Opponent-process theory: Difference between revisions
Snagglepuss (talk | contribs) m indecision |
|||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{for|its application to color theory|Opponent process}} |
{{for|its application to color theory|Opponent process}} |
||
'''Opponent-process theory''' is a |
'''Opponent-process theory''' is a [[psychological]] and neurological model proposed by Ewald Hering a German physiologist in (1878) to account for a wide range of behaviors including color vision; this model was expanded by his co-worker at the University of Pennsylvania, [[Richard Solomon]], to explain opponent process theory |
||
==Characteristics== |
==Characteristics== |
||
Revision as of 02:47, 1 May 2012
Opponent-process theory is a psychological and neurological model proposed by Ewald Hering a German physiologist in (1878) to account for a wide range of behaviors including color vision; this model was expanded by his co-worker at the University of Pennsylvania, Richard Solomon, to explain opponent process theory
Characteristics
In the Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Receptor theory, Herring postulated 3 independent receptor types, but this theory differed in that the 3 classes of receptors were each assumed to be composed of a pair opponent colour processes. A white, black, green red, blue yellow receptor. these three pairs produced all sort of combination of colors for us through the opponent process . he also proposed that for each of these 3 pairs , there occur three type of chemical in the retina in which two type of chemical reactions exist. these reaction in their building up phase(anabolic process) would yeild one member of the pair and in the distructive phase(catabolic process)would yeid the other.these color in each pair oppose each other. red-green receptors cannot send messages about both at the same time. This theory also explains the negative after images in which the complimentary colour appear after the stimulus is removed,because the anabolic and catabolic process is reversed.According to this theory colour blindness is due to the lack of particular chemical in the eye. the positive after image is that if we stare at brightly illuminated image on this ordinary lighted surface. it varies with increase and decrease in light intensity of the back ground.
History
The most important contribution is Solomon's work on work motivation and addictive behavior, though it does not fit the "economist's standard model"[clarification needed] and how there are growing suspicions that addiction is a much broader phenomenon than it was first considered to be. The theory was supported in a study Solomon conducted along with J.D. Corbit in 1974, in which the researchers analyzed the emotions of skydivers. It was found that beginners have greater levels of fear than more experienced skydivers, but less pleasure upon landing. However as the skydivers kept on jumping there was an increase in pleasure and a decrease in fear. A similar experiment was done with dogs. Dogs were put into a so called Pavlov harness and were shocked with electricity for 10 seconds. This shock was the stimulus of the experiment. In the initial stage (consisting of the first few stimuli) the dogs experienced terror and panic. Then when they stopped the stimuli the dogs became stealthy and cautious. The experiment continued and after many stimuli the dogs went from unhappy to joyful and happy after the shocks stopped altogether[1] In the opponent process model, this is the result of a shift over time from fear to pleasure in the fear-pleasure emotion pair.
According to opponent-process theory, drug addiction is the result of an emotional pairing of pleasure and the emotional symptoms associated with withdrawal. At the beginning of drug or any substance use there are high levels of pleasure and low levels of withdrawal. Over time, however, as the levels of pleasure from using the drug decrease, the levels of withdrawal symptoms from not taking the drug increase, thus providing motivation to keep using the drug despite a lack of pleasure from it.
Hurvich & Jameson proposed a neurological model of a general theory of neurological opponent processing in 1974. This led to Ronald C. Blue and Wanda E. Blue’s general model of Correlational Holographic Opponent Processing. This model proposes that habituation is a neurological holographic wavelet interference of opponent processes that explains learning, vision, hearing, taste, balance, smell, motivation, and emotions.
References
- ^ Solomon and Corbit."An Opponent-Process Theory of Motivation". "The American Economic Review", 1978, pg.12-24.
Further reading
- ERN Grigg, MD. Biological Relativity. Akaranth Books, 1967. (Extensive opponent-processes as a general model of biology and psychology)
- Solomon, R.L. (1980). The Opponent-Process Theory of Acquired Motivation: The Costs of Pleasure and the Benefits of Pain. American Psychologist, 35, 8, pp. 691–712.
- Solomon, R.L. and Corbit, J.D. (1973). An Opponent-Process Theory of Motivation: II. Cigarette Addiction. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 81, 2, pp. 158–171.
- Solomon, R.L. and Corbit, J.D. (1974). An Opponent-Process Theory of Motivation: I. Temporal Dynamics of Affect. Psychological Review, 81, 2, pp. 119–145.
- Solomon's "Opponent Process" Theory on PsyWWW.com.