Ein Avdat: Difference between revisions
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During the [[Hellenistic period]] Avdat became a station along the Nabatean [[Incense Route]], an ancient trading route from [[Egypt]] to [[India]] through the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. Agriculture developed during the early [[Roman era]]. Forts along the Incense Route developed into thriving cities with many public buildings and farms.<ref name="Mosaic" /><ref name="Jewish">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/geo/einavdat.html|title=Ein Avdat|work=Jewish Virtual Library|accessdate=2009-01-23}}</ref> |
During the [[Hellenistic period]] Avdat became a station along the Nabatean [[Incense Route]], an ancient trading route from [[Egypt]] to [[India]] through the [[Arabian Peninsula]]. Agriculture developed during the early [[Roman era]]. Forts along the Incense Route developed into thriving cities with many public buildings and farms.<ref name="Mosaic" /><ref name="Jewish">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/geo/einavdat.html|title=Ein Avdat|work=Jewish Virtual Library|accessdate=2009-01-23}}</ref> |
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In the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine period]], Ein Avdat was inhabited by [[monk]]s who lived in caves. They carved out closets, shelves, benches, stairs, and water systems, and decorated the walls of the caves with crosses and prayers.<ref name="Mosaic" /><ref name="Bibleplaces">{{cite web|url=http://www.bibleplaces.com/nahalzin.htm|title=Nahal Zin, Ein Avdat|work=bibleplaces.com|accessdate=2009-01-17}}</ref> |
In the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine period]], Ein Avdat was inhabited by [[monk]]s who lived in caves. They carved out closets, shelves, benches, stairs, and water systems, and decorated the walls of the caves with crosses and prayers.<ref name="Mosaic" /><ref name="Bibleplaces">{{cite web|url=http://www.bibleplaces.com/nahalzin.htm|title=Nahal Zin, Ein Avdat|work=bibleplaces.com|accessdate=2009-01-17}}</ref> |
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UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization recognizes Avdat as a Heritage Site in part because of the uniqueness of the magnificent Byzantine Church, dating from the third century it both one of the earliest and one of the best-preserved churches dating to before the recognition of Christianity by the Emperor Constantine. The church was badly damaged by Bedouin vandals in 2009. <ref>"Vandals destroy ancient Negev site; Bedouin held for 'unparalleled damage' to Nabatean archaeological park, Zafrir Rinat, Oct.06, 2009, Haaretz http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/vandals-destroy-ancient-negev-site-1.6637</ref> |
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After the [[Muslim conquest of Syria|Muslim conquest of Palestine]], the region was abandoned.<ref name="Mosaic" /> |
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===Modern era=== |
===Modern era=== |
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Revision as of 16:10, 2 July 2012
Ein Avdat (Template:Lang-he) or Ein Ovdat is a canyon in the Negev Desert of Israel, south of Kibbutz Sde Boker. Archaeological evidence shows that Ein Avdat was inhabited by Neanderthals, Nabateans, and Christian monks. Numerous springs at the southern opening of the canyon empty into deep pools in series of waterfalls. The water emerges from the rock layers with salt-loving plants like Poplar trees and Atriplexes growing nearby.
Etymology
Ein (Template:Lang-he) is Hebrew for spring or water source. Avdat (Template:Lang-he) derives from the nearby city of Avdat that grew up south of the canyon.[1] Avdat was named for the Nabataean King Obodas I who, according to tradition, was buried there.[2]
History
Prehistoric era
Habitation during the prehistoric era is attested to by numerous flint artifacts found in the area believed to be 80,000–90,000 years old and part of Mousterian culture. The flint in the outcrops nearby was utilized for arrows and points. Ostrich egg shells and onager bones shed light on the fauna of the time. Man-made knives and other hand held implements date from the Paleolithic and Mesolithic periods. Remains of a small settlement consisting of several round structures dates from the Bronze Age.[3]
Antiquity
During the Hellenistic period Avdat became a station along the Nabatean Incense Route, an ancient trading route from Egypt to India through the Arabian Peninsula. Agriculture developed during the early Roman era. Forts along the Incense Route developed into thriving cities with many public buildings and farms.[3][4]
In the Byzantine period, Ein Avdat was inhabited by monks who lived in caves. They carved out closets, shelves, benches, stairs, and water systems, and decorated the walls of the caves with crosses and prayers.[3][5]
UNESCO, the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization recognizes Avdat as a Heritage Site in part because of the uniqueness of the magnificent Byzantine Church, dating from the third century it both one of the earliest and one of the best-preserved churches dating to before the recognition of Christianity by the Emperor Constantine. The church was badly damaged by Bedouin vandals in 2009. [6]
After the Muslim conquest of Palestine, the region was abandoned.[3]
Modern era
After the establishment of Kibbutz Sde Boker in 1952 and the construction of Highway 40 to Eilat, a hiking trail was created.[3] Ein Avdat has been designated a National Park of Israel.[7][8]
Geography
The canyon of Ein Avdat is part of Nahal Zin, the largest Wadi or dry riverbed in the Negev. The 120 kilometer-long riverbed begins at the northwestern tip of Makhtesh Ramon and heads north before veering sharply eastwards. Ein Avdat was created by erosion.[3][5]
Springs
The southernmost spring is Ein Ma'arif,[3][9] featuring a series of waterfalls and pools.[10] A Byzantine fortress overlooks the spring and adjacent agricultural land.[5][10]
Further north is Ein Avdat, a 15-meter high waterfall that flows into an 8-meter deep pool of water divided by a small artificial dam.[11]
Located near the northern entrance of the park is a spring called Ein Mor, named for the spice myrrh.[9][12]
Growing around the springs are Poplar trees and Atriplexes, commonly known as saltbush, which grows on riverbanks and can tolerate salinity.[3][7]
Climate
According to statistics compiled by a weather station at Sde Boker, the summers are hot with almost no precipitation while the winters are cold with some rain. The lowest recorded temperature for January was −3.6 °C (25.5 °F). In the summer temperatures can reach over 40 °C (104 °F). The humidityis relatively high.[13]
See also
References
- ^ "The Glossary of Terms and Names". mosaic.lk.net. Retrieved 2009-01-25.
- ^ Jacobs, Daniel (1998). "Dimona and Mamshit". Israel and the Palestinian Territories: The Rough Guide. Rough Guides. p. 531. ISBN 1-85828-248-9. Retrieved 2009-01-13.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h "Ein Avdat". mosaic.lk.net. Retrieved 2009-01-16.
- ^ "Ein Avdat". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
- ^ a b c "Nahal Zin, Ein Avdat". bibleplaces.com. Retrieved 2009-01-17.
- ^ "Vandals destroy ancient Negev site; Bedouin held for 'unparalleled damage' to Nabatean archaeological park, Zafrir Rinat, Oct.06, 2009, Haaretz http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/vandals-destroy-ancient-negev-site-1.6637
- ^ a b "Ein Avdat National Park". Israel Nature and National Parks Protection Authority. Retrieved 2009-01-17.
- ^ Orgad, Avigdor. "Ein-Avdat National Park". Kalmanovitz Bros. Retrieved 2009-02-06.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "Ein Avdat - A Desert Fresh Water Ecosystem". Caretakers Israel. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
- ^ a b "Ein Ovdat National Park". boker.org.il. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
- ^ Winter, Dave (1999). Israel Handbook: With the Palestinian Authority Areas (2 ed.). Footprint Travel Guides. p. 841. ISBN 1-900949-48-2. Retrieved 2009-02-05.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Strutin, Michal (2001). "Northern Negev". Discovering Natural Israel (illustrated ed.). Jonathan David Company, Inc. p. 341. ISBN 0-8246-0413-X. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
- ^ "Climate information". The Israel Meteorological Service. Retrieved 2009-02-01.
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