C0 and C1 control codes

Most character encodings, in addition to representing printable characters, may also represent additional information about the text, such as the position of a cursor, an instruction to start a new line, or a message that the text has been received. The C0 and C1 control code sets define control codes for use in text by computer systems that use the ISO/IEC 2022 system of specifying control and graphic characters. The C0 set defines codes in the range 00_HEX–1F_HEX and the C1 set defines codes in the range 80_HEX–9F_HEX. The default C0 set was originally defined in ISO 646 (ASCII), while the default C1 set was originally defined in ECMA-48 (harmonized later with ISO 6429). While other C0 and C1 sets are available for specialized applications, they are rarely used.

While the C1 control characters are used in conjunction with the ISO/IEC 8859 series of graphical character sets among others, and are integrated into Unicode, they are rarely used directly, except on specific platforms such as OpenVMS. When they turn up in documents, Web pages, e-mail messages, etc., which are ostensibly in an ISO-8859-n encoding, their code positions generally refer instead to the characters at that position in a proprietary, system-specific encoding such as Windows-1252 or the Apple Macintosh ("MacRoman") character set that use the codes provided for representation of the C1 set with a single 8-bit byte to instead provide additional graphic characters, though this is technically invalid under the ISO encodings. The byte values for the C1 set are also used by the UTF-8 encoding of Unicode. Thus the corresponding control functions are more commonly accessed using the equivalent two byte escape sequence intended for use with systems that have only 7-bit bytes.

Computer applications dealing with plain text only need to concern themselves with the six format effectors (0x08 through 0x0D) in the default C0 set. Only HT, LF, and CR are universally well handled, as BS is often used by applications to indicate deleting the previous character, and VT and FF are often poorly handled by applications that do not assume the use of a fixed character and page size. On the other hand, the C1 control character NEL intended as a single byte substitute for the common two-byte sequence CR LF is often accepted by plain text applications. Very few applications interpret the other C0 and C1 control codes, as they are not needed for plain text.

The ESC code is used extensively to introduce commands to control printing and display devices, for instance in the ANSI escape codes, and PCL, the printer language from Hewlett-Packard printers and compatibles.

NUL has the meaning of "end of string" in C programming language and derivatives such as C++. This meaning is usually not intended in a text stream, but the result is that NUL often cannot be assigned any other meaning.

In addition, some transmission protocols such as ANPA-1312 do make extensive use of control characters SOH, STX, ETX and EOT. Other well known but now nearly obsolete ones are BEL, ACK, NAK and SYN.

The official English language names of some control codes were revised in the most recent edition of the standard for control codes in general (ISO 6429:1992 or ECMA-48:1991) to be neutral with respect to the graphic characters used with them, and to not assume that, as in the Latin script, lines are written on a page from top to bottom and that characters are written on a line from left to right. The abbreviations used were not changed, as the standard had already specified that those would remain unchanged when the standard is translated to other languages. Where the name has been changed, the original name from which the abbreviation was derived is also given in small type in the tables below.

C0 (ASCII and derivatives)

These are the standard ASCII control codes. If using the ISO/IEC 2022 extension mechanism, they are designated as the active C0 control character set with the octet sequence 0x1B 0x21 0x40 (ESC ! @).

Seq	Dec	Hex	Acro	Name	C	Description
^@	00	00	NUL	Null	\0	Originally used to allow gaps to be left on paper tape for edits. Later used for padding after a code that might take a terminal some time to process (e.g. a carriage return or line feed on a printing terminal). Now often used as a string terminator, especially in the C programming language.
^A	01	01	SOH	Start of Heading		First character of a message header.
^B	02	02	STX	Start of text		First character of message text, and may be used to terminate the message heading.
^C	03	03	ETX	End of Text		Often used as a "break" character (Ctrl-C) to interrupt or terminate a program or process.
^D	04	04	EOT	End of Transmission		Used on Unix to signal end-of-file condition on, or to logout from a terminal.
^E	05	05	ENQ	Enquiry		Signal intended to trigger a response at the receiving end, to see if it is still present.
^F	06	06	ACK	Acknowledge		Response to an ENQ, or an indication of successful receipt of a message.
^G	07	07	BEL	Bell	\a	Originally used to sound a bell on the terminal. Later used for a beep on systems that didn't have a physical bell. May also quickly turn on and off inverse video (a visual bell).
^H	08	08	BS	Backspace	\b	Move the cursor one position leftwards. On input, this may delete the character to the left of the cursor. On output, where in early computer technology a character once printed could not be erased, the backspace was sometimes used to generate accented characters in ASCII. For example, à could be produced using the three character sequence a BS ` (0x61 0x08 0x60). This usage is now deprecated and generally not supported. To provide disambiguation between the two potential uses of backspace, the cancel character control code was made part of the standard C1 control set.
^I	09	09	HT	Character Tabulation, Horizontal Tabulation	\t	Position to the next character tab stop.
^J	10	0A	LF	Line Feed	\n	On typewriters, printers, and some terminal emulators, moves the cursor down one row without affecting its column position. On Unix, used to mark end-of-line. In MS-DOS, Windows, and various network standards, LF is used following CR as part of the end-of-line mark.
^K	11	0B	VT	Line Tabulation, Vertical Tabulation	\v	Position the form at the next line tab stop.
^L	12	0C	FF	Form Feed	\f	On printers, load the next page. Treated as whitespace in many programming languages, and may be used to separate logical divisions in code. In some terminal emulators, it clears the screen.
^M	13	0D	CR	Carriage Return	\r	Originally used to move the cursor to column zero while staying on the same line. On Mac OS (pre-Mac OS X), as well as in earlier systems such as the Apple II and Commodore 64, used to mark end-of-line. In MS-DOS, Windows, and various network standards, it is used preceding LF as part of the end-of-line mark. The Enter or Return key on a keyboard will send this character, but it may be converted to a different end-of-line sequence by a terminal program.
^N	14	0E	SO	Shift Out		Switch to an alternate character set.
^O	15	0F	SI	Shift In		Return to regular character set after Shift Out.
^P	16	10	DLE	Data Link Escape		Cause the following octets to be interpreted as raw data, not as control codes or graphic characters. Returning to normal usage would be implementation dependent.
^Q	17	11	DC1	Device Control One (XON)		These four control codes are reserved for device control, with the interpretation dependent upon the device they were connected. DC1 and DC2 were intended primarily to indicate activating a device while DC3 and DC4 were intended primarily to indicate pausing or turning off a device. In actual practice DC1 and DC3 (known also as XON and XOFF respectively in this usage) quickly became the de facto standard for software flow control.
^R	18	12	DC2	Device Control Two
^S	19	13	DC3	Device Control Three (XOFF)
^T	20	14	DC4	Device Control Four
^U	21	15	NAK	Negative Acknowledge		Sent by a station as a negative response to the station with which the connection has been set up. In binary synchronous communication protocol, the NAK is used to indicate that an error was detected in the previously received block and that the receiver is ready to accept retransmission of that block. In multipoint systems, the NAK is used as the not-ready reply to a poll.
^V	22	16	SYN	Synchronous Idle		Used in synchronous transmission systems to provide a signal from which synchronous correction may be achieved between data terminal equipment, particularly when no other character is being transmitted.
^W	23	17	ETB	End of Transmission Block		Indicates the end of a transmission block of data when data are divided into such blocks for transmission purposes.
^X	24	18	CAN	Cancel		Indicates that the data preceding it are in error or are to be disregarded.
^Y	25	19	EM	End of medium		Intended as means of indicating on paper or magnetic tapes that the end of the usable portion of the tape had been reached.
^Z	26	1A	SUB	Substitute		Originally intended for use as a transmission control character to indicate that garbled or invalid characters had been received. It has often been put to use for other purposes when the in-band signaling of errors it provides is unneeded, especially where robust methods of error detection and correction are used, or where errors are expected to be rare enough to make using the character for other purposes advisable.
^[	27	1B	ESC	Escape		The Esc key on the keyboard will cause this character to be sent on most systems. It can be used in software user interfaces to exit from a screen, menu, or mode, or in device-control protocols (e.g., printers and terminals) to signal that what follows is a special command sequence rather than normal text. In systems based on ISO/IEC 2022, even if another set of C0 control codes are used, this octet is required to always represent the escape character.
^\	28	1C	FS	File Separator		Can be used as delimiters to mark fields of data structures. If used for hierarchical levels, US is the lowest level (dividing plain-text data items), while RS, GS, and FS are of increasing level to divide groups made up of items of the level beneath it.
^]	29	1D	GS	Group separator
^^	30	1E	RS	Record Separator
^_	31	1F	US	Unit separator
While not technically part of the C0 control character range, the following two characters are defined in ISO/IEC 2022 as always being available regardless of which sets of control characters and graphics characters have been registered. They can be thought of as having some characteristics of control characters.
	32	20	SP	Space		Space is a graphic character. It has a visual representation consisting of the absence of a graphic symbol. It causes the active position to be advanced by one character position. In some applications, Space can be considered a lowest-level "word separator" to be used with the adjacent separator characters.
^?	127	7F	DEL	Delete		Not technically part of the C0 control character range, this was originally used to mark deleted characters on paper tape, since any character could be changed to all ones by punching holes everywhere. On VT100 compatible terminals, this is the character generated by the key labelled ⌫, usually called backspace on modern machines, and does not correspond to the PC delete key.

C1 set

These are the most common extended control codes. If using the ISO/IEC 2022 extension mechanism, they are designated as the active C1 control character set with the sequence 0x1B 0x22 0x43 (ESC " C). Individual control functions can be accessed with the 7-bit equivalents 0x1B 0x40 through 0x1B 0x5F (ESC @ through ESC _).

Esc+	Dec	Hex	Acro	Name	Description
@	128	80	PAD	Padding Character	Listed as XXX in Unicode. Not part of ISO/IEC 6429 (ECMA-48).
A	129	81	HOP	High Octet Preset
B	130	82	BPH	Break Permitted Here	Follows a graphic character where a line break is permitted. Roughly equivalent to a soft hyphen except that the means for indicating a line break is not necessarily a hyphen. Not part of the first edition of ISO/IEC 6429.
C	131	83	NBH	No Break Here	Follows the graphic character that is not to be broken. Not part of the first edition of ISO/IEC 6429.
D	132	84	IND	Index	Move the active position one line down, to eliminate ambiguity about the meaning of LF. Deprecated in 1988 and withdrawn in 1992 from ISO/IEC 6429 (1986 and 1991 respectively for ECMA-48).
E	133	85	NEL	Next Line	Equivalent to CR+LF. Used to mark end-of-line on some IBM mainframes.
F	134	86	SSA	Start of Selected Area	Used by block-oriented terminals.
G	135	87	ESA	End of Selected Area
H	136	88	HTS	Character Tabulation Set Horizontal Tabulation Set	Causes a character tabulation stop to be set at the active position.
I	137	89	HTJ	Character Tabulation With Justification Horizontal Tabulation With Justification	Similar to Character Tabulation, except that instead of spaces or lines being placed after the preceding characters until the next tab stop is reached, the spaces or lines are placed preceding the active field so that preceding graphic character is placed just before the next tab stop.
J	138	8A	VTS	Line Tabulation Set Vertical Tabulation Set	Causes a line tabulation stop to be set at the active position.
K	139	8B	PLD	Partial Line Forward Partial Line Down	Used to produce subscripts and superscripts in ISO/IEC 6429, e.g., in a printer. Subscripts use PLD text PLU while superscripts use PLU text PLD..
L	140	8C	PLU	Partial Line Backward Partial Line Up
M	141	8D	RI	Reverse Line Feed Reverse Index
N	142	8E	SS2	Single-Shift 2	Next character invokes a graphic character from the G2 or G3 graphic sets respectively. In systems that conform to ISO/IEC 4873 (ECMA-43), even if a C1 set other than the default is used, these two octets may only be used for this purpose.
O	143	8F	SS3	Single-Shift 3
P	144	90	DCS	Device Control String	Followed by a string of printable characters (0x20 through 0x7E) and format effectors (0x08 through 0x0D), terminated by ST (0x9C).
Q	145	91	PU1	Private Use 1	Reserved for a function without standardized meaning for private use as required, subject to the prior agreement of the sender and the recipient of the data.
R	146	92	PU2	Private Use 2
S	147	93	STS	Set Transmit State
T	148	94	CCH	Cancel character	Destructive backspace, intended to eliminate ambiguity about meaning of BS.
U	149	95	MW	Message Waiting
V	150	96	SPA	Start of Protected Area	Used by block-oriented terminals.
W	151	97	EPA	End of Protected Area
X	152	98	SOS	Start of String	Followed by a control string terminated by ST (0x9C) that may contain any character except SOS or ST. Not part of the first edition of ISO/IEC 6429.
Y	153	99	SGCI	Single Graphic Character Introducer	Listed as XXX in Unicode. Not part of ISO/IEC 6429.
Z	154	9A	SCI	Single Character Introducer	To be followed by a single printable character (0x20 through 0x7E) or format effector (0x08 through 0x0D). The intent was to provide a means by which a control function or a graphic character that would be available regardless of which graphic or control sets were in use could be defined. Definitions of what the following byte would invoke was never implemented in an international standard. Not part of the first edition of ISO/IEC 6429.
[	155	9B	CSI	Control Sequence Introducer	Used to introduce control sequences that take parameters.
\	156	9C	ST	String Terminator
]	157	9D	OSC	Operating System Command	Followed by a string of printable characters (0x20 through 0x7E) and format effectors (0x08 through 0x0D), terminated by ST (0x9C). These three control codes were intended for use to allow in-band signaling of protocol information, but are rarely used for that purpose.
^	158	9E	PM	Privacy Message
_	159	9F	APC	Application Program Command

References

• http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0000.pdf
• http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0080.pdf
• ATIS Telecom Glossary 2007
• De litteris regentibus C1 quaestiones septem or Are C1 characters legal in XHTML 1.0?
• W3C I18N FAQ: HTML, XHTML, XML and Control Codes
• International register of coded character sets to be used with escape sequences