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| Cover = 200px-Kiss destroyer album cover.jpg
| Cover = 200px-Kiss destroyer album cover.jpg
| Released = March 15, 1976
| Released = March 15, 1976
| Recorded = [[Electric Lady Studios]], [[New York City]], September 3–6, 1975; [[Record Plant Studios]], New York City, January – February 1976
| Recorded = [[Electric Lady Studios]], [[New York City]], September 3-6, 1975; [[Record Plant Studios]], New York City, January - February 1976
| Genre = [[Hard rock]], [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]]
| Genre = [[Hard rock]], [[heavy metal music|heavy metal]]
| Length = 34:27
| Length = 34:27
| Language = English
| Language = English
Line 30: Line 30:
}}
}}


'''''Destroyer''''' is the fourth [[studio album]] by American rock band [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]], released on March 15, 1976 in the US. It was the second consecutive Kiss album to reach the top 20 in the US, as well as the first to chart in [[Germany]] and [[New Zealand]]. The album was certified gold by the [[RIAA]] on April 22, 1976, and platinum on November 11 of the same year, the first Kiss album to achieve platinum.{{certification Cite Ref|region=United States|type=album|artist=Kiss|title=Destroyer}}
'''''Destroyer''''' is the fourth studio album by American rock band [[Kiss (band)|Kiss]], released on March 15, 1976 in the US. It was the second consecutive Kiss album to reach the top 20 in the US, as well as the first to chart in [[Germany]] and [[New Zealand]]. The album was certified gold by the [[RIAA]] on April 22, 1976, and platinum on November 11 of the same year, the first Kiss album to achieve platinum.{{certification Cite Ref|region=United States|type=album|artist=Kiss|title=Destroyer}}


==Album information==
==Album information==
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The first recording sessions for the album took place from September 3–6, 1975 at [[Electric Lady Studios]] in [[New York City]], during a brief break between the ''[[Dressed to Kill (album)|Dressed to Kill]]'' and ''Alive!'' tours. The basic album tracks were recorded during this time.<ref>Gooch and Suhs, ''Kiss Alive Forever'', p. 64.</ref> The majority of the recording sessions for ''Destroyer'' took place in January 1976, after the conclusion of the ''Alive!'' tour.<ref>Gill, ''Kiss Album Focus'', p. 185.</ref>
The first recording sessions for the album took place from September 3–6, 1975 at [[Electric Lady Studios]] in [[New York City]], during a brief break between the ''[[Dressed to Kill (album)|Dressed to Kill]]'' and ''Alive!'' tours. The basic album tracks were recorded during this time.<ref>Gooch and Suhs, ''Kiss Alive Forever'', p. 64.</ref> The majority of the recording sessions for ''Destroyer'' took place in January 1976, after the conclusion of the ''Alive!'' tour.<ref>Gill, ''Kiss Album Focus'', p. 185.</ref>


The first [[Demo (music)|demo]] recorded during the ''Destroyer'' sessions was [http://www.kissfaq.com/multimedia/audio/noneofyourbusiness.mp3 "Ain't None of Your Business,"] featuring [[Peter Criss]] on vocals. The plodding, heavy song, written by [[Country music|country]] songwriters Becky Hobbs and Lew Anderson, was rejected by the band and later appeared on the 1977 debut album by [[Michael Des Barres]]' band [[Detective]]. Although this song was rejected other outside songs and suggestions were accepted by the band. In particular, [[Kim Fowley]] and Mark Anthony became important contributors during the songwriting process.<ref>Gill, ''Kiss Album Focus'', pp. 185–189.</ref>
The first [[Demo (music)|demo]] recorded during the ''Destroyer'' sessions was [http://www.kissfaq.com/multimedia/audio/noneofyourbusiness.mp3 "Ain't None of Your Business,"] featuring [[Peter Criss]] on vocals. The plodding, heavy song, written by [[country music|country]] songwriters Becky Hobbs and Lew Anderson, was rejected by the band and later appeared on the 1977 debut album by [[Michael Des Barres]]' band [[Detective]]. Although this song was rejected other outside songs and suggestions were accepted by the band. In particular, [[Kim Fowley]] and Mark Anthony became important contributors during the songwriting process.<ref>Gill, ''Kiss Album Focus'', pp. 185–189.</ref>


During the recording sessions Ezrin resorted to numerous tactics designed to increase the quality of music Kiss recorded. Because none of the group were trained musicians, Ezrin halted the sessions at one point to provide lessons in basic [[music theory]].<ref>Leaf and Sharp, ''Behind the Mask'', pp. 253–254.</ref> In an effort to instill a sense of discipline, he wore a whistle around his neck and exhorted the band with sayings such as, "Campers, we're going to work!".<ref>Leaf and Sharp, ''Behind the Mask'', p. 255.</ref> When Simmons stopped playing during the recording of an [[outro]], Ezrin yelled at him, saying, "Don't you ever stop a take unless I tell you!"<ref>Leaf and Sharp, ''Behind the Mask'', p. 256.</ref>
During the recording sessions Ezrin resorted to numerous tactics designed to increase the quality of music Kiss recorded. Because none of the group were trained musicians, Ezrin halted the sessions at one point to provide lessons in basic [[music theory]].<ref>Leaf and Sharp, ''Behind the Mask'', pp. 253–254.</ref> In an effort to instill a sense of discipline, he wore a whistle around his neck and exhorted the band with sayings such as, "Campers, we're going to work!".<ref>Leaf and Sharp, ''Behind the Mask'', p. 255.</ref> When Simmons stopped playing during the recording of an [[outro]], Ezrin yelled at him, saying, "Don't you ever stop a take unless I tell you!"<ref>Leaf and Sharp, ''Behind the Mask'', p. 256.</ref>
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==Re-Release==
==Re-Release==
In late 2011, [[Gene Simmons]] stated that a deluxe edition of ''Destroyer'' will be released in 2012. The original release date was slated for February 28, however it was pushed to April 17. The album will be released as a 2CD edition, and it includes the actual album, leftovers and outtakes from the sessions and the original artwork, which Casablanca Records rejected for being violent.
In late 2011, Gene Simmons stated that a deluxe edition of ''Destroyer'' will be released in 2012. The original release date was slated for February 28, however it was pushed to April 17. The album will be released as a 2CD edition, and it includes the actual album, leftovers and outtakes from the sessions and the original artwork, which Casablanca Records rejected for being violent.


==Reception==
==Reception==
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| length7 = 2:49
| length7 = 2:49
| title8 = [[Beth (song)|Beth]]
| title8 = [[Beth (song)|Beth]]
| writer8 = [[Peter Criss]], Ezrin, Stan Penridge
| writer8 = [[Peter Criss]], Stan Penridge, Ezrin
| extra8 = Criss
| extra8 = Criss
| length8 = 2:45
| length8 = 2:45
| title9 = Do You Love Me?
| title9 = Do You Love Me?
| writer9 = Stanley, Ezrin, Kim Fowley
| writer9 = Stanley, Ezrin, Fowley
| extra9 = Stanley
| extra9 = Stanley
| length9 = 3:40
| length9 = 3:40
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| extra10 = Instrumental
| extra10 = Instrumental
| length10 = 1:25
| length10 = 1:25
}}<!-- If anybody knows about the additional tracks included on the 2012 deluxe reissue, please include it in the track listing section. -->
}}



==Cover versions==
==Cover versions==
{{ref improve section|date=April 2012}}
{{ref improve section|date=April 2012}}
==="Beth"===
==="Beth"===
*Peter Criss covered "Beth" on his solo album ''[[Cat 1 (album)|Cat #1]]''.
*Peter Criss covered "Beth" on his solo album ''[[Cat 1 (album)|Cat #1]]''.
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==="God of Thunder"===
==="God of Thunder"===
*[[The Melvins]] made a cover for Kiss' tribute album ''[[Hard to Believe: Kiss Covers Compilation]]''.
*[[The Melvins]] made a cover for Kiss' tribute album ''Hard to Believe: Kiss Covers Compilation''.
*[[Iced Earth]] covered "God of Thunder" for their tribute album ''[[Tribute to the Gods]]''. "[[Creatures of the Night (song)|Creatures of the Night]]" cover was also featured on the album.
*[[Iced Earth]] covered "God of Thunder" for their tribute album ''[[Tribute to the Gods]]''. "[[Creatures of the Night (song)|Creatures of the Night]]" cover was also featured on the album.
*[[White Zombie]] covered the song for their EP ''[[God of Thunder (album)|God of Thunder]]''.
*[[White Zombie]] covered the song for their EP ''[[God of Thunder (album)|God of Thunder]]''.
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==="Do You Love Me?"===
==="Do You Love Me?"===
*[[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] made a cover for the ''[[Hard to Believe: Kiss Covers Compilation]]''.
*[[Nirvana (band)|Nirvana]] made a cover for the ''Hard to Believe: Kiss Covers Compilation''.
*[[Girlschool]] made a cover for ''[[Running Wild (album)|Running Wild]]''.
*[[Girlschool]] made a cover for ''[[Running Wild (album)|Running Wild]]''.
*[[Girl (band)|Girl]] included a version on their debut album ''[[Sheer Greed]]''
*[[Girl (band)|Girl]] included a version on their debut album ''[[Sheer Greed]]''
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==Personnel==
==Personnel==
===Band members===
===Band members===
*[[Paul Stanley]] – [[rhythm guitar]], [[vocals]]
*[[Paul Stanley]] - [[rhythm guitar]], [[vocals]]
*[[Gene Simmons]] – [[bass guitar]], vocals
*[[Gene Simmons]] - [[bass guitar]], vocals
*[[Ace Frehley]] – [[lead guitar]], [[backing vocals]]
*[[Ace Frehley]] - [[lead guitar]], [[backing vocals]]
*[[Peter Criss]] – [[drum kit|drums]], [[percussion instrument|percussion]], vocals
*[[Peter Criss]] - [[drum kit|drums]], [[percussion instrument|percussion]], vocals


===Additional musicians===
===Additional musicians===
*[[Dick Wagner]] – guitar solo on "Sweet Pain", [[acoustic guitar]] on "Beth"
*[[Dick Wagner]] - [[guitar solo]] on "Sweet Pain", [[acoustic guitar]] on "Beth"
*Brooklyn Boys Chorus – vocals on "Great Expectations"
*Brooklyn Boys Chorus - vocals on "Great Expectations"
*David and Josh Ezrin – voices on "God of Thunder"
*David and Josh Ezrin - [[voice]]s on "God of Thunder"


===Production===
===Production===
*[[Bob Ezrin]] – [[record producer|producer]], [[Conducting|orchestration]]
*[[Bob Ezrin]] - [[record producer|producer]], [[conducting|orchestration]]
*H.A. Macmillan – orchestration
*H.A. Macmillan - orchestration
*[[Jay Messina]] – [[audio engineer|engineer]]
*[[Jay Messina]] - [[audio engineer|engineer]]
*Corky Stasiak – engineer
*Corky Stasiak - engineer


==Charts and certifications==
==Charts and certifications==
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| year = 2005
| year = 2005
| location =
| location =
| isbn= 1-4134-8547-2}}
| isbn= 1-4134-8547-2
}}


*{{cite book
*{{cite book
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| year = 2002
| year = 2002
| location = New York
| location = New York
| isbn= 0-8230-8322-5}}
| isbn= 0-8230-8322-5
}}


*{{cite book
*{{cite book
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| year = 2003
| year = 2003
| location = New York
| location = New York
| isbn= 0-446-53073-5}}
| isbn= 0-446-53073-5
}}
</div>
</div>


Revision as of 23:14, 22 April 2012

Untitled

Destroyer is the fourth studio album by American rock band Kiss, released on March 15, 1976 in the US. It was the second consecutive Kiss album to reach the top 20 in the US, as well as the first to chart in Germany and New Zealand. The album was certified gold by the RIAA on April 22, 1976, and platinum on November 11 of the same year, the first Kiss album to achieve platinum.[1]

Album information

After attaining modest commercial success with their first three studio albums, Kiss achieved a commercial breakthrough with the 1975 concert album Alive!. It was the first album by the band to be certified gold, and eventually went multi-platinum.[2] The success of Alive!, which spent 110 weeks on the charts, benefited not only the struggling band but their cash-strapped label Casablanca Records.[3][4] Kiss signed a new contract with Casablanca in late 1975, partly because the label had been very supportive from the start of the band's career. The contract was for two albums, an indication that Casablanca was unsure if the group could duplicate the accomplishments of Alive!.[5]

Destroyer is easily the most ambitious studio recording of the band's 70's catalogue. Bob Ezrin, who had previously worked with Alice Cooper, was brought in to produce the album. Among the production flourishes Ezrin introduced to Kiss were sound effects, strings, screaming children, reversed drums (on "God of Thunder") and a children's choir. The song "Great Expectations" uses the first phrase of the main theme from the second movement of Beethoven's Sonata No. 8 in C Minor, opus 13 "Pathétique", but songwriting is credited to Simmons and Ezrin.

Destroyer is the first Kiss album to prominently feature outside musicians, such as members of the New York Philharmonic-Symphony Orchestra. However, one musician not credited was Dick Wagner, from Alice Cooper's band, replacing Ace Frehley on tracks such as "Sweet Pain" (as Frehley did not want to interrupt a card game he was playing during recording sessions for the song). Wagner also played the acoustic guitar found on the song "Beth".[6] The success of Alive! and Destroyer enabled the band to embark on their first tour of Europe.

Production

"Beth"
"Beth" marked a musical departure for Kiss, with its heavy use of an orchestra section. The song became a #7 hit for the group.
"Shout It Out Loud"
This song, with its call-and-response verses and anthemic chorus, is typical of the hard rock songs on Destroyer.
Problems playing these files? See media help.

Rehearsals for Destroyer began in August 1975, while the group was embarked on their supporting tour for Alive!. Bob Ezrin, who had produced a string of successful albums for Alice Cooper, was chosen to work with Kiss. The band felt that Ezrin was the right person to help them take their sound to the next level and to maintain the commercial success they had achieved with Alive![7]

The first recording sessions for the album took place from September 3–6, 1975 at Electric Lady Studios in New York City, during a brief break between the Dressed to Kill and Alive! tours. The basic album tracks were recorded during this time.[8] The majority of the recording sessions for Destroyer took place in January 1976, after the conclusion of the Alive! tour.[9]

The first demo recorded during the Destroyer sessions was "Ain't None of Your Business," featuring Peter Criss on vocals. The plodding, heavy song, written by country songwriters Becky Hobbs and Lew Anderson, was rejected by the band and later appeared on the 1977 debut album by Michael Des Barres' band Detective. Although this song was rejected other outside songs and suggestions were accepted by the band. In particular, Kim Fowley and Mark Anthony became important contributors during the songwriting process.[10]

During the recording sessions Ezrin resorted to numerous tactics designed to increase the quality of music Kiss recorded. Because none of the group were trained musicians, Ezrin halted the sessions at one point to provide lessons in basic music theory.[11] In an effort to instill a sense of discipline, he wore a whistle around his neck and exhorted the band with sayings such as, "Campers, we're going to work!".[12] When Simmons stopped playing during the recording of an outro, Ezrin yelled at him, saying, "Don't you ever stop a take unless I tell you!"[13]

Paul Stanley later compared the experience of working with Ezrin as "musical boot camp" but said that the group "came out a lot smarter for it."[14] Simmons echoed the sentiment by stating, "It was exactly what we needed at the time."[15] Frehley, who did not approach the recording process with the discipline Ezrin wanted, often found himself at odds with the producer. He bristled at being asked to perform multiple takes of his solos and became uncooperative. As a result Ezrin brought in session guitarist Dick Wagner, and threatened to replace Frehley with him.

Album art

The cover art for Destroyer was painted by fantasy artist Ken Kelly. Kelly's work was brought to the attention of Simmons, who met with Kelly to discuss ideas for Destroyer. Kelly agreed but asked to see Kiss perform live first to gain inspiration. He was invited to a show and given a backstage pass. He later said of the performance, "It blew me away."[16] Kelly was later commissioned by the band to draw the cover for 1977's Love Gun.

Kelly's original version of the album cover was rejected by the record company because they felt the scene was too violent looking with the rubble and flames. Also, the original version had the members of Kiss wearing the "Alive" costumes. The front cover shows the group striding on top of a pile of rubble, and a desolate background spotted with destroyed buildings, some of which are engulfed in flames. The back cover shows a similar scene, but with more buildings on fire. The front of the LP-liner features a large Kiss logo and the lyrics to "Detroit Rock City". The other side displays the lyric "SHOUT IT OUT LOUD", as well as an advertisement for the Kiss Army fan club.

Re-Release

In late 2011, Gene Simmons stated that a deluxe edition of Destroyer will be released in 2012. The original release date was slated for February 28, however it was pushed to April 17. The album will be released as a 2CD edition, and it includes the actual album, leftovers and outtakes from the sessions and the original artwork, which Casablanca Records rejected for being violent.

Reception

Professional ratings
Review scores
SourceRating
Allmusic[17]
Blender[18]
Robert Christgau(C+)[19]
Sputnikmusic[20]
Pitchfork Media[21]
Rolling Stone(favorable)[22]

Destroyer sold well upon its release on March 15, 1976 and was certified gold on April 22. Although exact sales figures are not known, Stanley stated that the album initially sold 850,000 copies in the US, well in excess of any of Kiss's first three studio albums.[23] After peaking at #11 on the Billboard album chart on May 15, Destroyer quickly fell and by August was at #192.[24] The first three singles — "Shout It Out Loud", "Flaming Youth" and "Detroit Rock City" — failed to ignite sales any further, leading the band and its management to view the album as a failure relative to Alive!. The band and Ezrin cited fan backlash as the reason Destroyer did not meet sales expectations. Ezrin also stated that the "grassroots rock press" was particularly critical of the album.[23]

Rolling Stone referred to "bloated ballads," "pedestrian drumming" and "lackluster performances" in its review.[25] It was not until radio stations started playing the B-side of the "Detroit Rock City" single "Beth," that the album started to sell as expected. The ballad, which according to Simmons was deliberately put on the B-side to force stations to play "Detroit Rock City", started receiving numerous listener requests and became an unexpected hit. "Beth" (written and performed by Peter Criss) was re-released as the fourth single in late August, and it peaked at #7 on the Billboard singles chart on September 25. It was the group's first Top 10 song and re-ignited sales of the album. On November 11 Destroyer became the first Kiss album to be certified platinum.[26]

The album received recognition many later years. In 1989, Kerrang! magazine listed the album at #36 among the "100 Greatest Heavy Metal Albums of All Time".[27] In 2003, it was ranked #496 on Rolling Stone magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. In 2006, it was placed at #60 on Guitar World magazine's list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Albums of All Time.[28] The album was also featured in 1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die.[29]

Track listing

No.TitleWriter(s)Lead vocalsLength
1."Detroit Rock City"Paul Stanley, Bob EzrinStanley5:17
2."King of the Night Time World"Stanley, Ezrin, Kim Fowley, Mark AnthonyStanley3:19
3."God of Thunder"StanleyGene Simmons4:13
4."Great Expectations"Simmons, EzrinSimmons4:24
5."Flaming Youth"Ace Frehley, Stanley, Simmons, EzrinStanley2:59
6."Sweet Pain"SimmonsSimmons3:20
7."Shout It Out Loud"Stanley, Simmons, EzrinStanley, Simmons2:49
8."Beth"Peter Criss, Stan Penridge, EzrinCriss2:45
9."Do You Love Me?"Stanley, Ezrin, FowleyStanley3:40
10."Rock and Roll Party[30]"Simmons, Stanley, EzrinInstrumental1:25


Cover versions

"Beth"

"God of Thunder"

"Do You Love Me?"

Personnel

Band members

Additional musicians

Production

Charts and certifications

Album

Chart Peak position
Sweden[31] 4
Austria[31] 6
Canada[31] 6
U.S. Pop Albums[32] 11
New Zealand[31] 16
Japan[31] 17
U.K.[31] 22
Germany[31] 36

Singles

Year Song Chart positions
Billboard Pop Singles[33] Canadian Singles Chart[33] German Singles Chart[33] Swedish Singles Chart[33] Australian Singles Chart[33] New Zealand Singles Chart[33]
1976 "Shout It Out Loud" 31 1 32 16 45 40
1976 "Flaming Youth" 74 73 – – – –
1976 "Detroit Rock City" – – 14 – – –
1976 "Beth" 7 5 – – 79 –

Certifications

Region Certification Certified units/sales
United States (RIAA)[1] 2× Platinum 2,000,000^

^ Shipments figures based on certification alone.

Accolades

The following information regarding list placements attributed to Destroyer is taken from AcclaimedMusic.net.[34]

Publication Country Accolade Year Rank
Rolling Stone U.S. The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time[35] 2003 496
Blender U.S. The 100 Greatest American Albums of All Time[36] 2002 50
Guitar World U.S. The 100 Greatest Guitar Albums of All Time.[28] 2006 60

(*) designates unordered lists.

Release history

Country Date Label Format Catalogue number
United States March 15, 1976 Casablanca Records LP NBLP-7025
Canada 1976 Casablanca Records LP NBLP-7025V
United States July 1987 Casablanca/PolyGram CD 824 149-2
United States August 12, 1997 Mercury Records Remastered CD 532 378-2

References

  1. ^ a b "American album certifications – Kiss – Destroyer". Recording Industry Association of America.
  2. ^ Leaf and Sharp, Behind the Mask, pp. 67–68.
  3. ^ Gill, Kiss Album Focus, p. 178.
  4. ^ Lendt, Kiss and Sell, pp. 40–41.
  5. ^ Gill, Kiss Album Focus, p. 181.
  6. ^ Leaf and Sharp, Behind the Mask
  7. ^ Gill, Kiss Album Focus, pp. 183–184.
  8. ^ Gooch and Suhs, Kiss Alive Forever, p. 64.
  9. ^ Gill, Kiss Album Focus, p. 185.
  10. ^ Gill, Kiss Album Focus, pp. 185–189.
  11. ^ Leaf and Sharp, Behind the Mask, pp. 253–254.
  12. ^ Leaf and Sharp, Behind the Mask, p. 255.
  13. ^ Leaf and Sharp, Behind the Mask, p. 256.
  14. ^ Leaf and Sharp, Behind the Mask, p. 252.
  15. ^ Gill, Kiss Album Focus, p. 188.
  16. ^ "Ken Kelly & Kiss". Retrieved 2007-08-06.
  17. ^ Destroyer at AllMusic
  18. ^ http://www.blender.com/guide/back-catalogue/52637/drestroyer-l.html [dead link‍]
  19. ^ "Robert Christgau: CG: Kiss". robertchristgau.com. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  20. ^ http://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/4312/KISS-Destroyer/ [citation needed]
  21. ^ "Kiss: Destroyer: Pitchfork Review". pitchforkmedia.com. Archived from the original on 2003-02-19. Retrieved 8 August 2011.
  22. ^ John Millward (June 1976). "Kiss". rollingstone.com. Retrieved 11 Nov 2011.
  23. ^ a b Leaf and Sharp, Behind the Mask, p. 258.
  24. ^ Gill, Kiss Album Focus, p. 202.
  25. ^ Milward, John (1976-06-03). "Destroyer album review". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2007-08-09. {{cite news}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help)
  26. ^ Gill, Kiss Album Focus, pp. 203–204.
  27. ^ Barton, Geoff (21 January 1989). "Kiss 'Destroyer'". Kerrang!. Vol. 222. London, UK: Spotlight Publications Ltd. {{cite book}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  28. ^ a b "Guitar World's 100 Greatest Guitar Albums Of All Time". Rate Your Music. Retrieved November 11, 2010.
  29. ^ "1001 Albums You Must Hear - 2008 Edition". rocklistmusic.co.uk. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
  30. ^ "Destroyer track details".
  31. ^ a b c d e f g "The Complete KISS Album Chart Action, 1974–". The KISSFAQ. Retrieved 2007-08-06.
  32. ^ "Destroyer Charts & Awards". Allmusic. Retrieved 2007-08-06.
  33. ^ a b c d e f "The Complete KISS Singles Chart Action, 1974–". KISSFAQ.com. Retrieved 2007-08-06.
  34. ^ "Destroyer". Acclaimed Music. Retrieved 2007-08-06.
  35. ^ "The RS 500 Greatest Albums of All Time". Rolling Stone. 2003. Retrieved 2007-08-06.
  36. ^ "100 GREATEST AMERICAN ALBUMS – KISS #50". Kiss Online. 2003. Archived from the original on 2007-10-31. Retrieved 2007-08-06.
Bibliography
  • Gill, Julian (2005). The Kiss Album Focus, Volume 1 (3rd Edition). Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 1-4134-8547-2.
  • Gooch, Curt (2002). Kiss Alive Forever: The Complete Touring History. New York: Billboard Books. ISBN 0-8230-8322-5. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Leaf, David (2003). Kiss: Behind the Mask: The Official Authorized Biography. New York: Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-53073-5. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
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