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{{refimprove|date=September 2010}}
{{Infobox Organization
|name = Border Roads Organisation
|image = Border Roads Organisation logo.svg
|image_border =
|size = 100px
|caption = BRO Logo
|map =
|msize =
|mcaption =
|abbreviation = BRO
|motto = Shramena Sarvam Sadhyam ("Everything is Achievable through Hard Work")<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bro.nic.in/index2.asp?sublinkid=289|title=Inherent Strengths|work=Border Roads Organisation|at=Speed, Economy and quality|publisher=Border Roads Organisation|accessdate=25 September 2010}}</ref>
|formation = 7 May 1960
|extinction =
|type =
|status = Active
|purpose = Civil engineering infrastructural development in difficult area
|headquarters = [[New Delhi]]
|location = Border regions of India
|region_served = India
|membership =
|language =
|leader_title = Director General
|leader_name = Lt. Gen. S Ravi Shankar ({{As of|2011}})
|main_organ =
|parent_organization = [[Ministry of Road Transport and Highways (India)|Ministry of Road Transport and Highways]]
|affiliations =
|num_staff =
|num_volunteers =
|budget = {{Currency|4000crore|INR}}<br/>({{Currency|723 million|USD}})<br/>({{As of|2011}}){{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}
|website = [http://www.bro.nic.in www.bro.nic.in]
|remarks =
}}

The '''Border Roads Organisation''' ('''BRO''') maintains roads that serve the borders areas of India. It is staffed with a combination of Border Roads Engineering Service officers from the General Reserve Engineer Force (GREF) and officers from the [[Indian Army Corps of Engineers|Corps of Engineers]] of the [[Indian Army]]. The organisation develops and maintains arterial roads on the borders of India. The BRO is also involved in the construction of a tunnel at the [[Rohtang Tunnel|Rohtang pass]]. BRO's activities have also helped to accelerate the economic development of the North and [[North East India|North-Eastern]] border states of India. The road-construction teams have to deal with harsh climatic conditions.<ref name="topnews">{{Cite web
| url = http://www.topnews.in/border-roads-organisation-building-roads-sub-zero-temperatures-29841
| title = Border Roads Organisation building roads at sub-zero temperatures
| last = Angchuk
| first = Jigmet
| date = 25 December 2007
| accessdate = 25 September 2010
| work = TopNews.in
| publisher = Manas Informatics
| location = Mohali, India}}</ref>
The BRO faces environments like the icy [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] mountaintops, the marshes of [[West Bengal]], and the [[Thar desert|deserts]] in [[Rajasthan]].<ref name="sif">{{Cite web
| url = http://www.sankalpindia.net/drupal/brobridging-gaps-connecting-lives
| title = BRO: Bridging gaps, Connecting lives
| author = aurora
| date = 2008-05-07
| work = Sankalp India Foundation
| publisher = Sankalp India Foundation
| location = Bangalore, Karnataka, India }}</ref>
The BRO builds and maintains roads at high altitude; Some of the BRO roads are built as high as {{convert|5608|m|ft|0}} above mean sea level.<ref name="topnews"/>

The Border Roads Organisation operates a network of over {{convert|32885|km|mi|0}} of roads and {{convert|12200|m|ft|0}} of permanent bridges.<ref name="gs"/> BRO has operations in twenty-two states, including the [[Andaman and Nicobar Islands]], a [[union territory]].

==History==
The BRO was formed on 7 May 1960<ref name="gs">{{Cite web
| url = http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/india/bro.htm
| title = Border Roads Organisation
| work = GlobalSecurity.org
| publisher = GlobalSecurity.org
| location = Alexandria, Virginia
| accessdate = 25 September 2010 }}</ref>
as the Border Roads Development Board with [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] as its chairman. BRO is led by the Director General of Border Roads, who holds the rank of [[Lieutenant General]]. <ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.bro.nic.in/indexab.asp?projectid=9&lang=1
| title = DG's Message
| work = Border Roads Organisation
| publisher = Border Roads Organisation
| accessdate = 20 May 2011 }}</ref>

==Structure==
The BRO consists of the General Reserve Engineer Force (GREF)—the execution force—under the Ministry of Surface Transport, and officers from Indian Army Corps of Engineers, who are deputed on loan to this organisation. The GREF includes civil, electrical, and mechanical engineers. They are selected from engineering colleges across India through the annual Engineering Services Examination conducted by the [[Union Public Service Commission]]. The staff also includes administrative officers, supervisors, and other trades. The organisation's operations are spread across India, [[Bhutan]], [[Myanmar]], [[Tajikistan]], and [[Afghanistan]].

The fundamental unit of the BRO is similar to a platoon. This functional platoon, composed of civil engineer officers from the GREF and army [[civil engineering|civil engineers]], is in charge of activities such as formation cutting, surfacing, and safety mechanisms to maintain correct road geometry. BRO units also handle the construction of permanent and temporary bridges, causeways, and airfields.

The BRO includes 18 Projects, which are divided into Task Forces, Road Construction Companies (RCCs), Bridge Construction Companies (BCCs), Drain Maintenance Companies (DMCs), and other functional platoons. The organisation also includes base workshops, store divisions, training and recruitment centers, and other staff.<ref>{{Cite web
| url = http://www.bro.nic.in/index2.asp?sublinkid=733
| title = Organisation Chart
| work = Border Roads Organisation
| publisher = Border Roads Organisation
| accessdate = 25 September 2010 }}</ref>

The BRO is also in charge of maintenance of its road networks. In many places landslides, avalanches and snow block the routes and have to cleared as quickly as possible. BRO also employs the more than two&nbsp;[[lakh]] (200,000) local workers in the task.{{Citation needed|date=September 2010}}

An Internal Financial Advisor supports the BRO, performing the roles of Chief Accounts Officer and Internal Auditor. This system was introduced on 23 March 1995 to introduce efficiency and improve resource utilisation.<ref name="ifa-word">{{citation
| title = IFA System in Lower Formations of Border Roads Organisation
| url = http://nidfm.nic.in/learning/OTHERTM/TMRC/CDABR/b-accounts/ifa-l.doc
| format = [[DOC (computing)|Microsoft Word]]
| publisher = National Academy of Defence Financial Management, Mindistry of Defence, Government of India
| location = Pune, India
| last = Mohan
| first = Devendra
| accessdate = 25 September 2010 }}</ref>
The IFA secured [[ISO 9001]] certification in December 1999.<ref name="sif"/>

===Projects/Initiatives===
The BRO undertakes projects in India and friendly countries. These projects typically include developing roads, bridges, and airfields in hostile environments shunned by private enterprises, whether due to security concerns related to hostilities, or because of environmental challenges.

Some of these projects carry out some of the development initiatives of the Indian government in foreign territories like Tajikistan, Afghanistan, Myanmar, and Bhutan. These include the [[Delaram-Zaranj Highway]] in Afghanistan, completed and handed over to the Afghan government during 2008,<ref>{{Cite news
| title = India hands over Afghan road, trade can now flow via Iran
| url = http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-hands-over-afghan-road-trade-can-now-flow-via-iran/414315/
| newspaper = The Indian Express
| last = Pubby
| first = Manu
| date = 23 January 2009
| publisher = The Indian Express Online Media
| location = New Delhi
| accessdate = 25 September 2010 }}</ref>
and the restoration of the [[Farkhor Air Base|Farkhor]]<ref>{{Cite web
| title = India to deploy MiG-29 fighters at Tajikistan base
| url = http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/intelandterror/article_1156924.php/India_to_deploy_MiG-29_fighters_at_Tajikistan_base
| work = Monsters and Critics
| publisher = WOTR
| location = Indianapolis
| date = 20 April 2006
| accessdate = 25 September 2010 }}</ref>
and [[Ayni Air Base|Ayni]]<ref>{{Cite web
| title = India may have to quit Tajik military 'base'
| last = Bedi
| first = Rahul
| work = Monsters and Critics
| url = http://www.monstersandcritics.com/news/india/features/article_1357885.php/India_may_have_to_quit_Tajik_military_base
| date= 20 September 2007
| accessdate = 25 September 2010
| publisher = WOTR
| location = Indianapolis }}</ref>
air bases in [[Tajikistan]].

The BRO also played a vital role in reconstruction work in the aftermath of the devastating 2004 [[Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on India#Affected states and regions|Tsunami]] in [[Tamil Nadu]], the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]],<ref>{{Cite journal
| title = Work in progress to restore vital border road
| journal = Outlook India
| date = 24 October 2005
| publisher = Outlook Publishing (India)
| location = New Delhi
| url = http://news.outlookindia.com/item.aspx?330760
| accessdate = 25 September 2010 }}</ref>
and the [[2010 Leh floods|2010 Ladakh flash floods]].<ref>{{Cite news
| url = http://www.tribuneindia.com/2010/20100916/main5.htm
| newspaper = Chandigarh Tribune
| title = Five weeks after floods, Leh-Manali road opens
| last = Watts
| first = Archit
| date = 15 September 2010
| publisher = The Tribune Trust
| location = Chandigarh, India
| accessdate = 25 September 2010 }}</ref>

==Issues==
The organisation employs casually paid labourers locally. No casual labourer is deployed in the GREF for more than 179 days at a stretch, thus keeping the nature of their employment casual. <ref>{{Cite news
| archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060503044135/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/02feb05/state.htm#5
| archivedate = 2006-05-03
| url = http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/02feb05/state.htm#5
| title =GREF not Industry governed by Industrial Dispute Act
| last = Panghat
| first = Brig
| newspaper = Daily Excelsior
| location = Jammu, India
| date = 4 February 2005
| accessdate = 25 September 2010 }}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Himank|Project HIMANK]]
*[[Indian Army Corps of Engineers]]
*[[Leh-Manali Highway]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{Official website|http://www.bro.nic.in}}
* [http://ifabr.gov.in Integrated Financial Advisor—Border Roads]

[[Category:1960 establishments]]
[[Category:Military of India]]
[[Category:Executive branch of the Indian government]]
[[Category:Roads in India]]

[[de:Border Roads Organisation]]
[[ta:எல்லைப்புறச் சாலைகள் அமைப்பு]]
[[uk:Організація прикордонних доріг]]

Revision as of 06:55, 6 June 2012

Lt.general. Digvijay sinh

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