AD 41: Difference between revisions

AD 41 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	AD 41; XLI
Ab urbe condita	794
Assyrian calendar	4791
Balinese saka calendar	N/A
Bengali calendar	−552
Berber calendar	991
Buddhist calendar	585
Burmese calendar	−597
Byzantine calendar	5549–5550
Chinese calendar	庚子年 (Metal Rat); 2738 or 2531; — to —; 辛丑年 (Metal Ox); 2739 or 2532
Coptic calendar	−243 – −242
Discordian calendar	1207
Ethiopian calendar	33–34
Hebrew calendar	3801–3802
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	97–98
- Shaka Samvat	N/A
- Kali Yuga	3141–3142
Holocene calendar	10041
Iranian calendar	581 BP – 580 BP
Islamic calendar	599 BH – 598 BH
Javanese calendar	N/A
Julian calendar	AD 41; XLI
Korean calendar	2374
Minguo calendar	1871 before ROC; 民前1871年
Nanakshahi calendar	−1427
Seleucid era	352/353 AG
Thai solar calendar	583–584
Tibetan calendar	阳金鼠年; (male Iron-Rat); 167 or −214 or −986; — to —; 阴金牛年; (female Iron-Ox); 168 or −213 or −985

Millennium:	1st millennium
Centuries:	1st century BC; 1st century ; 2nd century;
Decades:	20s; 30s; 40s ; 50s; 60s;
Years:	38; 39; 40; AD 41 ; 42; 43; 44;

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Year 41 (XLI) was a common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar) of the Julian calendar. At the time, it was known as the Year of the Consulship of Augustus and Saturninus (or, less frequently, year 794 Ab urbe condita). The denomination 41 for this year has been used since the early medieval period, when the Anno Domini calendar era became the prevalent method in Europe for naming years.

Events

By place

Roman Empire

Consuls are the emperor Caligula and Gnaeus Sentius Saturninus.^[1]
January 24
- Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel despotism, is assassinated by his disgruntled Praetorian Guards.^[2]
- Claudius succeeds his nephew Caligula as Emperor.^[3]
January 25 – After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Emperor by the Senate.^[3]
Claudius makes Agrippa king of Judea.^[4]
Messalina, wife of Claudius, persuades Claudius to have Seneca the Younger banished to Corsica on a charge of adultery with Julia Livilla.^[5]
Claudius restores religious freedom to Jews throughout the empire,^[6] but prohibits Jews in Rome from proselytising.^[7]
An attack across the Rhine by the Germans is stopped by the Romans.

Asia

Emperor Guangwu of the Han Dynasty deposes his wife, Guo Shentong, as empress, and creates his consort Yin Lihua empress in her place.^[8]

By topic

Religion

The disciples of Jesus form communities after the Diaspora, especially in Damascus and Antioch. For the first time they are called Christians.
The death of Caligula saves the Jewish people from being punished for resisting orders to worship his statue in the Temple of Jerusalem.

Births

February 12 – Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus, son of Claudius and Messalina^[9]

Deaths

January 24 – Caligula, Roman Emperor (assassinated)^[2]
Julia Drusilla, daughter of Caligula (assassinated)^[10]
End of the year – Julia Livilla, daughter of Germanicus, niece of Claudius (starved to death in her exile)^[11]
Milonia Caesonia, wife of Caligula (assassinated)^[10]

References

^ Burley, Anthony Richard (2005). The Roman government of Britain. Oxford University Press. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-19-925237-4.
^ ^a ^b Barrett, Anthony A. (2002). Caligula: The Corruption of Power. Routledge. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-203-13776-5.
^ ^a ^b Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy A. (2004). Handbook to life in ancient Rome (2nd ed.). Infobase Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-8160-5026-0.
^ Dixon, William Hepworth (1865). The holy land. Vol. 2. B. Tauchnitz. p. 222.
^ Moran, Michael G. (2005). Ballif, Michelle (ed.). Classical rhetorics and rhetoricians: critical studies and sources. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-313-32178-8.
^ Freedman, David Noel, ed. (2000). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. p. 262. ISBN 978-90-5356-503-2.
^ Scullard, H. H. (2010). From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome 133 BC to AD 68. Taylor & Francis. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-415-58488-3.
^ Xiao Hong Lee, Lily; Stefanowska, A. D., eds. (2007). Biographical dictionary of Chinese women: antiquity through Sui, 1600 B.C.E.–618 C.E. Vol. 3. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 146–147. ISBN 978-0-7656-1750-7.
^ Wiedemann, Thomas E. J. (1989). Adults and children in the Roman Empire. Taylor & Francis. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-415-00336-0.
^ ^a ^b Varner, Eric R. (2004). Mutilation and transformation: damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial portraiture. BRILL. p. 21. ISBN 978-90-04-13577-2.
^ Lightman, Marjorie; Lightman, Benjamin (2007). A to Z of ancient Greek and Roman women. Vol. 2. Infobase Publishing. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-8160-6710-7.

[1] Burley, Anthony Richard (2005). The Roman government of Britain. Oxford University Press. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-19-925237-4.

[Caligula-2] Barrett, Anthony A. (2002). Caligula: The Corruption of Power. Routledge. p. 170. ISBN 978-0-203-13776-5.

[Claudius-3] Adkins, Lesley; Adkins, Roy A. (2004). Handbook to life in ancient Rome (2nd ed.). Infobase Publishing. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-8160-5026-0.

[4] Dixon, William Hepworth (1865). The holy land. Vol. 2. B. Tauchnitz. p. 222.

[5] Moran, Michael G. (2005). Ballif, Michelle (ed.). Classical rhetorics and rhetoricians: critical studies and sources. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 343. ISBN 978-0-313-32178-8.

[6] Freedman, David Noel, ed. (2000). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. p. 262. ISBN 978-90-5356-503-2.

[7] Scullard, H. H. (2010). From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome 133 BC to AD 68. Taylor & Francis. p. 249. ISBN 978-0-415-58488-3.

[8] Xiao Hong Lee, Lily; Stefanowska, A. D., eds. (2007). Biographical dictionary of Chinese women: antiquity through Sui, 1600 B.C.E.–618 C.E. Vol. 3. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 146–147. ISBN 978-0-7656-1750-7.

[9] Wiedemann, Thomas E. J. (1989). Adults and children in the Roman Empire. Taylor & Francis. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-415-00336-0.

[Julia-10] Varner, Eric R. (2004). Mutilation and transformation: damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial portraiture. BRILL. p. 21. ISBN 978-90-04-13577-2.

[11] Lightman, Marjorie; Lightman, Benjamin (2007). A to Z of ancient Greek and Roman women. Vol. 2. Infobase Publishing. p. 171. ISBN 978-0-8160-6710-7.

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@@ Line 12: / Line 12: @@
 ==== Roman Empire ====
-* [[Consul]]s are the [[Roman Emperor|emperor]] [[Caligula]] and [[Gnaeus Sentius Saturninus]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Burley|first=Anthony Richard|title=The Roman government of Britain|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780199252374|page=219|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=izIMUEgzjm0C&pg=PA219&dq=Caligula+Gnaeus+Sentius+Saturninus#v=onepage&q=Caligula%20Gnaeus%20Sentius%20Saturninus&f=false}}</ref>
+* [[Consul]]s are the [[Roman Emperor|emperor]] [[Caligula]] and [[Gnaeus Sentius Saturninus]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Burley|first=Anthony Richard|title=The Roman government of Britain|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-925237-4|page=219|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=izIMUEgzjm0C&pg=PA219&dq=Caligula+Gnaeus+Sentius+Saturninus#v=onepage&q=Caligula%20Gnaeus%20Sentius%20Saturninus&f=false}}</ref>
 * [[January 24]]
-** Caligula, known for his [[Eccentricity (behavior)|eccentricity]] and cruel [[despotism]], is [[assassination|assassin]]ated by his disgruntled [[Praetorian Guard]]s.<ref name="Caligula">{{cite book|last=Barrett|first=Anthony A.|title=Caligula: The Corruption of Power|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780203137765|page=170|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=H1paoJ_BN28C&pg=PA170&dq=Caligula+assassinated+January+24#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
+** Caligula, known for his [[Eccentricity (behavior)|eccentricity]] and cruel [[despotism]], is [[assassination|assassin]]ated by his disgruntled [[Praetorian Guard]]s.<ref name="Caligula">{{cite book|last=Barrett|first=Anthony A.|title=Caligula: The Corruption of Power|year=2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-13776-5|page=170|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=H1paoJ_BN28C&pg=PA170&dq=Caligula+assassinated+January+24#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
-** [[Claudius]] succeeds his nephew Caligula as Emperor.<ref name="Claudius">{{cite book|last=Adkins|first=Lesley|last2=Adkins|first2=Roy A.|title=Handbook to life in ancient Rome|year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9780816050260|page=21|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=zGY1Sqjwf8kC&pg=PA21&dq=Claudius+emperor+January+25#v=onepage&q=Claudius%20emperor%20January%2025&f=false|edition=2nd}}</ref>
+** [[Claudius]] succeeds his nephew Caligula as Emperor.<ref name="Claudius">{{cite book|last=Adkins|first=Lesley|last2=Adkins|first2=Roy A.|title=Handbook to life in ancient Rome|year=2004|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-5026-0|page=21|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=zGY1Sqjwf8kC&pg=PA21&dq=Claudius+emperor+January+25#v=onepage&q=Claudius%20emperor%20January%2025&f=false|edition=2nd}}</ref>
 * [[January 25]] &ndash; After a night of negotiation, Claudius is accepted as Emperor by the [[Roman Senate|Senate]].<ref name="Claudius" />
 * Claudius makes [[Agrippa I|Agrippa]] king of [[Judea]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Dixon|first=William Hepworth|title=The holy land|year=1865|publisher=B. Tauchnitz|page=222|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=r7EWAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA222&dq=Agrippa+king+of+Judea+41#v=onepage&q=Agrippa%20king%20of%20Judea%2041&f=false|volume=2}}</ref>
-* [[Messalina]], wife of Claudius, persuades Claudius to have [[Seneca the Younger]] banished to [[Corsica]] on a charge of [[adultery]] with [[Julia Livilla]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Moran|first=Michael G.|editor=Ballif, Michelle|title=Classical rhetorics and rhetoricians: critical studies and sources|year=2005|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313321788|page=343|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=CYykAGVyqvwC&pg=PA343&dq=Seneca+the+Younger+banished+41#v=onepage&q=Seneca%20the%20Younger%20banished%2041&f=false}}</ref>
+* [[Messalina]], wife of Claudius, persuades Claudius to have [[Seneca the Younger]] banished to [[Corsica]] on a charge of [[adultery]] with [[Julia Livilla]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Moran|first=Michael G.|editor=Ballif, Michelle|title=Classical rhetorics and rhetoricians: critical studies and sources|year=2005|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-32178-8|page=343|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=CYykAGVyqvwC&pg=PA343&dq=Seneca+the+Younger+banished+41#v=onepage&q=Seneca%20the%20Younger%20banished%2041&f=false}}</ref>
-* Claudius restores [[religious freedom]] to [[Jew]]s throughout the empire,<ref>{{cite book|editor=Freedman, David Noel|title=Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible|year=2000|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=9789053565032|page=262|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA262&dq=Claudius+restores+religious+freedom+to+Jews+41#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> but prohibits Jews in Rome from proselytising.<ref>{{cite book|last=Scullard|first=H. H.|title=From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome 133 BC to AD 68|year=2010|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9780415584883|page=249|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=vMzvAXjq1uEC&pg=PA249&dq=Claudius+Jews+proselytising+Rome+41#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
+* Claudius restores [[religious freedom]] to [[Jew]]s throughout the empire,<ref>{{cite book|editor=Freedman, David Noel|title=Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible|year=2000|publisher=Amsterdam University Press|isbn=978-90-5356-503-2|page=262|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=qRtUqxkB7wkC&pg=PA262&dq=Claudius+restores+religious+freedom+to+Jews+41#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> but prohibits Jews in Rome from proselytising.<ref>{{cite book|last=Scullard|first=H. H.|title=From the Gracchi to Nero: A History of Rome 133 BC to AD 68|year=2010|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-58488-3|page=249|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=vMzvAXjq1uEC&pg=PA249&dq=Claudius+Jews+proselytising+Rome+41#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>
 * An attack across the [[Rhine]] by the [[Germans]] is stopped by the Romans.
 ==== Asia ====
-* [[Emperor Guangwu of Han|Emperor Guangwu]] of the [[Han Dynasty]] deposes his wife, [[Empress Guo Shengtong|Guo Shentong]], as empress, and creates his consort [[Empress Yin Lihua|Yin Lihua]] empress in her place.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Xiao Hong Lee|editor1-first=Lily|editor2-last=Stefanowska|editor2-first=A. D.|title=Biographical dictionary of Chinese women: antiquity through Sui, 1600 B.C.E.–618 C.E.|year=2007|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=9780765617507|pages=146–147|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=u7mLql4TAxoC&pg=PA147&dq=Emperor+Guangwu+empress+41#v=onepage&q=Emperor%20Guangwu%20empress%2041&f=false|volume=3}}</ref>
+* [[Emperor Guangwu of Han|Emperor Guangwu]] of the [[Han Dynasty]] deposes his wife, [[Empress Guo Shengtong|Guo Shentong]], as empress, and creates his consort [[Empress Yin Lihua|Yin Lihua]] empress in her place.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=Xiao Hong Lee|editor1-first=Lily|editor2-last=Stefanowska|editor2-first=A. D.|title=Biographical dictionary of Chinese women: antiquity through Sui, 1600 B.C.E.–618 C.E.|year=2007|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-7656-1750-7|pages=146–147|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=u7mLql4TAxoC&pg=PA147&dq=Emperor+Guangwu+empress+41#v=onepage&q=Emperor%20Guangwu%20empress%2041&f=false|volume=3}}</ref>
 === By topic ===
@@ Line 33: / Line 33: @@
 == Births ==
-* [[February 12]] &ndash; [[Britannicus|Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus]], son of Claudius and Messalina<ref>{{cite book|last=Wiedemann|first=Thomas E. J.|title=Adults and children in the Roman Empire|year=1989|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=9780415003360|page=124|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jJwOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA124&dq=Britannicus+born+February+12#v=onepage&q=Britannicus%20born%20February%2012&f=false}}</ref>
+* [[February 12]] &ndash; [[Britannicus|Tiberius Claudius Caesar Britannicus]], son of Claudius and Messalina<ref>{{cite book|last=Wiedemann|first=Thomas E. J.|title=Adults and children in the Roman Empire|year=1989|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-415-00336-0|page=124|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=jJwOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA124&dq=Britannicus+born+February+12#v=onepage&q=Britannicus%20born%20February%2012&f=false}}</ref>
 == Deaths ==
 * [[January 24]] &ndash; [[Caligula]], [[Roman Emperor]] ([[assassination|assassinated]])<ref name="Caligula" />
-* [[Julia Drusilla]], daughter of Caligula (assassinated)<ref name=Julia>{{cite book|last=Varner|first=Eric R.|title=Mutilation and transformation: damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial portraiture|year=2004|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9789004135772|page=21|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=5IpPhTqnDJkC&pg=PA21&dq=Julia+Drusilla+assassinated+41#v=onepage&q=Julia%20Drusilla%20assassinated%2041&f=false}}</ref>
+* [[Julia Drusilla]], daughter of Caligula (assassinated)<ref name=Julia>{{cite book|last=Varner|first=Eric R.|title=Mutilation and transformation: damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial portraiture|year=2004|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-13577-2|page=21|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=5IpPhTqnDJkC&pg=PA21&dq=Julia+Drusilla+assassinated+41#v=onepage&q=Julia%20Drusilla%20assassinated%2041&f=false}}</ref>
-* End of the year &ndash; [[Julia Livilla]], daughter of [[Germanicus]], niece of [[Claudius]] (starved to death in her exile)<ref>{{cite book|last=Lightman|first=Marjorie|last2=Lightman|first2=Benjamin|title=A to Z of ancient Greek and Roman women|year=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=9780816067107|page=171|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=2esYJJUETiYC&pg=PA171&dq=Julia+Livilla+starved+to+death+41#v=onepage&q=Julia%20Livilla%20starved%20to%20death%2041&f=false|volume=2}}</ref>
+* End of the year &ndash; [[Julia Livilla]], daughter of [[Germanicus]], niece of [[Claudius]] (starved to death in her exile)<ref>{{cite book|last=Lightman|first=Marjorie|last2=Lightman|first2=Benjamin|title=A to Z of ancient Greek and Roman women|year=2007|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-6710-7|page=171|url=http://books.google.com.au/books?id=2esYJJUETiYC&pg=PA171&dq=Julia+Livilla+starved+to+death+41#v=onepage&q=Julia%20Livilla%20starved%20to%20death%2041&f=false|volume=2}}</ref>
 * [[Milonia Caesonia]], wife of Caligula (assassinated)<ref name=Julia />