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== History of the novel ==
== History of the novel ==
Kafka began writing ''The Castle'' on the evening of January 22, 1922, the day he arrived at the mountain resort of [[Spindleruv Mlyn|Spindlemühle]] (now in the Czech Republic). A picture taken of him upon his arrival shows him by a horse-drawn sleigh in the snow in a setting reminiscent of the ''The Castle''.<ref name="OrmsbyNov98">"Franz Kafka & the trip to Spindemuhle", Eric Ormsby, ''The New Criterion'', Nov 1998, (http://www.newcriterion.com/archive/17/nov98/ormsby.htm)</ref> Hence, the significance that the first few chapters of the handwritten manuscript were written in first person and at some point later changed by Kafka to a third person narrator, 'K.'<ref name=CastleMuir_vi>''The Castle'', Alfred A. Knopf, 1968, New York, New York, Publisher's note page ''vi'' </ref>
Kafka began writing ''The Castle'' on the evening of January 22, 1922, the day he arrived at the mountain resort of [[Spindleruv Mlyn|Spindlemühle]] (now in the Czech Republic). A picture taken of him upon his arrival shows him by a horse-drawn sleigh in the snow in a setting reminiscent of ''The Castle''.<ref name="OrmsbyNov98">"Franz Kafka & the trip to Spindemuhle", Eric Ormsby, ''The New Criterion'', Nov 1998, (http://www.newcriterion.com/archive/17/nov98/ormsby.htm)</ref> Hence, the significance that the first few chapters of the handwritten manuscript were written in first person and at some point later changed by Kafka to a third person narrator, 'K.'<ref name=CastleMuir_vi>''The Castle'', Alfred A. Knopf, 1968, New York, New York, Publisher's note page ''vi'' </ref>


===Max Brod===
===Max Brod===
Kafka died prior to finishing the ''The Castle'' and it is questionable whether Kafka intended on finishing it if had he survived his tuberculosis. On separate occasions he told his friend [[Max Brod]] of two different conditions: K., the book's protagonist, would continue to reside and die in the village; the castle notifying him on his death bed that his "legal claim to live in the village was not valid, yet, taking certain auxiliary circumstances into account, he was permitted to live and work there" <ref name=CastleMuir_vi/><!-- ''The Castle'', Alfred A. Knopf, 1968, New York, New York, Publisher's note page ''vi'' </ref -->, but then on Sept 11, 1922 in a letter to Max Brod, he said he was giving up on the book and would never return to it.<ref name="CastleSchockenTransNote"> ''The Castle'', Mark Harman, 1998, Schocken Books, New York, New York, Translator's Preface, page xv</ref> As it is, the book ends mid-sentence.
Kafka died prior to finishing ''The Castle'' and it is questionable whether Kafka intended on finishing it if had he survived his tuberculosis. On separate occasions he told his friend [[Max Brod]] of two different conditions: K., the book's protagonist, would continue to reside and die in the village; the castle notifying him on his death bed that his "legal claim to live in the village was not valid, yet, taking certain auxiliary circumstances into account, he was permitted to live and work there" <ref name=CastleMuir_vi/><!-- ''The Castle'', Alfred A. Knopf, 1968, New York, New York, Publisher's note page ''vi'' </ref -->, but then on Sept 11, 1922 in a letter to Max Brod, he said he was giving up on the book and would never return to it.<ref name="CastleSchockenTransNote"> ''The Castle'', Mark Harman, 1998, Schocken Books, New York, New York, Translator's Preface, page xv</ref> As it is, the book ends mid-sentence.


Although Brod was instructed by Kafka to destroy all his works on his death, he did not and set about publishing Kafka's writings. ''The Castle'' was originally published in [[German language|German]] in 1926 by the publisher Kurt Wolff Verlag of Munich. This edition sold far less than the 1500 copies that were printed.<ref name="CastleSchockenPubNote_vii"> ''The Castle'', Mark Harman, 1998, Schocken Books, New York, New York, Publisher's Note, page vii</ref> It was republished in 1935 by Schocken Verlag in Berlin, and in 1946 by Schocken Books of New York.<ref name=CastleMuir_iv>''The Castle'', Alfred A. Knopf, 1968, New York, New York, Publisher's note page ''iv'' </ref>
Although Brod was instructed by Kafka to destroy all his works on his death, he did not and set about publishing Kafka's writings. ''The Castle'' was originally published in [[German language|German]] in 1926 by the publisher Kurt Wolff Verlag of Munich. This edition sold far less than the 1500 copies that were printed.<ref name="CastleSchockenPubNote_vii"> ''The Castle'', Mark Harman, 1998, Schocken Books, New York, New York, Publisher's Note, page vii</ref> It was republished in 1935 by Schocken Verlag in Berlin, and in 1946 by Schocken Books of New York.<ref name=CastleMuir_iv>''The Castle'', Alfred A. Knopf, 1968, New York, New York, Publisher's note page ''iv'' </ref>
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==Allusions to other works==
==Allusions to other works==
Critics often talk of ''The Castle'' and the ''[[The Trial]]'' in concert. Highlighting the struggle of the protagonist against a bureaucratic system and standing before the law's door unable to enter as in the parable of the priest in ''The Trial''.<ref name="RastalskyKafka">Doctoral paper, Hartmut M. Rastalsky, 1997 (http://www.lsa.umich.edu/german/hmr/dissertation/10kafka.doc)</ref>
Critics often talk of ''The Castle'' and ''[[The Trial]]'' in concert. Highlighting the struggle of the protagonist against a bureaucratic system and standing before the law's door unable to enter as in the parable of the priest in ''The Trial''.<ref name="RastalskyKafka">Doctoral paper, Hartmut M. Rastalsky, 1997 (http://www.lsa.umich.edu/german/hmr/dissertation/10kafka.doc)</ref>


In spite of [[motif]]s common with other works of Kafka, ''The Castle'' is quite different from ''[[The Trial]]'', Kafka's most famous novel. While K., the main hero of ''The Castle'', faces similar uncertainty and difficulty in grasping the reality that suddenly surrounds him; Josef K., the main hero of ''The Trial'', seems to be more experienced and emotionally stronger. On the other hand, while Josef K.'s surroundings stay familiar even when strange events befall him, K. finds himself in a new world whose laws and rules are unfamiliar to him.
In spite of [[motif]]s common with other works of Kafka, ''The Castle'' is quite different from ''[[The Trial]]'', Kafka's most famous novel. While K., the main hero of ''The Castle'', faces similar uncertainty and difficulty in grasping the reality that suddenly surrounds him; Josef K., the main hero of ''The Trial'', seems to be more experienced and emotionally stronger. On the other hand, while Josef K.'s surroundings stay familiar even when strange events befall him, K. finds himself in a new world whose laws and rules are unfamiliar to him.

Revision as of 14:46, 18 April 2006

The Castle
AuthorFranz Kafka
Original title'Das Schloß'
Translatorsee individual articles
LanguageGerman
GenrePhilosophical, Dystopian
PublisherKurt Wolff Verlag, Munich
Publication date
1926
Publication placeGermany
The article is about the German novel by Franz Kafka. For other uses, see The Castle (disambiguation).

The Castle is a philosophical novel by Franz Kafka. In it a protagonist, known only as K., strives to gain access to the mysterious authorities of a castle that governs the village where K. has arrived to work as a land surveyor. Dark and at times surreal, The Castle is about alienation, bureaucracy, and the seemingly endless frustrations of man's attempts to stand against the system.

History of the novel

Kafka began writing The Castle on the evening of January 22, 1922, the day he arrived at the mountain resort of Spindlemühle (now in the Czech Republic). A picture taken of him upon his arrival shows him by a horse-drawn sleigh in the snow in a setting reminiscent of The Castle.[1] Hence, the significance that the first few chapters of the handwritten manuscript were written in first person and at some point later changed by Kafka to a third person narrator, 'K.'[2]

Max Brod

Kafka died prior to finishing The Castle and it is questionable whether Kafka intended on finishing it if had he survived his tuberculosis. On separate occasions he told his friend Max Brod of two different conditions: K., the book's protagonist, would continue to reside and die in the village; the castle notifying him on his death bed that his "legal claim to live in the village was not valid, yet, taking certain auxiliary circumstances into account, he was permitted to live and work there" [2], but then on Sept 11, 1922 in a letter to Max Brod, he said he was giving up on the book and would never return to it.[3] As it is, the book ends mid-sentence.

Although Brod was instructed by Kafka to destroy all his works on his death, he did not and set about publishing Kafka's writings. The Castle was originally published in German in 1926 by the publisher Kurt Wolff Verlag of Munich. This edition sold far less than the 1500 copies that were printed.[4] It was republished in 1935 by Schocken Verlag in Berlin, and in 1946 by Schocken Books of New York.[5]

Brod had to heavily edit the work to ready it for publication. His goal was to gain acceptance of the work and the author, not to maintain the structure of Kafka's writing. This would play heavily in the future of the translations and continues to be the center of discussion on the text.[6]

Brod placed a strong religious significance to the symbolism of the castle.[7][1] This is one possible interpretation of the work based on numerous Judeo-Christain references as noted by many including Arnold Heidsieck.[8]

Malcolm Pasley

Das Schloß
File:DasSchloss(Pasley).jpg
AuthorFranz Kafka, Malcolm Pasley
LanguageGerman
GenreCategory:Philosophical_novels, Dystopian
PublisherFischer Taschenbuch Verlag
Publication date
1982
Publication placeGerman
Media typePrint (paperback)
Pages416
ISBNISBN 3596124441 Parameter error in {{ISBNT}}: invalid character

The publisher, Salmen Schocken, soon realized the translations were "bad" and in 1940 desired a "completely different approach".[6] In 1961 Malcolm Pasley got access to all of Kafka's works, except The Trial, and deposited them in Oxford's Bodleian library. Pasley and a team of scholars (Gerhard Neumann, Malcolm Pasley, Jost Schillemeit, and Jürgen Born) started publishing the works in 1982 through S. Fischer Verlag. Das Schloß was published that year as a two volume set — the novel in the first volume, and the fragments, deletions and editor's notes in a second volume. This team restored the original German text to its full, and incomplete state, including the unique Kafka punctuation considered critical to the style.[9]

Stroemfeld/Roter Stern

The interpretations to Kafka's intent for the manuscript is ongoing. Stroemfeld/Roter Stern Verlag is working for the rights to publish another critical edition with manuscript and transcription side-by-side. But they have met with resistance from the Kafka heirs and Pasley.[10] To date this edition is not available.

Major editions

  • 1930 Translators: Willa and Edwin Muir. Based on the First German edition, by Max Brod. Published By Secker & Warburg in England and Alfred A. Knopf in the United States.
  • 1941 Translators: Wilma and Edwin Muir. Edition include a Homage by Thomas Mann,
  • 1954 Translators: Wilma and Edwin Muir additional sections translated by Eithne Wilkins and Ernst Kaiser. "Definitive edition". Based on the Schocken 1951 Definitive edition [11]
  • 1994 Translators: Muir, et al. Preface by Irving Howe
  • 1997 Translator: J. A. Underwood , Introduction: Idris Parry. Based on Pasley Critical German Text.
  • 1998 Translator: Mark Harman Based on Pasley Critical German Text

The title

The title, Das Schloß, may be translated as "the castle" or "the lock". It is as similar to Der Schluß (close or end).[1] The castle is locked and closed to K. and the townspeople; neither can gain access.

Plot

The narrator, K., is a land surveyor summoned to the castle to perform a survey. K. arrives in the village, governed by the castle, under the impression he is to report to a castle authority. He is quickly notified that his castle contact is an official named Klamm, who, in the introductory note, informs K. he will report to the Mayor (also known as the Council Chairman, depending on the translation).

The Mayor informs K. that, through a mix up in communication between the castle and the village, he was erroneously requested but, trying to accommodate K., the Mayor offers him a position in the service of the school teacher as a janitor. Meanwhile, K., unfamiliar with the customs, bureaucracy and processes of the village, continues to attempt to reach the official Klamm, whom is not accessible.

The villagers hold the officials and the castle in the highest regard, justifying, quite elaborately at times, the actions of the officials, even though they do not appear to know what or why the officials do what they do. The villagers simply defend it. The number of assumptions and justifications about the functions of the officials and their dealings are enumerated through lengthy monologues of the villagers. Everyone appears to have an explanation for the official's actions that appear to be founded on assumptions and gossip. One of the more obvious contradictions between the "official word" and the village conception is the dissertation by the secretary Erlanger on Frieda's required return to service as a barmaid. K. is the only villager that knows that the request is being forced by the castle (even though Frieda may be the genesis[12][13]), with no regard for anyone in the village, only Klamm. Pepi and Jeremiah quickly come to their conclusions and do not hesitate to state them.

The castle is the ultimate bureaucracy with copious paperwork that the beauracracy maintains is "flawless". This flawlessness is of course a lie; a flaw in the paperwork has brought K. to the village. There are other failures of the system which are occasionally referred to. K. witnesses a flagrant misprocessing after his nighttime interrogation by Erlanger as a servant destroys paperwork when he cannot determine who the recipient should be.

The castle's occupants appear to be all adult men and there is little reference to the castle other than to its bureaucratic functions. The two notable instances are the reference to a fire brigade and that Otto Brunswick's wife is self declared as from the castle. The latter builds the importance of Han (Otto's son) in K's eyes, as a way to gain access to the castle officials.

The functions of the officials are never mentioned. The officials that are discussed have one or more secretaries that do their work in their village. Although the officials come to the village they do not interact the villagers unless they need female companionship, implied to be sexual.

Characters

Note: The Muir translations refer to the Herrenhoff Inn where the Harman translations translate this to the Gentleman's Inn. Below all references to the inn where the officials stay in the village is the Herrenhoff Inn since this was the first, and potentially more read, translation.

Primary Reference in Book Name (Muir) Name (Harman)
(if different)		 Description
Land-
Surveyor		 K   The protagonist of the story, recognized as a land surveyor, employed as the school janitor, and a stranger to the townspeople. He spends most of the novel trying to overcome the bureaucracy of the village and to make contact the castle official Klamm.
Frieda Frieda   A former barmaid at the Herrenhoff, who is K.'s fiancée for most of the novel. She often finds herself torn between her duty to K. and her fears regarding his over-zealousness. She eventually leaves K. and ends up in the arms of his former assistant, Jeremiah (who has since become a waitperson at the Herrenhoff).
Landlord
(Bridge Inn)		 Hans   Nephew of the original owner of the inn. According to his wife, Gardena, he is lazy and overly nice to K.
Landlady
(Bridge Inn)		 Gardena   The self proclaimed firebrand of the Bridge Inn she is a former short-term mistress to Klamm and very distrustful of K.'s motives. She remains infatuated with Klamm.
Messenger Barnabas   A messenger of the castle assigned to K. He is new to the service. K. is instructed to use him to communicate with the official Klamm. He is very immature and sensitive.
Assistants Arthur and Jeremiah Artur and Jeremias Shortly after his arrival in the village, K. is given two assistants to help him with his various needs. They are a continual source of frustration for him, however, and he eventually drives them from his service through his brutal treatment. They have been assigned to K., to make in happy, by the official Galater who was deputizing for Klamm at the time.
Mayor/
Superintendent		 Not Known Village Council Chairman Assigned by Klamm to give K. his assignment and hence is his superior. He explains to K why he is not needed as a land surveyor. He offers K. the job of school janitor to the dismay of the Teacher.
Mayor's
wife		 Mizzi   The wife and assistant of the Mayor, Gardena refers to her as the one who does the work.
Klamm Klamm   An elusive castle official who is K.'s Castle Authority. Like the other Castle officials in the book, his actual area of expertise is never mentioned. K. spends a large portion of the novel trying to secure a meeting with Klamm. K., it seems, fixes many of his hopes for a successful resolution to his problems upon this meeting with Klamm. He has at least two secretaries -- Erlanger (First Secretary) and Momus.
Klamm's
secretary		 Momus   Handles all written work for and receives all petitions to Klamm. He is also secretary for Vallabne, who is not mentioned again in the novel.
Klamm's
secretary		 Erlanger   The First Secretary of Klamm who is sent to "interrogate" K, but only gives him a short message.
Barnabas'
Sister		 Olga   The older sister of Amalia and Barnabas. She helps K. on his quest, partly by telling him the story of why her family is considered outcasts and by teaching him some of the village customs.
Barnabas'
Sister		 Amalia   Younger sister of Barnabas and Olga. She was disgraced in the village after rudely turning down a summons from the castle official Sortini for sexual favors.
Barnabas'
Father		 Not known   The father of Olga, Amalia and Barnabas. Past village cobbler and notable fireman. After Amalia's disgraceful interactions with Sortini's messenger, his business is ruined and he is stripped of his fire credentials
Barnabas'
Mother		 Not known   The mother of Olga, Amalia and Barnabas.
Otto
Brunswick		 Otto
(son-in-law of Lasemann)		 Otto
(brother-in-law of Lasemann)		 Hans Brunswick's father. Opportunistically takes over Barnabas' father's customers as the Barnabas family falls into disrepute from Amalia's rude treatment of Sortini's Messenger. According to the Mayor, Brunswick was the only person in the village that desired that a land surveyor be hired. No reason for this is given.
Frau
Brunswick		 Not known   Hans Brunswick's Mother. She refers to herself as "from the castle" and is the only reference to a female at the castle.
Sympathetic
Student		 Hans   A student at the school where K is a janitor. Offers to help K and K uses him to attempt to find ways to get to the castle through his mother.
Herrenhoff
Landlord		 Not known   Landlord of the Herrenhoff Inn.
Herrenhoff
Landlady		 Not known   Well dressed landlady at the Herrenhoff Inn. Seems to be the matriarch of the Inn (as is Gardena at the Bridge Inn). Is distrustful of K.
Galater Galater   He is the castle official that assigned the assistants to K. He was also "rescued" from the by Barnabas' father in a minor fire at the Herrenhoff Inn.
Brügel Brügel   A Secretary of a castle official, Friedrich. Friedrich is not mentioned again in the book, but in deleted text is referred to as an official that is falling out of favor.[14] Brügel is a long winded secretary that muses about Castle interrogations with K, when the latter errantly enters his room at the Herrenhoff Inn.
Sordini Sordini   Castle secretary that exhaustively manages any transactions at the castle for his department and is suspicious of any potential error.
Sortini Sortini   Castle official associated with the village fire brigade that solicits Amalia with a sexually explicit and rude request to come to his room at the Herrenhoff.
Teacher Not Known   When K.'s becomes the janitor at the school, the teacher becomes K.'s de facto superior. He does not approve of K. working at the school. But does not appear to have the authority to terminate K.
School
Mistress		 Miss Gisa   The assistant school teacher whom is be courted by Schwarzer and also dislikes K.
Schwarzer Schwarzer   An under-castellan's son who appears to have given up living in the castle to court Miss Gisa and become her student teacher.
Pepi Pepi   A former chamber maid who is promoted to Frieda's barmaid position when the latter leaves her position at the Herrenhoff to live with K. She was a chambermaid with Emilie and Hennriette
Tanner Lasemann (father-in-law of Otto Brunswick) (brother-in-law of Otto Brunswick) The village tanner that offers a few hours shelter to K. during on his first full day in the village.
Coachman Gerstacker   Initially suspicious of K. but gives him a free sleigh back to the Bridge Inn (after refusing to provide a ride to the castle. At the end of the book attempts to befriend K. since he believes K. has clout with Erlanger.
Fire
Company
Chief		 Seemann   The fire chief that strips Barnabas' father of his fireman diploma after Barnabas' family falls into shame from Amalia's rude treatment of Sortini's Messenger.

Major themes

Although The Castle's story is very limited in space and time, the humanity of K.'s struggle gives it an epic feeling. Some critics believe Kafka was trying to write the main work of his life.[citation needed]

Theological

It is well documented that Brod's original construction was based on religious themes and this was furthered by the Muir's in their translations. But it has not ended with the Critical Editions. Numerous interpretations have been made with a variety theological angles.

One interpretation of K.'s struggle to contact the castle is that it is representative a man's search of salvation.[15] According to Mark Harman, translator of a recent edition of The Castle, this was the interpretation favored by the original translators Willa and Edwin Muir, who produced the first English volume in 1925. Harman feels he has removed the bias in the translations toward this view, but many still feel this is the point of the book.

Fueling the biblical interpretations of the novel are the various names and situations. For example, the official Galater (the German word for Galatians), one of the initial regions to develop a strong Christian following from the work of Apostle Paul and his assistant Barnabas. The name of the messenger, Barnabas, for the same reason. Even the Critical Editions naming of the beginning chapter, "Arrival", among other things liken K. to an Old Testament messiah.[16]

Abuse of power

While in talking to Olga in (Chapter XVII, "Amalia's Secret") K. himself ridicules the officials, in general, based on Sortini's "abuse of power" in requesting Amalia to come to the Gentleman's Inn.[17] K. caught, once again, in not understanding the customs of the village is shocked at the behavior of Sortini. Olga expresses the "heroic" actions of Amalia, but appears to understanding of the community's acceptance of status quo when it comes to the solicitations by the officials.

Bureaucracy

The obvious thread throughout The Castle is bureaucracy. The extreme degree is nearly comical and the village residence justifications of it are amazing. Hence it is no surprise that many feel that the work is a direct result of the political situation of the era in which it was written. The considerations of anti-Semitism, remnants of the Habsburg bureaucracy, etc.[18][8]

But even in these analyses, the veiled references to more sensitive issues are pointed out. For instance, the treatment of the Barnabas family, with their requirement to first prove guilt before they could request a pardon from it and they way their fellow villagers dessert them have been pointed out as direct a reference to the anti-Semitic climate at the time.[19]

Allusions to other works

Critics often talk of The Castle and The Trial in concert. Highlighting the struggle of the protagonist against a bureaucratic system and standing before the law's door unable to enter as in the parable of the priest in The Trial.[20]

In spite of motifs common with other works of Kafka, The Castle is quite different from The Trial, Kafka's most famous novel. While K., the main hero of The Castle, faces similar uncertainty and difficulty in grasping the reality that suddenly surrounds him; Josef K., the main hero of The Trial, seems to be more experienced and emotionally stronger. On the other hand, while Josef K.'s surroundings stay familiar even when strange events befall him, K. finds himself in a new world whose laws and rules are unfamiliar to him.

Allusions to The Castle in other works

A story similar to that of The Castle is told in the television series The Prisoner. In the late 1970s, an unlicensed computer game spin-off of The Prisoner took things one step further by incorporating elements of The Castle into the game play.

Release details

Refer to:

References

  1. ^ a b c "Franz Kafka & the trip to Spindemuhle", Eric Ormsby, The New Criterion, Nov 1998, (http://www.newcriterion.com/archive/17/nov98/ormsby.htm)
  2. ^ a b The Castle, Alfred A. Knopf, 1968, New York, New York, Publisher's note page vi
  3. ^ The Castle, Mark Harman, 1998, Schocken Books, New York, New York, Translator's Preface, page xv
  4. ^ The Castle, Mark Harman, 1998, Schocken Books, New York, New York, Publisher's Note, page vii
  5. ^ The Castle, Alfred A. Knopf, 1968, New York, New York, Publisher's note page iv
  6. ^ a b The Castle, Mark Harman, 1998, Schocken Books, New York, New York, Publisher's Note, page xi
  7. ^ The Castle, Mark Harman, 1998, Schocken Books, New York, New York, Publisher's Note, page xiv-xvii
  8. ^ a b Community, Delusion and Anti-Semitism in Kafka's The Castle, Arnold Heidsieck, pages 1-15 (http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/german/track/heidsiec/KafkaAntisemitism/KafkaAntisemitism.pdf) Cite error: The named reference "Heidsieck_KafkaAntisemitism" was defined multiple times with different content (see the help page).
  9. ^ Stepping into Kafka’s head, Jeremy Adler, Times Literary Supplement, Oct. 13, 1995(http://www.textkritik.de/rezensionen/kafka/einl_04.htm)
  10. ^ "Scholars squabble in Kafkaesque drama", Von David Harrison, The Observer, May 17, 1998, S. 23 (http://www.textkritik.de/rezensionen/kafka/proc_03.htm)
  11. ^ The Castle, Alfred A. Knopf, 1968, New York, New York, Publisher's note page vii
  12. ^ The Castle, Alfred A. Knopf, 1968, New York, New York, Fragments page 428
  13. ^ The Castle, Alfred A. Knopf, 1968, New York, New York, page 395
  14. ^ The Castle, Alfred A. Knopf, 1968, New York, New York, Passages Deleted by the Author, page 422
  15. ^ The Castle, Mark Harman, 1998, Schocken Books, New York, New York, Translator's Preface, page xviii
  16. ^ Community, Delusion and Anti-Semitism in Kafka's The Castle, Arnold Heidsieck, pages 1-15 (http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/german/track/heidsiec/KafkaAntisemitism/KafkaAntisemitism.pdf)
  17. ^ The Castle, Mark Harman, 1998, Schocken Books, New York, New York, page 193
  18. ^ Doctoral paper, Hartmut M. Rastalsky, 1997,http://www.lsa.umich.edu/german/hmr/dissertation/10kafka.doc
  19. ^ Community, Delusion and Anti-Semitism in Kafka's The Castle, Arnold Heidsieck, pages 11ff (http://www.usc.edu/dept/LAS/german/track/heidsiec/KafkaAntisemitism/KafkaAntisemitism.pdf)
  20. ^ Doctoral paper, Hartmut M. Rastalsky, 1997 (http://www.lsa.umich.edu/german/hmr/dissertation/10kafka.doc)
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