Hydrosphere: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Water cycle.png|right|thumb|300px|The movement of water around, over, and through the Earth is called the '''water cycle''', a key process of the hydrosphere.]] |
[[Image:Water cycle.png|right|thumb|300px|The movement of water around, over, and through the Earth is called the '''water cycle''', a key process of the hydrosphere.]] |
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A '''hydrosphere''' (from [[Greek language|Greek]] ὕδωρ - '' |
A '''hydrosphere''' (from [[Greek language|Greek]] ὕδωρ - ''hydro'', "water" and σφαῖρα - ''sphaira'', "sphere") in [[physical geography]] describes the combined mass of [[water]] found on, under, and over the surface of a [[planet]]. |
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The total mass of the [[Earth]]'s hydrosphere is about 1.4 × 10<sup>18</sup> [[tonnes]], which is about 0.023% of the Earth's total mass. About 20 × 10<sup>12</sup> [[tonnes]] of this is in the [[Earth's atmosphere]] (the volume of one tonne of water is approximately 1 cubic metre). Approximately 75% of the Earth's [[surface]], an area of some 361 million square kilometres (139.5 million square miles), is covered by [[ocean]]. The average [[salinity]] of the Earth's oceans is about 35 grams of [[salt]] per kilogram of sea water (3.5%) <ref>{{cite book |
The total mass of the [[Earth]]'s hydrosphere is about 1.4 × 10<sup>18</sup> [[tonnes]], which is about 0.023% of the Earth's total mass. About 20 × 10<sup>12</sup> [[tonnes]] of this is in the [[Earth's atmosphere]] (the volume of one tonne of water is approximately 1 cubic metre). Approximately 75% of the Earth's [[surface]], an area of some 361 million square kilometres (139.5 million square miles), is covered by [[ocean]]. The average [[salinity]] of the Earth's oceans is about 35 grams of [[salt]] per kilogram of sea water (3.5%) <ref>{{cite book |
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Revision as of 19:05, 23 February 2012
A hydrosphere (from Greek ὕδωρ - hydro, "water" and σφαῖρα - sphaira, "sphere") in physical geography describes the combined mass of water found on, under, and over the surface of a planet.
The total mass of the Earth's hydrosphere is about 1.4 × 1018 tonnes, which is about 0.023% of the Earth's total mass. About 20 × 1012 tonnes of this is in the Earth's atmosphere (the volume of one tonne of water is approximately 1 cubic metre). Approximately 75% of the Earth's surface, an area of some 361 million square kilometres (139.5 million square miles), is covered by ocean. The average salinity of the Earth's oceans is about 35 grams of salt per kilogram of sea water (3.5%) [1]
Hydrological cycle
Energy from the sun, in the form of heat and light (insolation), causes evaporation from all wet surfaces including oceans, rivers, lakes, soil and the leaves of plants. Water vapor is further released as transpiration from vegetation and from humans and other animals.
Aquifer draw down or over drafting and the pumping of fossil water increases the total amount of water in the hydrosphere[2] that is subject to transpiration and evaporation thereby causing accretion in water vapor and cloud cover which are the primary absorbers of infrared radiation in the Earth's atmosphere.
See also
- Biosphere
- Cryosphere
- Earth's atmosphere
- Lithosphere
- Ocean
- Pedosphere
- Table of global climate system components
- Water cycle
References
- ^ Kennish, Michael J. (2001). Practical handbook of marine science. Marine science series (3rd ed.). CRC Press. p. 35. ISBN 0849323916.
- ^ "Rising sea levels attributed to global groundwater extraction". University of Utrecht. Retrieved February 8, 2011.
External links
