Legend of the White Snake

Legend of the White Snake
Image from the Summer Palace, Beijing, China, depicting the legend
Traditional Chinese	白蛇傳
Simplified Chinese	白蛇传
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Bái Shé Zhuàn Yue: Cantonese Jyutping Baak6 Se4 Cyun4 Southern Min Hokkien POJ Pe̍k-siâ-tōan or Pe̍h-siâ-tōan

The Legend of the White Snake, also known as Madame White Snake, is a Chinese legend, which existed as oral traditions before any written compilation. It has since become a major subject of several Chinese operas, films and television series.

The earliest attempt to fictionalize the story appears to be The White Maiden Locked for Eternity in the Leifeng Pagoda (白娘子永鎮雷峰塔) in Feng Menglong's Jingshi Tongyan (警世通言), which was written during the Ming Dynasty.

Legend

Basic story

At its most basic, the story tells of a young scholar who falls in love with a beautiful woman, unaware that she is a thousand year old white snake that has taken on human form. A monk intervenes in order to maintain a law that forbids humans and spirits from falling in love with each other, and casts the white snake into a deep well at Leifeng Pagoda.

Over centuries the story has evolved from a horror tale to a romance story, which tells that the scholar and the snake woman are genuinely in love with each other, but their relationship is forbidden by nature's law. There are also other variations of the story, such as the white snake having met the scholar before and the story continues in their next lives, or the white snake's offspring being a reincarnation of the deity Wenchang Wang.

An additional character is a hundred year old green snake (or in some cases a carp) that has also transformed into a woman, and serves as the white snake-woman's close friend and confidante.

Full story

The story is set in the Southern Song Dynasty.

Bai Suzhen (白素貞), a female white snake, dreams of becoming a goddess by doing good deeds. She transforms herself into a woman and travels to the human realm. There, she meets a green snake, Qing (青), who causes disaster in the area she lives. Bai holds Qing captive at the bottom of a lake but promises her that she will return 300 years later to free her. Bai keeps her word and develops a sisterly bond with Qing. They encounter Fahai, a sorcerer who believes that every demon is inherently evil and must be destroyed. However, Bai is too powerful and Fahai is unable to eliminate her immediately, so he vows to destroy them if he sees them again.

Fearing that they will meet more human sorcerers, Bai and Qing retreat to the Banbuduo, a realm that exists between the human and demon worlds. They try to perform good deeds by bringing rain to places experiencing drought. However, Qing was careless and almost flooded the whole town once. Due to this mistake, Bai loses her chance to become an immortal. However, Guan Yin informs her that she may have yet another opportunity.

In the meantime, Bai and Qing accidentally bring a scholar named Xu Xian, and his friend, into the demon world. Bai protects them from the other demons and falls in love with Xu in the process. After the battle with the lord of the Underworld, Xu confesses his feelings for Bai, claiming that it was love at first sight. However, for a human to return to his world, he must first become unconscious and have any memory about his experience in the demon realm erased, but Xu knows and avoids being knocked out. However, Fahai finds a way into the demon world and he tricks Xu into being knocked out.

When Xu Xian returns to the human realm he forgets everything. Since he and his friend entered the portal separately, they end up in different locations. Xu meets many new people there. Not long later, Bai takes a final step to becoming a goddess, which is to collect human tears. Bai sees Xu with another woman and assumes that they are a couple. Qing realizes that when Xu and Bai meet, Xu will fall in love with Bai again, so she helps to arrange a meeting for them. Xu and Bai are married, open a medicine shop and live happily together.

However, as humans and demons are forbidden to bond, the town is struck by a plague and ends up on the verge of total destruction. Bai, Qing and Fahai finally agree to a truce and obtain a magical herb needed to help the population. Bai becomes pregnant later with Xu's child, but Fahai continues to attempt to eliminate her and Qing.

On the fifth day of the fifth lunar month, when the Duanwu Festival is held, demons in human form will revert to their original shape. Bai thus decides to take Qing and Xu Xian back to Banbuduo, but Xu falls for Fahai's trick again. Bai's true form is revealed and Xu is literally scared to death. Bai retrieves a drug that restores Xu to life. After giving birth to Xu's son, Bai is unable to control herself anymore and is forced to tell her husband the truth about her origin. Xu kindly accepts her, but Fahai attacks the weakened Bai and imprisons her for eternity in Leifeng Pagoda.

Modifications

In Feng Menglong's Jingshi Tongyan (警世通言), the white snake did not have a name. The name "Bai Suzhen" was created only later.

The story in Jingshi Tongyan was a story of good and evil, with Fahai out to save Xu Xian's soul from the demon Bai Suzhen. Over the centuries however the story has evolved from horror to romance with Bai and Xu genuinely in love with one another, but such a relationship is forbidden by the laws of Heaven.

Modifications to the story included:

1. Redemption of Bai:

• After Bai is trapped in the Leifeng Pagoda, Qing escapes and leaves to train and increase her power. She returns later and defeats Fahai, releasing Bai. Fahai retreats to the stomach of a crab. A saying that a crab's internal fat is orange because it resembles the colour of Fahai's kasaya.

2. Redemption of Bai (alternative version)

• Bai gives birth to Xu's son before she is trapped. Qing brings the baby to Xu's relatives, who raised him. The boy grows up to become the top scholar in the imperial examination. He returns to Leifeng Pagoda to pay respect and Bai is released because of her son's filial piety.

3. Reincarnation

• In a retcon version of the story, Xu and Bai are actually immortals in Heaven. However, they break celestial rules and are banished to the human world. The human Xu saves a white snake that is actually Bai, and they meet again to begin the story of Madame White Snake.

Reference and parallel to Wu Zetian

A quote from the adaptation Madam White Kept Forever under Thunder Peak Tower (Stories to Caution the World) states: "Judging from the case of Empress Wu, how we know that this white snake is not a beautiful woman? Who is to say that a white snake can’t change into a beautiful woman?" [i] Another quote in Lady White Snake: A Tale From Chinese Opera, retold by Aaron Shepard, states that an "animal may become a human. A human may become a god. Just so, a snake may become a woman."

Chinese folklore and Zodiac traditions both acknowledge snakes as the seducers and charmers throughout history of which there is equal fear and admiration for. There is a common and likely male dominated perception that Empress Wu Zetian of the Tang Dynasty thrust herself into power by having these intrinsic serpent qualities. Therefore the parallels between the story of Madam White and Wu Zetian are easy to draw.

Adaptations

Operas and stage plays

• The story has been performed numerous times in Peking opera, Cantonese opera and other Chinese operas.

• Stage musical adaptations in Hong Kong include:

Pai Niang Niang, created by Joseph Koo and Wong Jim. Premiering in 1972, it marked the start of the musical theatre industry in Hong Kong.

White Snake, Green Snake (2005), created by Christopher Wong

The Legend of the White Snake, created by Leon Ko and Chris Shum

• Taiwan's Cloud Gate Dance Theater performed a modern dance interpretation of Madam White Snake in the 1970s.

• In 2010, an opera based on the legend, Madame White Snake, with music by Zhou Long and a libretto by Cerise Lim Jacobs, premiered in a production by Opera Boston. It won the 2011 Pulitzer Prize in Music.

• In 2012, the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in Ashland, Oregon, staged an adaptation by Mary Zimmerman.

Films

• The Legend of the White Serpent (白夫人の妖恋), a 1956 Japanese film made by Toho in collaboration with Hong Kong's Shaw Brothers Studio. It was noted for being the first Toho film to be in color.

• The Tale of the White Serpent (白蛇傳), the first coloured anime feature film released in Japan in 1958. The U.S. release title was Panda and the Magic Serpent. It was also one of the rare instances where Qing is represented as a fish demon and not a snake demon. It was also the only known film based on the legend to be dubbed in German (German release title: Erzählung einer weißen Schlange).

• Madam White Snake, a 1962 film produced by Hong Kong's Shaw Brothers Studio. This version is a Huangmei opera directed by Feng Yueh, with music by Wang Fu-ling on a libretto by Li Chun-ching.

• Snake Woman's Marriage (白蛇大鬧天宮), a 1975 Taiwanese film directed by Sun Yang

• Green Snake (青蛇), a 1993 Hong Kong film directed by Tsui Hark, starring Maggie Cheung, Joey Wong, Vincent Zhao and Wu Hsing-kuo.

• The Sorcerer and the White Snake (白蛇傳說), an upcoming 3D film starring Jet Li, Huang Shengyi, Raymond Lam and Charlene Choi.

• The Legend of Lady White Snake: A Tribute to the Spirit of Alexander McQueen, an upcoming short film starring Daphne Guinness, directed by Indrani Pal-Chaudhuri, with creative direction/styling by GK Reid, and produced by Markus Klinko & Indrani, Daphne Guinness and GK Reid. Inspired by the ancient Chinese legend, the film is set in contemporary New York. Previews of the film are featured in the Daphne Guinness Exhibition at the Museum of the Fashion Institute from September 16, 2011 through January 6, 2012.

Television

• The Serpentine Romance (奇幻人間世), a 1990 television series produced by Hong Kong's TVB, starring Maggie Chan, Maggie Siu and Hugo Ng.

• New Legend of Madame White Snake / The Legend of White Snake (新白娘子傳奇), a 1992 Taiwanese television series starring Angie Chiu, Cecilia Yip and Maggie Chen. It was aired in the Philippines under the title Lady White Snake in 1997.

• The Legendary White Snake (白蛇後傳之人間有愛), a 1995 Singaporean television series starring Geoffrey Tso, Lin Yisheng, Terence Cao, Lina Ng, Ding Lan, Liu Qiulian and Wang Changli.

• My Date with a Vampire (我和殭屍有個約會), a Hong Kong television series produced by ATV. The series made extensive use of the story, reusing it in the first season (1998) and a modified version in the second season (1999).

• Madam White Snake / Legend of the Snake Spirits (白蛇新傳), a 2001 Taiwanese and Singapore co-produced television series starring Fann Wong, Christopher Lee, Zhang Yuyan and Vincent Jiao.

• Madame White Snake (白蛇傳), a 2005 Chinese television series starring Liu Tao, Pan Yueming, Chen Zihan and Liu Xiaofeng.

• The Legend of White Snake Sequel / Tale of the Oriental Serpent (白蛇後傳), a 2009 sequel to Madame White Snake (2005), starring Fu Miao, Qiu Xinzhi, Shi Zhaoqi, Chi Shuai and Cecilia Liu.

• Love of the Millennium (又見白娘子), an upcoming Chinese television series as a sequel to New Legend of Madame White Snake (1992), starring Zuo Xiaoqing, Queenie Tai, Ren Quan and Shen Xiaohai.

Others

• In the West there have been children's picture book adaptations of the legend, written by Western authors and illustrated by Chinese artists, including:

Legend of the White Serpent by A. Fullarton Prior, illustrated by Kwan Sang-Mei

and Lady White Snake: A Tale From Chinese Opera, by Aaron Shepard, illustrated by Song Nang Zhang

• The novella The Devil Wives of Li Fong by E. Hoffmann Price is based on the story.

• In 2009, Dantes Dailiang made use of the Chinese lyrics of the Legend of White Snake for his song La muse aux lèvres rouges (红唇之缪斯女神) recorded in his LP Dailiang.

See also

• Duanwu Festival
• Leifeng Pagoda
• Chinese mythology

External links

• Fashion/art film starring Daphne Guinness, directed by Indrani.
• Legend of White Snake - Stage Performance from Penang, Malaysia
• Xu Xian and Lady White Story, Bai She Zhuan
• Stories to Caution the World in Google Books
• Lady White Snake
• Oregon Shakespeare Festival, 2012 production