Aleš Hrdlička

Aleš Hrdlička
Born	(1869-03-29)29 March 1869 Humpolec, Austro-Hungaria
Died	5 September 1943(1943-09-05) (aged 74) Washington, D.C. USA
Education	Eclectic Medical College New York
Occupation	Anthropologist
Parent(s)	Maxmilian Hrdlička, Karolina Hrdličková

Aleš Hrdlička or Ales Hrdlicka (March 29, 1869– September 5, 1943) was a Czech anthropologist who lived in the United States after his family had moved there in 1881. He was born in Humpolec, Bohemia (today in the Czech Republic) and given a baptismal name "Alois", which he later changed into a more patriotic form "Aleš".

Life and career

His mother, Karolina Hrdličková, educated her gifted child herself; his skills and knowledge made it possible to skip the primary level of school. The family immigrated to the U.S. in 1881, when he was only 13. After arrival, the promised job brought only a disappointment to his father who started working in a cigar factory along with teenage Alois to earn living for the family with 6 other children. Young Hrdlička attended evening courses to improve his English, and at the age of 18, he decided to study medicine since he had suffered from tuberculosis and experienced the treatment difficulties of those times. In 1889, Hrdlička started studies at Eclectic Medical College and then continued at Homeopatic College in New York. To finish his medical studies, Hrdlička sat for exams in Baltimore in 1894. At first, he worked in the Middletown asylum for mentally affected where he learnt of anthropometry. In 1896, Hrdlička left for Paris, where he started to work as an anthropologist with other experts of then establishing field of science.

Between 1898 and 1903, during his scientific travel across America, Hrdlicka became the first scientist to spot and document the theory of human colonization of the American continent from east Asia only some 15,000 years ago. He argued that the Indians migrated across the Bering Strait from Asia, supporting this theory with detailed field research of skeletal remains as well as studies of the people in Mongolia, Tibet, Siberia, Alaska, and Aleutian Islands. The findings backed up the argument which later involved into the theory of global origin of human species that was awarded by the Thomas Henry Huxley Award in 1927.

Ales Hrdlicka founded and became the first curator of physical anthropology of the U.S. National Museum, now the Smithsonian Institution National Museum of Natural History in 1903. He was the founder of the American Journal of Physical Anthropology.

He always sponsored his fellow expatriates and also donated the institution of anthropology in Prague, which was founded in 1930 by his co-explorer Jindřich Matiegka, in his natal country (the institution later took his name).

European hypothesis

Hrdlicka was interested in the origin of the human being and a proponent of the Out of Europe theory, he was a critic of hominid evolution as well as the Out of Asia theory, as he claimed there was little evidence to go on for those theories, he dismissed finds such as the Ramapithecus which were labeled as hominids by most scientists, he instead believed that they were nothing more than fossil apes, unrelated to human ancestry.

In a lecture on "The Origin of Man," delivered for the American Association for the Advancement of Science, at Cincinnati, Ohio. Hrdlicka said that the cradle of man is not in Central Asia but in Central Europe as Europe is the earliest known location where human skeletal remains have been found.

Hrdlicka was almost alone in his views, the European hypothesis fell into decline and is now considered an obsolete scientific theory which has been replaced by the multiregional hypothesis and the Out of Africa theory.

Controversy & Criticism

More recently, Hrdlicka's methods have come under scrutiny and criticism with regard to his treatment of Native American remains. An AP newswire article, "Mexico Indian Remains Returned From NY For Burial" from November 17, 2009, recounted his study of Mexico's tribal races, including the beheading of still-decomposing victims of a massacre of Yaqui Indians and removing the flesh from the skulls as part of these studies. He also threw out the corpse of an infant that was found in a cradleboard but forwarded this artifact along with the skulls and other remains to New York's American Museum of Natural History. While these practices are not inconsistent with other ethnographers and human origin researchers of that era, the moral and ethical ramifications of these research practices continues to be debated today.

Hrdlicka has been further criticized for his vicious attacks on researchers who presented evidence contrary to his own. Although Hrdlicka's theories on several subjects were eventually superseded, Hrdlicka repeatedly attempted to bury, discredit, or marginalize the work of researchers who disagreed with his conclusions.

Literature

• Mann, Charles. 1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus, New York: Random House, 2005.

External links

• EMuseum short biography Minnesota State University
• Biography of Ales Hrdlicka at American Journal of Physical Anthropology
• Register to the Papers of Aleš Hrdlička, National Anthropological Archives, Smithsonian Institution