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{{Main|Fossil fuel}}


The twentieth century saw a rapid twentyfold increase in the use of fossil fuels. Between 1980 and 2006, the worldwide annual growth rate was 2%.<ref name=EIA/> According to the US [[Energy Information Administration]]'s 2006 estimate, the estimated 471.8 EJ total consumption in 2004 was divided as follows, with fossil fuels supplying 86% of the world's energy:
The twentieth century saw a rapid twentyfold increase in the use of fossil fuels. Between 1980 and 2006, the worldwide annual growth rate was 2%.<ref name=EIA/> According to the US [[Energy Information Administration]]'s 2006 estimate, the estimated 471.8 EJ total consumption in 2004 was divided as given in the table above, with fossil fuels supplying 86% of the world's energy:


Coal fueled the industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th century. With the advent of the automobile, airplanes and the spreading use of electricity, [[Petroleum|oil]] became the dominant fuel during the twentieth century. The growth of oil as the largest fossil fuel was further enabled by steadily dropping prices from 1920 until 1973. After the oil shocks of [[1973 oil crisis|1973]] and [[1979 energy crisis|1979]], during which the price of oil increased from 5 to 45 US dollars per barrel, there was a shift away from oil.<ref>Yergin, p. 792</ref> Coal, natural gas, and nuclear became the fuels of choice for electricity generation and conservation measures increased energy efficiency. In the U.S. the average car more than doubled the number of miles per gallon. Japan, which bore the brunt of the oil shocks, made spectacular improvements and now has the highest energy efficiency in the world.<ref name = "IEAKey">{{cite web | url = http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2006/key2006.pdf | format = PDF | publisher = International Energy Agency | title = Key World Energy Statistics | date = 2006 | accessdate = 2007-04-03 }} pp. 48–57</ref> From 1965 to 2008, the use of fossil fuels has continued to grow and their share of the energy supply has increased. From 2003 to 2008, [[coal]] was the fastest growing fossil fuel.<ref>Yergin, p. ?</ref><!-- Page numbers needed on book sources -->
Coal fueled the industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th century. With the advent of the automobile, airplanes and the spreading use of electricity, [[Petroleum|oil]] became the dominant fuel during the twentieth century. The growth of oil as the largest fossil fuel was further enabled by steadily dropping prices from 1920 until 1973. After the oil shocks of [[1973 oil crisis|1973]] and [[1979 energy crisis|1979]], during which the price of oil increased from 5 to 45 US dollars per barrel, there was a shift away from oil.<ref>Yergin, p. 792</ref> Coal, natural gas, and nuclear became the fuels of choice for electricity generation and conservation measures increased energy efficiency. In the U.S. the average car more than doubled the number of miles per gallon. Japan, which bore the brunt of the oil shocks, made spectacular improvements and now has the highest energy efficiency in the world.<ref name = "IEAKey">{{cite web | url = http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2006/key2006.pdf | format = PDF | publisher = International Energy Agency | title = Key World Energy Statistics | date = 2006 | accessdate = 2007-04-03 }} pp. 48–57</ref> From 1965 to 2008, the use of fossil fuels has continued to grow and their share of the energy supply has increased. From 2003 to 2008, [[coal]] was the fastest growing fossil fuel.<ref>Yergin, p. ?</ref><!-- Page numbers needed on book sources -->

Revision as of 07:55, 4 February 2012

File:Growth in energy consumption 2010 for the G20.jpg
Growth in energy consumption 2010 for the G20 from Enerdata
Rate of world energy usage in terawatts (TW), 1965–2005[1]
Annual electricity net generation in the world (1980-2008).
Annual electricity net generation in the world (1980-2008).
Energy intensity of different economies The graph shows the ratio between energy usage and GDP for selected countries. GDP is based on 2004 purchasing power parity and 2000 dollars adjusted for inflation.[2]
GDP and energy consumption in Japan, 1958–2000 The data shows the correlation between GDP and energy use; however, it also shows that this link can be broken. After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 the energy use stagnated while Japan's GDP continued to grow, after 1985, under the influence of the then much cheaper oil, energy use resumed its historical relation to GDP.[3]

World energy consumption in 2010: over 5% growth[4] Energy markets have combined crisis recovery and strong industry dynamism. Energy consumption in the G20 soared by more than 5% in 2010, after the slight decrease of 2009. This strong increase is the result of two converging trends. On the one-hand, industrialized countries, which experienced sharp decreases in energy demand in 2009, recovered firmly in 2010, almost coming back to historical trends. Oil, gas, coal, and electricity markets followed the same trend. On the other hand, China and India, which showed no signs of slowing down in 2009, continued their intense demand for all forms of energy.

In 2009, world energy consumption decreased for the first time in 30 years (-1.1%) or 130 Mtoe (Megaton oil equivalent), as a result of the financial and economic crisis (GDP drop by 0.6% in 2009).[5] This evolution is the result of two contrasting trends. Energy consumption growth remained vigorous in several developing countries, specifically in Asia (+4%). Conversely, in OECD, consumption was severely cut by 4.7% in 2009 and was thus almost down to its 2000 levels. In North America, Europe and the CIS, consumptions shrank by 4.5%, 5% and 8.5% respectively due to the slowdown in economic activity. China became the world's largest energy consumer (18% of the total) since its consumption surged by 8% during 2009 (up from 4% in 2008). Oil remained the largest energy source (33%) despite the fact that its share has been decreasing over time. Coal posted a growing role in the world's energy consumption: in 2009, it accounted for 27% of the total.

In 2008, total worldwide energy consumption was 474 exajoules (474×1018 J=132,000 TWh). This is equivalent to an average energy consumption rate of 15 terawatts (1.504×1013 W).[1] The potential for renewable energy is: solar energy 1600 EJ (444,000 TWh), wind power 600 EJ (167,000 TWh), geothermal energy 500 EJ (139,000 TWh), biomass 250 EJ (70,000 TWh), hydropower 50 EJ (14,000 TWh) and ocean energy 1 EJ (280 TWh).[6]

More than half of the energy has been consumed in the last two decades since the industrial revolution, despite advances in efficiency and sustainability.[7] According to IEA world statistics in four years (2004–2008) the world population increased 5%, annual CO2 emissions increased 10% and gross energy production increased 10%.[8]

Most energy is used in the country of origin, since it is cheaper to transport final products than raw materials. In 2008 the share export of the total energy production by fuel was: oil 50% (1,952/3,941 Mt), gas 25% (800/3,149 bcm), hard coal 14% (793/5,845 Mt) and electricity 1% (269/20,181 TWh).[9]

Most of the world's energy resources are from the conversion of the sun's rays to other energy forms after being incident upon the planet. Some of that energy has been preserved as fossil energy, some is directly or indirectly usable; for example, via wind, hydro- or wave power. The term solar constant is the amount of incoming solar electromagnetic radiation per unit area, measured on the outer surface of Earth's atmosphere, in a plane perpendicular to the rays. The solar constant includes all types of solar radiation, not just visible light. It is measured by satellite to be roughly 1368 watts per square meter,[10] though it fluctuates by about 6.9% during a year—from 1412 W m−2 in early January to 1321 W m−2 in early July, due to the Earth's varying distance from the sun, and by a few parts per thousand[clarification needed] from day to day. For the whole Earth, with a cross section of 127400000 km2, the total energy rate is 174 petawatts (1.740×1017 W), plus or minus 3.5%. This value is the total rate of solar energy received by the planet; about half, 89 PW, reaches the Earth's surface.[citation needed]

The estimates of remaining non-renewable worldwide energy resources vary, with the remaining fossil fuels totaling an estimated 0.4 YJ (1 YJ = 1024J) and the available nuclear fuel such as uranium exceeding 2.5 YJ. Fossil fuels range from 0.6 to 3 YJ if estimates of reserves of methane clathrates are accurate and become technically extractable. The total energy flux from the sun is 3.8 YJ/yr, dwarfing all non-renewable resources.

Regional energy use (kWh/capita & TWh) and growth 1990-2008 (%)[11][12]
kWh/capita Population (million) Energy use (1,000 TWh)
1990 2008 Growth 1990 2008 Growth 1990 2008 Growth
USA 89,021 87,216 - 2 % 250 305 22 % 22.3 26.6 20 %
EU-27 40,240 40,821 1 % 473 499 5 % 19.0 20.4 7 %
Middle East 19,422 34,774 79 % 132 199 51 % 2.6 6.9 170 %
China 8,839 18,608 111 % 1,141 1,333 17 % 10.1 24.8 146 %
Latin America 11,281 14,421 28 % 355 462 30 % 4.0 6.7 66 %
Africa 7,094 7,792 10 % 634 984 55 % 4.5 7.7 70 %
India 4,419 6,280 42 % 850 1,140 34 % 3.8 7.2 91 %
Others* 25,217 23,871 nd 1,430 1,766 23 % 36.1 42.2 17 %
The World 19,422 21,283 10 % 5,265 6,688 27 % 102.3 142.3 39 %
Source: IEA/OECD, Population OECD/World Bank
  • Energy use = kWh/capita* Mrd. capita (population) = 1000 TWh
  • Others: Mathematically calculated, includes e.g. countries in Asia and Australia. The use of energy varies between the ”other countries”: E.g. in Australia, Japan or Canada energy is used more per capita than in Bangladesh or Burma.

From 1990 to 2008 the average use of energy per person as IEA data increased 10 % and the world population increased 27 %. Regional energy use grew from 1990 to 2008: Middle East 170 %, China 146 %, India 91 %, Africa 70 %, Latin America 66 %, USA 20 %, EU-27 7 % and world 39 %

Emissions

The global warming emissions resulting from energy production are a serious global environmental problem. Therefore many nations have signed the UN agreement to prevent a dangerous impact on the world's climate. What is a dangerous concentration remains a subject of debate. Limiting global temperature rise at 2 degrees Celsius, considered as a high risk level by Stockholm Environmental Institute, demands 75% decline in carbon emissions in the industrial countries by 2050, if the population is 10 mrd in 2050.[13] 75% in 40 years is about 2% decrease every year. In 2011, the warming emissions of energy production continued rising regardless of the consensus of the basic problem. There is a 25–30 year lag in the complete warming effect of emissions. Thus human activities have created already a 1.5 °C temperature rise (2006).[14] According to Robert Engelman (Worldwatch institute) for security civilization has to stop increase of emissions within a decade regardless of economy and population state (2009).[15]

Energy supply and end use

Total world energy supply i.e. primary energy (2008) was 143,851 TWh and the end use of energy (2008) was 98,022 TWh. The difference 32 % is energy losses. Energy losses are not constant but depend on the energy source and technology. For example, nuclear power has large energy losses 67 % in 2008 mainly by cooling water. In 2008 world nuclear power primary energy was 8,283 TWh (5.8 % - 8,283/143,851) and nuclear power end use (2008) was 2,731 TWh (2.8 % - 2,731/98,022). At least some renewable energy sources have small energy losses. Based on the same statistics as the nuclear power, hydro power would have no energy losses at all. [16][17] When substituting nuclear power with the renewable energy, the end energy supply is significant. The primary energy supply may reflect the fuel consumption, significant for production and environmental evaluation. From the analytical and statistical point of view one should be aware of these differences that have large significance in the energy ratios, comparisons and evaluation, as shown above.

Primary energy

World energy and power supply (TWh)[18]
Energy Power
1990 102 569 11 821
2000 117 687 15 395
2005 133 602 18 258
2008 143 851 20 181
Source: IEA/OECD


The United States Energy Information Administration regularly publishes a report on world consumption for most types of primary energy resources. According to IEA total world energy supply was 102,569 TWh (1990); 117,687 TWh (2000); 133,602 TWh (2005) and 143,851 TWh (2008). World power generation was 11,821 TWh (1990); 15,395 TWh (2000); 18,258 TWh (2005) and 20,181 TWh (2008). Compared to power supply 20,181 TWh the power end use was only 16,819 TWh in 2008 including EU27: 2 857 TWh, China 2 883 TWh and USA 4 533 TWh. In 2008 energy use per person was in the USA 4.1 fold, EU 1.9 fold and Middle East 1.6 fold the world average and in China 87% and India 30% of the world average.[18]

In 2008 energy supply by power source was oil 33.5%, coal 26.8%, gas 20.8% (fossil 81%), renewable (hydro, solar, wind, geothermal power and biofuels) 12.9%, nuclear 5.8% and other 4%. Oil was the most popular energy fuel. Oil and coal combined represented over 60% of the world energy supply in 2008.

Since the annual energy supply increase has been high, e.g. 2007–2008 4,461 TWh, compared to the total nuclear power end use 2,731 TWh[19][20] environmental activists, like Greenpeace, support increase of energy efficiency and renewable energy capacity. These are also more and more addressed in the international agreements and national Energy Action Plans, like the EU 2009 Renewable Energy Directive and corresponding national plans. The global renewable energy supply increased from 2000 to 2008 in total 3,155 TWh, also more than the nuclear power use 2,731 TWh in 2008.[21] The energy resources below show the extensive reserves of renewable energy.









Energy by power source 2008[19]
TWh %
Oil 48 204 33.5%
Coal 38 497 26.8%
Gas 30 134 20.9%
Nuclear 8 283 5.8%
Hydro 3 208 2.2%
Other RE* 15 284 10.6%
Others 241 0.2%
Total 143 851 100%
Source: IEA *`=solar, wind, geothermal and biofuels



Regional energy use (kWh/hab)[11][12]
kWh/capita Population (milj)
1990 2008 1990 2008
USA 89 021 87 216 305
EU-27 40 240 40 821
Middle East 19 422 34 774 199
China 8 839 18 608 1 333
Latin America 11 281 14 421 462
Africa 7 094 7 792 984
India 4 419 6 280 1 140
The World 19 421 21 283 6 688
Source: IEA/OECD, Population OECD/World Bank
Fuel type Average power in TW[22]
1980 2004 2006
Oil 4.38 5.58 5.74
Gas 1.80 3.45 3.61
Coal 2.34 3.87 4.27
Hydroelectric 0.60 0.93 1.00
Nuclear power 0.25 0.91 0.93
Geothermal, wind,
solar energy, wood		 0.02 0.13 0.16
Total 9.48 15.0 15.8
Source: The USA Energy Information Administration

Fossil fuels

Main article: Fossil fuel

The twentieth century saw a rapid twentyfold increase in the use of fossil fuels. Between 1980 and 2006, the worldwide annual growth rate was 2%.[1] According to the US Energy Information Administration's 2006 estimate, the estimated 471.8 EJ total consumption in 2004 was divided as given in the table above, with fossil fuels supplying 86% of the world's energy:

Coal fueled the industrial revolution in the 18th and 19th century. With the advent of the automobile, airplanes and the spreading use of electricity, oil became the dominant fuel during the twentieth century. The growth of oil as the largest fossil fuel was further enabled by steadily dropping prices from 1920 until 1973. After the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979, during which the price of oil increased from 5 to 45 US dollars per barrel, there was a shift away from oil.[23] Coal, natural gas, and nuclear became the fuels of choice for electricity generation and conservation measures increased energy efficiency. In the U.S. the average car more than doubled the number of miles per gallon. Japan, which bore the brunt of the oil shocks, made spectacular improvements and now has the highest energy efficiency in the world.[24] From 1965 to 2008, the use of fossil fuels has continued to grow and their share of the energy supply has increased. From 2003 to 2008, coal was the fastest growing fossil fuel.[25]

Coal

Regional coal supply (TWh), share 2010 (%) and share of change 2000-2010[26][27]
2000 2008 2009* 2010* %* Change
2000-2009*
North America 6,654 6,740 6,375 6,470 16% -1.2 %
Asia excl. China 5,013 7,485 7,370 7,806 19% 18.9 %
China 7,318 16,437 18,449 19,928 48% 85.5 %
EU 3,700 3,499 3,135 3,137 8% -3.8 %
Africa 1,049 1,213 1,288 1,109 3% 0.4 %
Russia 1,387 1,359 994 1,091 3% -2.0 %
Others 1,485 1,763 1,727 1,812 4% 2.2 %
Total 26,607 38,497 39,340 41,354 100% 100 %
Source: IEA, *in 2009, 2010 BP*
Change 2000-2009: Region's share of the world change +12,733 TWh from 2000 to 2009

In 2000 coal was used in China 28%, other Asia 19%, North America 25% and the EU 14%. In 2009 the share of China was 47%.[26]

Single most coal using country is China. It s share of the world coal production was 28 % in 2000 and 48 % in 2009. Coal use in the world increased 48 % from 2000 to 2009. In practise majority of this growth occurred in China and the rest in other Asia.[26]


Top 10 coal exporters (Mt)[28]
2010 Share %
1 Australia 298 34.8 %
2 Indonesia 162 18.9 %
3 Russia 89 10.4%
4 Colombia 68 7.9 %
5 South Africa 68 7.9 %
6 US 57 6.7 %
7 Kazakhstan 33 3.9 %
8 Canada 24 2.8 %
9 Vietnam 21 2.5 %
10 Mongolia 17 2.0 %
Others 19 2.2 %
Total 856 100 %
Top ten 837 97.8 %

Oil

Regional oil supply (TWh) and share 2010 (%) [29][30]
2000 2008 2009* 2010* %
North America 12,350 12,590 12,305 12,092 26 %
Asia excl. China 8,510 9,217 9,620 9,760 21 %
China 2,490 4,130 4,855 4,984 11 %
EU 7,980 8,055 8,050 7,705 16 %
Africa 1,482 1,624 1,730 1,808 4 %
Russia 2,138 2,828 1,499 1,717 4 %
Others 8,562 9,761 8,526 8,781 19 %
Total 43,506 48,204 46,585 46,847 100 %
Source: IEA, *in 2009, 2010 BP

The use of oil doubled in China during 2000–2009. In 2009 the consumption of oil was in the EU 1,6 fold and North America 2.5 fold compared to China.[29]

Gas

Regional gas supply (TWh) and share 2010 (%)[31][32]
2000 2008 2009* 2010* %
North America 7,621 7,779 8,839 8,925 27%
Asia excl. China 2,744 4,074 4,348 4,799 14 %
China 270 825 1,015 1,141 3 %
EU 4,574 5,107 4,967 5,155 16 %
Africa 612 974 1,455 1,099 3 %
Russia 3,709 4,259 4,209 4,335 13 %
Latin America 1,008 1,357 958 nd nd
Others 3,774 5,745 6,047 7,785 23 %
Total 24,312 30,134 31,837 33,240 100 %
Source: IEA, in 2009, 2010 BP

In 2009 the world use of gas was 131% compared to year 2000. 66% of the this growth was outside EU, North America Latin America and Russia. Others include Middle East, Asia and Africa. The gas supply increased also in the previous regions: 8.6% in the EU and 16% in the North America 2000–2009.[31]

Nuclear power

As of December 2009, the world had 436 reactors.[33] Since commercial nuclear energy began in the mid 1950s, 2008 was the first year that no new nuclear power plant was connected to the grid, although two were connected in 2009.[33][34]

Annual generation of nuclear power has been on a slight downward trend since 2007, decreasing 1.8% in 2009 to 2558 TWh with nuclear power meeting 13–14% of the world's electricity demand.[35]

Renewable energy

Main article: Renewable energy

Renewable energy comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). As of 2010, about 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewables, with 10% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from hydroelectricity. New renewables (small hydro, modern biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and biofuels) accounted for another 2.8% and are growing very rapidly.[36] The share of renewables in electricity generation is around 19%, with 16% of global electricity coming from hydroelectricity and 3% from new renewables.[37]

Hydropower

Main article: hydropower

Worldwide hydroelectricity installed capacity reached 816 GW in 2005, consisting of 750 GW of large plants, and 66 GW of small hydro installations. Large hydro capacity totaling 10.9 GW was added by China, Brazil, and India during the year, but there was a much faster growth (8%) small hydro, with 5 GW added, mostly in China where some 58% of the world's small hydro plants are now located. China is the largest hydropower producer in the world, and continues to add capacity. In the Western world, although Canada is the largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world, the construction of large hydro plants has stagnated due to environmental concerns.[38] The trend in both Canada and the United States has been to micro hydro because it has negligible environmental impacts and opens up many more locations for power generation. In British Columbia alone, the estimates are that micro hydro will be able to more than double electricity production in the province.

Wind power

Wind power: worldwide installed capacity (not actual power generation)[39]
Main article: Wind power

Wind power is growing at the rate of 30% annually, with a worldwide installed capacity of 198 gigawatts (GW) in 2010,[40][41] and is widely used in Europe, Asia, and the United States.[42] Wind power accounts for approximately 19% of electricity use in Denmark, 9% in Spain and Portugal, and 6% in Germany and the Republic of Ireland.[43] The United States is an important growth area and installed U.S. wind power capacity reached 25,170 MW at the end of 2008.[44]

Solar power

Main article: Solar energy

The available solar energy resources are 3.8 YJ/yr (120,000 TW). Less than 0.02% of available resources are sufficient to entirely replace fossil fuels and nuclear power as an energy source. Assuming that our rate of usage in 2005 remains constant, estimated reserves are accurate, and no new unplanned reserves are found, we will run out of conventional oil in 2045, and coal in 2159. In practice, neither will actually run out as natural constraints will force production to decline as the remaining reserves dwindle.[45][46][47] The rate at which demand increases and reserves dwindle has been increasing dramatically because the rate of consumption is not constant. For example, if demand for oil doubled, reserves would not last as long. In addition, the cost of fossil fuels continues to rise while solar power becomes more economically viable.

Solar photovoltaics is growing rapidly, albeit from a small base, to a total global capacity of 40,000 MW at the end of 2010. More than 100 countries use solar PV.[48] Some 24 GW of solar is projected in November 2011 to be installed in that year, pushing up worldwide capacity to roughly 64 GW.[49] Installations may be ground-mounted (and sometimes integrated with farming and grazing)[50] or built into the roof or walls of a building (building-integrated photovoltaics).

The consumption of solar hot water and solar space heating was estimated at 88 GWt (gigawatts of thermal power) in 2004. The heating of water for unglazed swimming pools is excluded.[51]

Geothermal

Ohaaki geothermal power station
Main article: Geothermal power

Geothermal energy is used commercially in over 70 countries.[52] In the year 2004, 200 PJ (57 TWh) of electricity was generated from geothermal resources, and an additional 270 PJ of geothermal energy was used directly, mostly for space heating. In 2007, the world had a global capacity for 10 GW of electricity generation and an additional 28 GW of direct heating, including extraction by geothermal heat pumps.[51][53] Heat pumps are small and widely distributed, so estimates of their total capacity are uncertain and range up to 100 GW.[52]

Biomass and biofuels

Main articles: biomass and biofuel

Until the beginning of the nineteenth century biomass was the predominant fuel, today it has only a small share of the overall energy supply. Electricity produced from biomass sources was estimated at 44 GW for 2005. Biomass electricity generation increased by over 100% in Germany, Hungary, the Netherlands, Poland, and Spain. A further 220 GW was used for heating (in 2004), bringing the total energy consumed from biomass to around 264 GW. The use of biomass fires for cooking is excluded.[51]

World production of bioethanol increased by 8% in 2005 to reach 33 billion litres (8.72 billion US gallons), with most of the increase in the United States, bringing it level to the levels of consumption in Brazil.[51] Biodiesel increased by 85% to 3.9 billion litres (1.03 billion US gallons), making it the fastest growing renewable energy source in 2005. Over 50% is produced in Germany.[51]

By country

See also: Energy by country and List of countries by energy consumption per capita

Energy consumption is loosely correlated with gross national product and climate, but there is a large difference even between the most highly developed countries, such as Japan and Germany with an energy consumption rate of 6 kW per person and the United States with an energy consumption rate of 11.4 kW per person. In developing countries, particularly those that are sub-tropical or tropical such as India, the per person energy use rate is closer to 0.7 kW. Bangladesh has the lowest consumption rate with 0.2 kW per person.

A map depicting world energy consumption per capita based on 2003 data from the IEA.

The US consumes 25% of the world's energy with a share of global GDP at 22% and a share of the world population at 4.59%.[54] The most significant growth of energy consumption is currently taking place in China, which has been growing at 5.5% per year over the last 25 years. Its population of 1.3 billion people (19.6% of the world population[54]) is consuming energy at a rate of 1.6 kW per person.

One measurement of efficiency is energy intensity. This is a measure of the amount of energy it takes a country to produce a dollar of gross domestic product.

Oil

Top 10 oil producers (Mt)[55]
2005 2008 2009 2010 Share
2010
1 Russia 470 485 494 502 13 %
2 Saudi Arabia 519 509 452 471 12 %
3 US 307 300 320 336 8 %
4 Iran 205 214 206 227 6 %
5 China 183 190 194 200 5 %
6 Canada 143 155 152 159 4 %
7 Venezuela 162 137 126 149 4 %
8 Mexico 188 159 146 144 4 %
9 UAE nd 136 120 129 3 %
10 Nigeria 133 nd nd 130 3 %
x Kuwait nd 145 124 nd nd
x Norway 139 nd nd nd nd
Total 3,923 3,941 3,843 3,973 100 %
Top ten 62 % 62 % 61 % 62% 62%

Coal

Top 10 coal producers (Mt)[55]
2005 2008 2009 2010 Share %
2010
1 China 2,226 2,761 2,971 3,162 44 %
2 US 1,028 1,076 985 997 14 %
3 India 430 521 561 571 8 %
4 Australia 372 397 399 420 6 %
5 Indonesia 318 284 301 336 5 %
6 South Africa 315 236 247 255 4 %
7 Russia 222 323 297 324 4 %
8 Kazakhstan 79 108 101 111 2 %
9 Poland 160 144 135 134 2 %
10 Colombia 65 79 73 74 1 %
Total 5,878 6,796 6,903 7,229 100 %
Top ten 89 % 87 % 88 % 88% 88%
* include hard coal and brown coal
Top 10 hard coal importers (Mt)[55]
2005 2008 2009 2010
1 Japan 178 186 165 187
2 China 25 nd 114 157
3 South Korea 77 100 103 119
4 India 37 58 66 88
5 Taiwan 61 66 60 63
6 Germany 38 46 38 45
7 Turkey nd 19 20 27
8 UK 44 43 38 26
9 Italy 24 25 19 22
10 Malaysia nd nd nd 19
x Spain 25 19 16 nd
x France nd 21 nd nd
x US 28 nd nd nd
Total 778 778 819 949
Top ten 69 % 75 % 78 % 79%
Import of production 16 % 13 % 14 % 15 %

Natural gas

Top 10 natural gas producers (bcm)[55]
2005 2008 2009 2010 Share
2010
1 Russia 627 657 589 637 19.4 %
2 US 517 583 594 613 18.7 %
3 Canada 187 175 159 160 4.9 %
4 Iran 84 121 144 145 4.4 %
5 Qatar nd 79 89 121 3.7 %
6 Norway 90 103 106 107 3.3 %
7 China nd 76 90 97 3.0 %
8 Netherlands 79 85 79 89 2.7 %
9 Indonesia 77 77 76 88 2.7 %
10 Saudi Arabia 70 nd nd 82 2.5 %
x Algeria 93 82 81 nd nd
x UK 93 nd nd nd nd
Total 2,872 3,149 3,101 3,282 100 %
Top ten 67 % 65 % 65 % 65 % 65 %
bcm = billion cubic meters


Top 10 natural gas importers (bcm)[55]
2005 2008 2009 2010 Share
2010
1 Japan 81 95 93 99 12.1 %
2 Germany 91 79 83 83 10.1 %
3 Italy 73 77 69 75 9.1 %
4 US 121 84 76 74 9.0 %
5 France 47 44 45 46 5.6 %
6 South Korea 29 36 33 43 5.2 %
7 Ukraine 62 53 38 37 4.5 %
8 Turkey 27 36 35 37 4.5 %
9 UK nd 26 29 37 4.5 %
10 Spain 33 39 34 36 4.4 %
x Netherlands 23 nd nd nd nd
Total 838 783 749 820 100 %
Top ten 70 % 73 % 71 % 69 % 69 %
Import of production 29 % 25 % 24 % 25 % 25 %
bcm = billion cubic meters

By sector

World energy use per sector[56]
2000 2008 2000 2008
TWh %*
Industry 21,733 27,273 26.5 27.8
Transport 22,563 26,742 27.5 27.3
Residential and service 30,555 35,319 37.3 36.0
Non-energy use 7,119 8,688 8.7 8.9
Total* 81,970 98,022 100 100
Source: IEA 2010, Total is calculated from the given sectors
Numbers are the end use of energy
Total world energy supply (2008) 143,851 TWh

Industrial users (agriculture, mining, manufacturing, and construction) consume about 37% of the total 15 TW. Personal and commercial transportation consumes 20%; residential heating, lighting, and appliances use 11%; and commercial uses (lighting, heating and cooling of commercial buildings, and provision of water and sewer services) amount to 5% of the total.[57]

The other 27% of the world's energy is lost in energy transmission and generation. In 2005, global electricity consumption averaged 2 TW. The energy rate used to generate 2 TW of electricity is approximately 5 TW, as the efficiency of a typical existing power plant is around 38%.[58] The new generation of gas-fired plants reaches a substantially higher efficiency of 55%. Coal is the most common fuel for the world's electricity plants.[59]

Total world energy use per sector was in 2008 industry 28%, transport 27% and residential and service 36%. Division was about the same in the year 2000.[56]

European Union

The European Environmental Agency (EEA) measures final energy consumption (does not include energy used in production and lost in transportation) and finds that the transport sector is responsible for 31.5% of final energy consumption, industry 27.6%, households 25.9%, services 11.4% and agriculture 3.7%.[60] The use of energy is responsible for the majority of greenhouse gas emissions (79%), with the energy sector representing 31%, transport 19%, industry 13%, households 9% and others 7%.[61]

While efficient energy and resource efficiency are growing as public policy issues, more than 70% of coal plants in the European Union are more than 20 years old and operate at an efficiency level of between 32-40%.[62] Technological developments in the 1990s have allowed efficiencies in the range of 40–45% at newer plants.[62] However, according to an impact assessment by the European Commission, this is still below the best available technological (BAT) efficiency levels of 46–49%.[62] With gas-fired power plants the average efficiency is 52% compared to 58-59% with best available technology (BAT), and gas and oil boiler plants operate at average 36% efficiency (BAT delivers 47%).[62] According to that same impact assessment by the European Commission, raising the efficiency of all new plants and the majority of existing plants, through the setting of authorisation and permit conditions, to an average generation efficiency of 51.5% in 2020 would lead to a reduction in annual consumption of 15 billion m3 of natural gas and 25 Mt of coal.[62]

Alternative energy paths

Denmark and Germany have started to make investments in solar energy, despite their unfavorable geographic locations. Germany is now the largest consumer of photovoltaic cells in the world. Denmark and Germany have installed 3 GW and 17 GW of wind power respectively. In 2005, wind generated 18.5% of all the electricity in Denmark.[63] Brazil invests in ethanol production from sugar cane, which is now a significant part of the transportation fuel in that country. Starting in 1965, France made large investments in nuclear power and to this date three quarters (75%) of its electricity comes from nuclear reactors.[64] Switzerland is planning to cut its energy consumption by more than half to become a 2000-watt society by 2050 and the United Kingdom is working towards a zero energy building standard for all new housing by 2016.

See also

Regional:

Lists:

References

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Further reading


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