Ernest Everett Just

Ernest Everett Just
Ernest Everett Just
Born	August 14, 1883 Charleston, South Carolina
Died	October 27, 1941 (aged 57) Washington D.C.
Nationality	American
Alma mater	Dartmouth College University of Chicago
Known for	marine biology cytology parthenogenesis
Awards	Spingarn Medal (1915)
Scientific career
Fields	biology
Institutions	Howard University Woods Hole, Massachusetts Stazione Zoologica Kaiser Wilhelm Institute Station biologique de Roscoff
Doctoral advisor	Frank R. Lillie

Ernest Everett Just (August 14, 1883 – October 27, 1941) was a pioneering African American biologist, academic and science writer. Just's primary legacy is his recognition of the fundamental role of the cell surface in the development of organisms. In his work within marine biology, cytology and parthenogenesis, he advocated the study of whole cells under normal conditions, rather than simply breaking them apart in a laboratory setting.

Early life

Just was born in South Carolina to Charles Frazier Just Jr. and Mary Matthews Just on 14 August 1883. His father and grandfather, Charles Sr., were dock builders. When Ernest was four years old, both his father and grandfather died. Just’s mother became the sole supporter of him, his younger brother, and his younger sister. Mary Matthews Just taught at an African American school in Charleston to support her family. During the summer, she worked in the phosphate mines on James Island. Noticing that there was much vacant land near the island, Mary persuaded several black families to move there to farm. The town they founded, now incorporated in the West Ashley area of Charleston, was eventually named Maryville in her honor.

Hoping Just would become a teacher, his mother sent him to an all-black boarding school in Orangeburg, South Carolina at the age of thirteen. Believing that schools for blacks in the south were inferior, Just and his mother thought it better for him to go north. At the age of sixteen, Just enrolled at a Meriden, New Hampshire college-preparatory high school, Kimball Union Academy. Tragedy struck during Just's second year at Kimball when his mother died. Despite this hardship, Just completed the four-year program in only three years, was elected to Phi Beta Kappa and graduated in 1903 with the highest grades in his class.

Just went on to graduate magna cum laude from Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire. Just won special honors in zoology, and distinguished himself in botany, history, and sociology as well. He was also honored as a Rufus Choate scholar for two years.

Founding of Omega Psi Phi

On November 17, 1911, Ernest assisted three Howard students (Edgar Amos Love, Oscar James Cooper, and Frank Coleman), in establishing Omega Psi Phi Fraternity, Inc.

Career

When he graduated from Dartmouth, Just faced the same problems as all black college graduates of his time: no matter how brilliant they were or how high were their grades, it was almost impossible for blacks to become faculty members of white colleges or universities. Just then took what seemed to be the best choices available to him and was appointed to a teaching position at historically black Howard University in Washington, D.C.. In 1910, he was put in charge of the newly formed biology department by Wilbur P. Thirkield. In 1912, he became head of the Department of Zoology, a position he held until his death in 1941. Just was soon introduced to Dr. Frank R. Lillie, head of the biology department at the University of Chicago. Lillie, who was also chief of the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) at Woods Hole, Massachusetts, invited Just to spend the summer of 1909 as his research assistant at the MBL. For the next 20 years, Just spent every summer but one at MBL. On June 12, 1912 Ernest married Ethel Highwarden, who taught German at Howard University. They had three children: Margaret, Highwarden, and Maribel.

In 1915, Just took a leave of absence from Howard to enroll in an advanced academic program at the University of Chicago. That same year, Just, who was gaining a national reputation as an outstanding young scientist, was the first recipient of the NAACP's Spingarn Medal on February 12, 1915. In June 1916, Just received his Ph.D. in experimental embryology, with a thesis on the mechanics of fertilization, from the University of Chicago, becoming one of the handful of blacks who had gained this degree from a major university.

Just, however, became frustrated because he could not attain an appointment to a major American university. He wanted a position that would provide a steady income and allow him to spend more time with his research. The same year, he conducted experiments at the zoological station in Naples, Italy. Then, in 1930, he became the first American to be invited to the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute in Berlin, Germany, where several Nobel Prize winners conducted research.

Beginning in 1933, Just ceased his work in France when the Nazis began to take the control of the country. He relocated his European-based studies to Paris.

Just authored two books, Basic Methods for Experiments on Eggs of Marine Mammals (1922) and The Biology of the Cell Surface (1939), and he also published several scientific papers relating to cell cytoplasm.

Death

At the outbreak of World War II, Ernest Just was working at the "Station Biologique" in Roscoff, France, researching the paper that would become Unsolved Problems of General Biology. Although the French government requested foreigners to evacuate the country, Just remained to complete his work. In 1940, Germany invaded France and Just was briefly imprisoned in a prisoner-of-war camp. He was rescued by the U.S. State Department and returned to his home country in September 1940. However, Just had been very ill for months prior to his arrest and his condition deteriorated in prison and on the journey back to the U.S. In the fall of 1941, he was diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, and died shortly thereafter.

Legacy

Just was the subject of the 1983 biography Black Apollo of Science: The Life of Ernest Everett Just by Kenneth R. Manning. The book received the 1983 Pfizer Award and was a finalist for the 1984 Pulitzer Prize for Biography or Autobiography.

In 1996, the U.S. Postal Service issued a commemorative stamp honoring Just.

Beginning in 2000, the Medical University of South Carolina has hosted the annual Ernest E. Just Symposium to encourage non-white students to pursue careers in biomedical sciences and health professions.

In 2002, scholar Molefi Kete Asante included Just on his list of the 100 Greatest African Americans.

References

• Byrnes, W Malcolm; Eckberg, William R (2006). "Ernest Everett Just (1883-1941)--an early ecological developmental biologist". Dev. Biol. Vol. 296, no. 1 (published 2006 Aug 1). pp. 1–11. doi:10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.04.445. PMID 16712833. {{cite news}}: Check date values in: |publication-date= (help)
• Gillum, R F (1998). "One blood, two biographies". The Pharos of Alpha Omega Alpha-Honor Medical Society. Alpha Omega Alpha. Vol. 61, no. 4. pp. 27–8. PMID 9935363.
• Cohen, S S (1986). "Balancing science and history: a problem of scientific biography. "Black Apollo of science: the life of Ernest Everett Just." By Kenneth R. Manning. Essay review". History and philosophy of the life sciences. Vol. 8, no. 1. pp. 121–8. PMID 3534923.
• Dummett, C O (1985). "Unexpected historical peregrinations". The Journal of the American College of Dentists. Vol. 52, no. 2. pp. 28–31. PMID 3897332.
• Wynes, C E (1984). "Ernest Everett Just: marine biologist, man extraordinaire". Southern studies. Vol. 23, no. 1. pp. 60–70. PMID 11618159.
• Brown, Mitchell, “Faces of Science: African-American in the Sciences,” 1996.
• Kessler, James; Kidd, J.S.; Kidd, Renee; and Morin, Katherine A.; Distinguished African-American Scientists of the 20th Century. Oryx Press: Phoenix, AZ, 1996.
• McKissack, Patrick and Frederick. African-American Scientists. The Millbrook Press: Brookfield, Connecticut, 1994.
• Manning, Kenneth R. Black Apollo of Science: The Life of Ernest Everett Just. Oxford University Press: New York, New York, 1983.
• Yount, Lisa. Black Scientists. Facts on File: New York, 1991.

External links

• Profile of Ernest Just - The Black Inventor Online Museum
• Ernest Everett Just at Find a Grave