Aegisuchus: Difference between revisions
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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[[File:Aegisuchus.png|thumb|left|Restoration]] |
[[File:Aegisuchus.png|thumb|left|Restoration]] |
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''Aegisuchus'' is known only from a partial braincase and skull roof cataloged as [[Royal Ontario Museum|ROM]] 54530. It is diagnosed by several [[autapomorphies]], or unique features. At the center of the skull table is a raised |
''Aegisuchus'' is known only from a partial braincase and skull roof cataloged as [[Royal Ontario Museum|ROM]] 54530. It is diagnosed by several [[autapomorphies]], or unique features. At the center of the skull table is a raised and rough-surfaced boss on the [[parietal bone]] that is shaped like a circle. On either side of this boss are holes called dorsotemporal fenestrae, and the surrounding bone is relatively smooth. The [[quadrate bone]] in the temporal region of the skull has a rectangular projection called the adductor tubercle, which served as an attachment for muscles that closed the jaw. At the front of the skull table, projections on the [[laterosphenoid]] bones called capitate processes face out to the side. This feature is also seen in the skulls of living [[gharial]]s, but evolved independently in each group. Also on the front surface are two holes of the dorsotemporal fenestrae, which pass through the skull and open at the skull table. On the front surface, a ridge of bone or [[taurus]] makes up the lateral edge of each hole. The back of the skull is wide, with large projections on the [[exoccipital]] bones that would have anchored large [[epaxial]] muscles in the top part of the neck.<ref name=HG12/> |
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==Integument== |
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The circular boss of roughened bone on the skull table is one of the most unusual features of ''Aegisuchus''. As in most crocodilians, the rough-surfaced region was probably covered in a thick skin that tightly adhered to the skull. Surrounding the boss, the smooth-surfaced region bears several deep parallel channels for blood vessels, suggesting that thicker, more complex skin tissue covered this region. Vascularization is not seen in any other crocodilian, and may have been unique to ''Aegisuchus''. Given that the blood vessel channels run into the braincase, the vascularized tissue may have served a [[thermoregulation|thermoregulatory]] role by heating blood going to the brain and eyes. The central boss may have been used in mating displays, appearing as an [[eyespot (mimicry)|eyespot]]. Modern crocodilians raise their heads out of the water as a social signal in mating displays; as a close relative of crocodilians, ''Aegisuchus'' likely had similar mating rituals.<ref name=HG12/> |
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===Musculature=== |
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The flattened shape of the skull of ''Aegisuchus'' suggests that it was an ambush predator resting at the surface of the water. Although only the back of the skull is known, other characteristics can be inferred from the closely related ''Aegyptosuchus''. ''Aegisuchus'' probably had eyes that faced directly upward, with no raised ridges surrounding the sockets. A strut of bone called the postorbital bar, which in most crocodilians is vertically oriented, would have been almost flat. The flattened skull of ''Aegisuchus'' required significant alteration to jaw muscles. The adductor muscles that close the jaw shifted to a more vertical orientation in ''Aegisuchus''. Muscles like the adductor mandibulae externus medialis, which are weak in most crocodilians, became more more important as jaw closers and were greatly enlarged. The broad-surfaced [[occipital]] region at the back of the skull provides a large attachment area for the [[splenius capitis muscle]]s of the neck. With a long flattened snout, ''Aegisuchus'' would have had great difficulty raising its head and opening its mouth if it did not have large neck muscles. A depressed region in the lower part of the back of the skull suggests that the jaw adducter muscles were also large, facilitating jaw opening. A similar mechanism for lifting the head and opening the jaws is seen in the [[Late Triassic]] amphibian ''[[Gerrothorax]]''. ''Aegisuchus'' has a very flexible articulation between the skull and vertebral column, allowing a greater degree of skull elevation than other crocodilians.<ref name=HG12/> |
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==Classification== |
==Classification== |
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==Paleoenvironment== |
==Paleoenvironment== |
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[[File:LateCretaceousGlobal.jpg|thumb|right|A paleogeographic map of the Cretaceous, showing the Tethys Ocean in the center between northern Africa and Laurasia]] |
[[File:LateCretaceousGlobal.jpg|thumb|right|A paleogeographic map of the Cretaceous, showing the Tethys Ocean in the center between northern Africa and Laurasia]] |
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During the Early Cretaceous, northern Africa was a humid region near the [[Tethys Ocean]], a seaway between the southern continents of [[Gondwana]] and northern land masses of [[Laurasia]]. At this timee, the Kem Kem Beds of Morocco were deposited in a freshwater delta system. ''Aegisuchus'' lived within this delta alongside fishes, turtles, snakes and [[varanid]] lizards, [[pterosaur]]s, and [[sauropod]] and [[theropod]] dinosaurs. Stomatosuchids are also known from the Kem Kem Beds, and probably shared a close ecological niche with ''Aegisuchus'' as river predators.<ref name=HG12/> |
During the Early Cretaceous, northern Africa was a humid region near the [[Tethys Ocean]], a seaway between the southern continents of [[Gondwana]] and northern land masses of [[Laurasia]]. At this timee, the Kem Kem Beds of Morocco were deposited in a freshwater delta system. ''Aegisuchus'' lived within this delta alongside fishes, turtles, snakes and [[varanid]] lizards, [[pterosaur]]s, and [[sauropod]] and [[theropod]] dinosaurs. Stomatosuchids are also known from the Kem Kem Beds, and probably shared a close ecological niche with ''Aegisuchus'' as river predators.<ref name=HG12/> |
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With its flattened skull, ''Aegisuchus'' was probably an ambush predator. Possible prey include [[coelocanths]], [[lungfish]], and [[bichir]]s, all of which have been found from the Kem Kem beds. As an opportunistic predator, ''Aegisuchus'' may also have preyed on land vertebrates like reptiles.<ref name=HG12/> |
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===Biogeography=== |
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The Early Cretaceous was an important time in crocodilian evolution because many land masses were breaking up. What is now Europe and Asia was drifting away from Africa to form the Tethys Ocean, while North America continued to separate from the rest of Laurasia as the Atlantic Ocean widened. With the presence of several early crocodilians like ''[[Borealosuchus]]'', North America is often hypothesized as the continent of origin for Crocodylia. However, the presence of agyptosuchids like ''Aegisuchus'' in northern Africa suggests that early crocodilian evolution was focused instead around the Tethys Ocean. The agyptosuchids represent a highly specialized and highly [[endemic]] branch of crocodyliformsat a time when crocodilian diversity and geographic range were expanding.<ref name=HG12/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 06:00, 4 February 2012
| Aegisuchus Temporal range: Late Cretaceous
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| Skull fossil | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Reptilia |
| Clade: | Archosauria |
| Clade: | Pseudosuchia |
| Clade: | Crocodylomorpha |
| Clade: | Crocodyliformes |
| Family: | †Aegyptosuchidae |
| Genus: | †Aegisuchus Holliday & Gardner, 2012 |
| Species: | †A. witmeri
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| Binomial name | |
| †Aegisuchus witmeri Holliday & Gardner, 2012
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Aegisuchus is an extinct genus of giant, flat-headed crocodyliformn within the family Aegyptosuchidae. It existed in what is now Morocco during the Cenomanian stage of the Late Cretaceous.[1] The type species Aegisuchus witmeri was named in 2012 by paleontologists Casey Holliday and Nicholas Gardner, who nicknamed it "Shieldcroc" for the shield-like shape of its skull.[2] A. witmeri is known from a single partial skull including the braincase and skull roof.[1]
Description
Aegisuchus is known only from a partial braincase and skull roof cataloged as ROM 54530. It is diagnosed by several autapomorphies, or unique features. At the center of the skull table is a raised and rough-surfaced boss on the parietal bone that is shaped like a circle. On either side of this boss are holes called dorsotemporal fenestrae, and the surrounding bone is relatively smooth. The quadrate bone in the temporal region of the skull has a rectangular projection called the adductor tubercle, which served as an attachment for muscles that closed the jaw. At the front of the skull table, projections on the laterosphenoid bones called capitate processes face out to the side. This feature is also seen in the skulls of living gharials, but evolved independently in each group. Also on the front surface are two holes of the dorsotemporal fenestrae, which pass through the skull and open at the skull table. On the front surface, a ridge of bone or taurus makes up the lateral edge of each hole. The back of the skull is wide, with large projections on the exoccipital bones that would have anchored large epaxial muscles in the top part of the neck.[1]
Integument
The circular boss of roughened bone on the skull table is one of the most unusual features of Aegisuchus. As in most crocodilians, the rough-surfaced region was probably covered in a thick skin that tightly adhered to the skull. Surrounding the boss, the smooth-surfaced region bears several deep parallel channels for blood vessels, suggesting that thicker, more complex skin tissue covered this region. Vascularization is not seen in any other crocodilian, and may have been unique to Aegisuchus. Given that the blood vessel channels run into the braincase, the vascularized tissue may have served a thermoregulatory role by heating blood going to the brain and eyes. The central boss may have been used in mating displays, appearing as an eyespot. Modern crocodilians raise their heads out of the water as a social signal in mating displays; as a close relative of crocodilians, Aegisuchus likely had similar mating rituals.[1]
Musculature
The flattened shape of the skull of Aegisuchus suggests that it was an ambush predator resting at the surface of the water. Although only the back of the skull is known, other characteristics can be inferred from the closely related Aegyptosuchus. Aegisuchus probably had eyes that faced directly upward, with no raised ridges surrounding the sockets. A strut of bone called the postorbital bar, which in most crocodilians is vertically oriented, would have been almost flat. The flattened skull of Aegisuchus required significant alteration to jaw muscles. The adductor muscles that close the jaw shifted to a more vertical orientation in Aegisuchus. Muscles like the adductor mandibulae externus medialis, which are weak in most crocodilians, became more more important as jaw closers and were greatly enlarged. The broad-surfaced occipital region at the back of the skull provides a large attachment area for the splenius capitis muscles of the neck. With a long flattened snout, Aegisuchus would have had great difficulty raising its head and opening its mouth if it did not have large neck muscles. A depressed region in the lower part of the back of the skull suggests that the jaw adducter muscles were also large, facilitating jaw opening. A similar mechanism for lifting the head and opening the jaws is seen in the Late Triassic amphibian Gerrothorax. Aegisuchus has a very flexible articulation between the skull and vertebral column, allowing a greater degree of skull elevation than other crocodilians.[1]
Classification
Paleoenvironment
During the Early Cretaceous, northern Africa was a humid region near the Tethys Ocean, a seaway between the southern continents of Gondwana and northern land masses of Laurasia. At this timee, the Kem Kem Beds of Morocco were deposited in a freshwater delta system. Aegisuchus lived within this delta alongside fishes, turtles, snakes and varanid lizards, pterosaurs, and sauropod and theropod dinosaurs. Stomatosuchids are also known from the Kem Kem Beds, and probably shared a close ecological niche with Aegisuchus as river predators.[1]
With its flattened skull, Aegisuchus was probably an ambush predator. Possible prey include coelocanths, lungfish, and bichirs, all of which have been found from the Kem Kem beds. As an opportunistic predator, Aegisuchus may also have preyed on land vertebrates like reptiles.[1]
Biogeography
The Early Cretaceous was an important time in crocodilian evolution because many land masses were breaking up. What is now Europe and Asia was drifting away from Africa to form the Tethys Ocean, while North America continued to separate from the rest of Laurasia as the Atlantic Ocean widened. With the presence of several early crocodilians like Borealosuchus, North America is often hypothesized as the continent of origin for Crocodylia. However, the presence of agyptosuchids like Aegisuchus in northern Africa suggests that early crocodilian evolution was focused instead around the Tethys Ocean. The agyptosuchids represent a highly specialized and highly endemic branch of crocodyliformsat a time when crocodilian diversity and geographic range were expanding.[1]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h Casey M. Holliday and Nicholas M. Gardner (2012). "A New Eusuchian Crocodyliform with Novel Cranial Integument and Its Significance for the Origin and Evolution of Crocodylia". PLoS ONE. 7 (1): e30471. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030471.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ "New Species of Ancient Crocodile Discovered; 'Sheildcroc' Was Ancestor of Today's Species". ScienceDaily. 31 January 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2012.