Hippopede

Hippopede (red) given as the pedal curve of an ellipse (black). The equation of the hippopede is 4x²+y²=(x²+y²)².

In geometry, a hippopede (from ἱπποπέδη meaning "horse fetter" in ancient Greek) is a plane curve determined by an equation of the form

$(x^{2}+y^{2})^{2}=cx^{2}+dy^{2}$,

where it is assumed that c>0 and c>d since the remaining cases either reduce to a single point or can be put into the given form with a rotation. Hippopedes are bicircular rational algebraic curves of degree 4 and symmetric with respect to both the x and y axes. When d>0 the curve has an oval form and is often known as an oval of Booth, and when d<0 the curve resembles a sideways figure eight, or lemniscate, and is often known as a lemniscate of Booth, after James Booth (1810–1878) who studied them. Hippopedes were also investigated by Proclus (for whom they are sometimes called Hippopedes of Proclus) and Eudoxus. For d = −c, the hippopede corresponds to the lemniscate of Bernoulli.

Definition as spiric sections

Hippopedes with a = 1, b = 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0.

Hippopedes with b = 1, a = 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0.

Hippopedes can be defined as the curve formed by the intersection of a torus and a plane, where the plane is parallel to the axis of the torus and tangent to it on the interior circle. Thus it is a spiric section which in turn is a type of toric section.

If a circle with radius a is rotated about an axis at distance b from its center, then the equation of the resulting hippopede in polar coordinates

$r^{2}=4b(a-b\sin ^{2}\theta )\,$

or in Cartesian coordinates

$(x^{2}+y^{2})^{2}+4b(b-a)(x^{2}+y^{2})=4b^{2}x^{2}$.

Note that when a>b the torus intersects itself, so it does not resemble the usual picture of a torus.

See also

• List of curves

References

• Lawrence JD. (1972) Catalog of Special Plane Curves, Dover. Pp. 145–146.
• Booth J. A Treatise on Some New Geometrical Methods, Longmans, Green, Reader, and Dyer, London, Vol. I (1873) and Vol. II (1877).
• Weisstein, Eric W. "Hippopede". MathWorld.
• "Hippopede" at 2dcurves.com
• "Courbes de Booth" at Encyclopédie des Formes Mathématiques Remarquables

External links

• "The Hippopede of Proclus" at The National Curve Bank