Andean music

Street band from Peru performing El Cóndor Pasa in Tokyo

Andean music comes from the general area inhabited by Quechuas, Aymaras and other peoples that lived roughly in the area of the Inca Empire prior to European contact. It includes folklore music of parts of Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Chile, Colombia, Peru and Venezuela. Andean music is popular to different degrees across Latin America, having its core public in rural areas and among indigenous populations. The Nueva Canción movement of the 70s revived the genre across Latin America and brought it to places where it was unknown or forgotten.

Instruments

The panflute is among the most emblematic instruments of Andean music.

The panpipes group include the sikú (or zampoña) and antara. These are ancient indigenous instruments that vary in size, tuning and style. Instruments in this group are constructed from aquatic reeds found in many lakes in the Andean Region of South America. The sikú has two rows of canes and are tuned in either pentatonic or diatonic scales. Some modern single-rowed panpipes modeled after the native Antara are capable of playing full scales, while traditional Sikús are played using two rows of canes wrapped together. It is still commonplace for two performers to share a melody while playing the larger style of sikú called the toyo. This style of voicing interspersed notes between two musicians is called playing in hocket and is still in use today in many of the huaynos traditional songs and contemporary Andean music.

Quenas (notched-end flutes) remain popular and are traditionally made out of the same aquatic canes as the Sikús, although PVC pipe is sometimes used due to its resistance to heat, cold and humidity. Generally, quenas only are played during the dry season, with vertical flutes, either pinkillos or tarkas, being played during the wet season. Tarkas are constructed from local Andean hard wood sources. Marching bands dominated by drums and panpipes are commonplace today and are used to celebrate weddings, carnivals and other holidays.

Modern history

The twentieth century saw drastic changes in Andean society and culture. Bolivia, for example, saw a nationalistic revolution in 1952, leading to increased rights and social awareness for natives. The new government established a folklore department in the Bolivian Ministry of Education and radio stations began broadcasting in Aymara and Quechua.

By 1965, an influential group called Los Jairas formed in La Paz, Bolivia; the quartet fused native sounds into forms suitable for urban Europeans and the middle class. One member of Los Jairas, Gilbert Favre (a Swiss-French flautist) had previously been an acquaintance of the Parras (Ángel, Isabel, and their mother Violeta) in Paris. The Parras eventually began promoting indigenous music in Santiago, Chile.

The late 1960s released native groups such as Ruphay, Grupo Aymara, and the emblematic quechua singer, Luzmila Carpio. Later Chilean groups such as Inti-Illimani and Los Curacas took the fusion work of Los Jairas and the Parras to invent nueva canción, which returned to Bolivia in the 1980s in the form of canto nuevo artists such as Emma Junaro and Matilde Casazola.

The 1970s was a decade in which Andean music saw its biggest growth. Different groups sprang out of the different villages throughout the Andes Region. Peru, Ecuador, Chile, Bolivia, Colombia and Argentina.

Many musicians made their way to the big cities forming different bands and groups. One of the most legendary was Los Kjarkas, from Bolivia. Singing and composing songs that became huge hits in Bolivia and would later become Andean standards.

They would later take Andean music to the rest of the world.

Genres and relationships to other musical styles

• Carnavalito
• Diablada - A sort of music typically associated with the diablada dance and its festivals.
• Huayno - Originated in colonial Peru as a combination of traditional rural folk music and popular urban dance music. High-pitched vocals are accompanied by a variety of instruments, including quena (flute), harp, siku (panpipe), accordion, saxophone, charango, lute, violin, guitar, and mandolin. Some elements of huayño originate in the music of the pre-Columbian Andes, especially on the territory of former Inca Empire. Huayno utilizes a distinctive rhythm in which the first beat is stressed and followed by two short beats.
• Afro-Bolivian Saya
• Chicha - Originated in Peru the late 80s as a fusion of cumbia and huayno music.

Cumbia

Originally from the Caribbean coast of Colombia, cumbia became a hit in Peru and through much of Latin America. It was then adapted to a "Peruvian" version called "Chicha" that has become a popular style in the Andean region, specially among in the lower socioeconomic strata of the society including Quechua and Aymara populations. Several Andean music genres have also borrowed elements originally introduced by the Peruvian "cumbia" such as electric bass guitars, electronic percussion and little from the original cumbia rhythm.

Nueva canción

Andean music has served as a major source of inspiration for the neo-folkloric Nueva canción movement that begun in the 60s, Nueva canción musicians both interpreted old songs and created new pieces that are now considered andean music. Some Nueva canción musicians such as Los Jaivas would fuse Andean music with psychedelic and progressive rock.

Rock en Español

While the rock en Español wave of the 80s and 90s largely rejected Nueva canción and folklore in favor of new hard rock, pop rock, punk, alternative rock and new wave sounds some elements of Andean music has been featured in rock en Español songs such as Cuando pase el temblor by Soda Stereo and Lamento boliviano by Los Enanitos Verdes.

Other notable groups and artists

• Géne-sis
• Damaris
• Illapu
• Inkuyo
• Inti-Illimani
• Los Incas
• Los Kjarkas
• Quilapayún
• Rumillajta
• Savia Andina
• Sukay
• Magaly Solier
• Los Curacas

External links

• "Tierra de vientos", web on Andean music
• "Vientos de tierra de vientos", examples of Andean music and instruments
• Copacabana Internacional - Andean music player in stereo
• Andean Music from Puno Perú
• Andean Music Radio Set: Free
• Music from the Andes and Nearby Regions
• Andean Music by LlajtaNet.Com