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{{refimprove|date=September 2010}}'''Old European''' (''alteuropäisch'') is the term used by [[Hans Krahe]] (1964) for the language of the oldest reconstructed stratum of European '''[[hydronymy]]''' (river names) in Central and Western [[Europe]].<ref>"Old European" in this sense is not to be confused with the term as used by [[Marija Gimbutas]] who applies it to [[Neolithic Europe]].</ref> The character of these river names is [[pre-Germanic]] and [[pre-Celtic]] and dated by Krahe to the [[2nd millennium BC]].
{{refimprove|date=September 2010}}'''Old European''' (''alteuropäisch'') is the term used by [[Hans Krahe]] (1964) for the language of the oldest reconstructed stratum of European '''[[hydronymy]]''' (river names) in Central and Western [[Europe]].<ref>"Old European" in this sense is not to be confused with the term as used by [[Marija Gimbutas]] who applies it to [[Neolithic Europe]].</ref> The character of these river names is [[pre-Germanic]] and [[pre-Celtic]] and dated by Krahe to the [[2nd millennium BC]].


[[File:Krahe.jpg|500px|thumb|Old European hydronymyc map for the root ''*al-'', ''*alm-''.]]
[[File:Krahe.jpg|500px|thumb|Old European hydronymic map for the root ''*al-'', ''*alm-''.]]


Old European river names are found in the [[Baltic region|Baltic]] and southern [[Scandinavia]], in [[Central Europe]], [[France]], the [[British Isles]], and the [[Iberian peninsula|Iberian]] and [[Italian peninsula|Italian]] peninsulas. This area is associated with the spread of the later "Western" Indo-European dialects, the [[Celtic languages|Celtic]], [[Italic languages|Italic]], [[Germanic languages|Germanic]], [[Baltic languages|Baltic]] and [[Illyrian language|Illyrian]] branches. Notably exempt are the [[Balkans]] and [[Greece]], as well as the [[Eastern Europe]]an parts associated with [[Slavs|Slavic]] settlement.
Old European river names are found in the [[Baltic region|Baltic]] and southern [[Scandinavia]], in [[Central Europe]], [[France]], the [[British Isles]], and the [[Iberian peninsula|Iberian]] and [[Italian peninsula|Italian]] peninsulas. This area is associated with the spread of the later "Western" Indo-European dialects, the [[Celtic languages|Celtic]], [[Italic languages|Italic]], [[Germanic languages|Germanic]], [[Baltic languages|Baltic]] and [[Illyrian language|Illyrian]] branches. Notably exempt are the [[Balkans]] and [[Greece]], as well as the [[Eastern Europe]]an parts associated with [[Slavs|Slavic]] settlement.


[[File:Krahe-2.jpg|500px|thumb|Old European hydronymyc map for the root ''*var-'', ''*ver-''.]]
[[File:Krahe-2.jpg|500px|thumb|Old European hydronymic map for the root ''*var-'', ''*ver-''.]]


Krahe locates the geographical nucleus of this area as stretching from the [[Baltic region|Baltic]] across [[Western Poland]] and [[Germany]] to the [[Swiss plateau]] and the upper [[Danube]] north of the [[Alps]], while he considers the Old European river names of southern France, Italy and Spain to be later imports, replacing "[[Aegean languages|Aegean]]-[[Pelasgian]]" and [[Iberian language|Iberian]] substrates (p.&nbsp;81), corresponding to [[Italic peoples|Italic]], [[Celtiberians|Celtic]] and [[Illyrians|Illyrian]] "invasions" from about 1300 BC.
Krahe locates the geographical nucleus of this area as stretching from the [[Baltic region|Baltic]] across [[Western Poland]] and [[Germany]] to the [[Swiss plateau]] and the upper [[Danube]] north of the [[Alps]], while he considers the Old European river names of southern France, Italy and Spain to be later imports, replacing "[[Aegean languages|Aegean]]-[[Pelasgian]]" and [[Iberian language|Iberian]] substrates (p.&nbsp;81), corresponding to [[Italic peoples|Italic]], [[Celtiberians|Celtic]] and [[Illyrians|Illyrian]] "invasions" from about 1300 BC.
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German linguist [[Theo Vennemann]] has suggested that the language of the old European hydronyms was [[agglutinative language|agglutinative]] and [[Pre-Indo-European]],<ref>Theo Vennemann, Patrizia Noel Aziz Hanna, ''Europa Vasconica, Europa Semitica'', Published by Walter de Gruyter, 2003, ISBN 3-11-017054-X, 9783110170542.</ref> however this stands in contrast to the more generally accepted view that the hydronyms are of [[Indo-European]] origin and Theo Vennemann's theory has been criticised as being seriously flawed.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kitson|first=P.R.|title=British and European River Names|journal=Transactions of the Philological Society|year=1996|month=November|volume=94|issue=2|pages=73–118|doi=10.1111/j.1467-968X.1996.tb01178.x}}</ref>
German linguist [[Theo Vennemann]] has suggested that the language of the old European hydronyms was [[agglutinative language|agglutinative]] and [[Pre-Indo-European]],<ref>Theo Vennemann, Patrizia Noel Aziz Hanna, ''Europa Vasconica, Europa Semitica'', Published by Walter de Gruyter, 2003, ISBN 3-11-017054-X, 9783110170542.</ref> however this stands in contrast to the more generally accepted view that the hydronyms are of [[Indo-European]] origin and Theo Vennemann's theory has been criticised as being seriously flawed.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kitson|first=P.R.|title=British and European River Names|journal=Transactions of the Philological Society|year=1996|month=November|volume=94|issue=2|pages=73–118|doi=10.1111/j.1467-968X.1996.tb01178.x}}</ref>


[[File:Hidronimia3.jpg|500px|thumb|Old European hydronymyc map for the root ''*Sal-'', ''*Salm-''.]]
[[File:Hidronimia3.jpg|500px|thumb|Old European hydronymic map for the root ''*Sal-'', ''*Salm-''.]]


==Examples==
==Examples==

Revision as of 21:17, 12 June 2012

Old European (alteuropäisch) is the term used by Hans Krahe (1964) for the language of the oldest reconstructed stratum of European hydronymy (river names) in Central and Western Europe.[1] The character of these river names is pre-Germanic and pre-Celtic and dated by Krahe to the 2nd millennium BC.

Old European hydronymic map for the root *al-, *alm-.

Old European river names are found in the Baltic and southern Scandinavia, in Central Europe, France, the British Isles, and the Iberian and Italian peninsulas. This area is associated with the spread of the later "Western" Indo-European dialects, the Celtic, Italic, Germanic, Baltic and Illyrian branches. Notably exempt are the Balkans and Greece, as well as the Eastern European parts associated with Slavic settlement.

File:Krahe-2.jpg
Old European hydronymic map for the root *var-, *ver-.

Krahe locates the geographical nucleus of this area as stretching from the Baltic across Western Poland and Germany to the Swiss plateau and the upper Danube north of the Alps, while he considers the Old European river names of southern France, Italy and Spain to be later imports, replacing "Aegean-Pelasgian" and Iberian substrates (p. 81), corresponding to Italic, Celtic and Illyrian "invasions" from about 1300 BC.

German linguist Theo Vennemann has suggested that the language of the old European hydronyms was agglutinative and Pre-Indo-European,[2] however this stands in contrast to the more generally accepted view that the hydronyms are of Indo-European origin and Theo Vennemann's theory has been criticised as being seriously flawed.[3]

Old European hydronymic map for the root *Sal-, *Salm-.

Examples

Dur

Dur, a Pre-Celtic [dubious – discuss] linguistic root meaning 'water, stream'.[4]

  • the Doiras (Spain) < *Duria.
  • the Dora Baltea (Italy), Latin Duria maior or Duria bautica
  • the Dora Riparia (Italy), Latin Duria minor
  • the Dordogne < Durānius (France),
  • the Dore (France),
  • the Doron (France),
  • the Dour, Kent, Latin *Dubris (United Kingdom)
  • the Douro / Duero (Portugal and Spain) known as Douro in Portuguese and Duero in Spanish < *Durius.
  • the Dronne (France),
  • the Dropt < Roman Drotius (France),
  • the Drava (Italy, Austria (known as Drau), Slovenia, Croatia, Hungary)
  • the Drave and probably the Drac (France),
  • the Drawa (Poland),
  • the Durance (France) < *Durantia.
  • the Durenque, tributary of the Agout (France)
  • the Eder, tributary of the Fulda (Germany)
  • the Oder (Czech Republic, Germany and Poland)

Notes

  1. ^ "Old European" in this sense is not to be confused with the term as used by Marija Gimbutas who applies it to Neolithic Europe.
  2. ^ Theo Vennemann, Patrizia Noel Aziz Hanna, Europa Vasconica, Europa Semitica, Published by Walter de Gruyter, 2003, ISBN 3-11-017054-X, 9783110170542.
  3. ^ Kitson, P.R. (1996). "British and European River Names". Transactions of the Philological Society. 94 (2): 73–118. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1996.tb01178.x. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  4. ^ Gerhard Rohlfs, Le Gascon, 1935.

See also

References

  • Hans Krahe, Unsere ältesten Flussnamen, Wiesbaden (1964).
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