008, p. 153
- ^ Iskandar 2009, p. 91
- ^ Ajisaka & Damayanti 2010, p. 110
- ^ Iskandar 2009, p. 91
- ^ Amin 2008, p. 154
- ^ a b Amin 2008, p. 155
- ^ Aritonang 2004, p. 222
- ^ a b Ajisaka & Damayanti 2010, p. 110
- ^ Moesa 2007, p. 117–118
Bibliography
- Ajisaka, Arya; Damayanti, Dewi (2010). Mengenal Pahlawan Indonesia (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Kawan Pustaka. ISBN 978-979-757-430-7.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - Amin, Samsul Munir (2008). Karomah Para Kiai (in Indonesian). Yogyakarta: Pustaka Pesantren. ISBN 9789798452499.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - Aritonang, Jan S. (2004). Sejarah Perjumpaan Kristen dan Islam di Indonesia (in Indonesian). Jakarta: BPK Gunung Mulia. ISBN 9789796872213.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - Iskandar, Salman (2009). 99 Tokoh Muslim Indonesia (in Indonesians). Bandung: Dar! Mizan. ISBN 9789797526825.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) - Moesa, Ali Maschan (2007). Nasionalisme Kiai: Konstruksi Sosial Berbasis Agama. Yogyakarta: LKiS. ISBN 9789791283281.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|trans_title=ignored (|trans-title=suggested) (help) - "Zainal Mustofa, KH". Encyclopedia of Jakarta (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Jakarta City Government. Archived from the original on 1 February 2012. Retrieved 1 February 2012.