History of Lakia: Difference between revisions
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[[Lak people (Dagestan)|'''Lak people''']] (Laks), self-designation – Lak (pl. Lakru).<ref>Plural in Lak language is formed by ending "ru" as in "Lakru" - Laks, "darsru" - lessons, "Urusru" - Russians. Some adjectives are formed by doubling the last letter as in "Lakku" – Lakian, "Lakku maz" – Lakian or Lak language. Lakia in Lak language will be "Lakkuy" and is identical to "Lakral Kanu" – place of Laks. The ending "chu" and "chi" indicate belonginess to a place or profession as in "khalklavchi" - ruler of people.</ref> Native language - [[Lak language|Lak]]. |
[[Lak people (Dagestan)|'''Lak people''']] (Laks), self-designation – Lak (pl. Lakru).<ref>Plural in Lak language is formed by ending "ru" as in "Lakru" - Laks, "darsru" - lessons, "Urusru" - Russians. Some adjectives are formed by doubling the last letter as in "Lakku" – Lakian, "Lakku maz" – Lakian or Lak language. Lakia in Lak language will be "Lakkuy" and is identical to "Lakral Kanu" – place of Laks. The ending "chu" and "chi" indicate belonginess to a place or profession as in "khalklavchi" - ruler of people.</ref> Native language - [[Lak language|Lak]]. Historical capital of Laks is [[Kumukh]] — one of the ancient cultural and religions centres of Dagestan. The History of the [[Laks (Dagestan)|Lak people]] encompasses the Lak peoples' ethnic history and their history within the states of [[Dagestan]]. |
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== Persian invasions in 6th ce == |
== Persian invasions in 6th ce == |
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Revision as of 08:52, 24 July 2012
Lak people (Laks), self-designation – Lak (pl. Lakru).[1] Native language - Lak. Historical capital of Laks is Kumukh — one of the ancient cultural and religions centres of Dagestan. The History of the Lak people encompasses the Lak peoples' ethnic history and their history within the states of Dagestan.
Persian invasions in 6th ce
The the 6th century Sassanid Empire after more than 100 years of war took over the East and North-East Caucasus. In 552 the Khazars invaded Caucasus and occupied the northern plains of Dagestan. Reigning shah of Persia Khosrau I Anushirvan began the construction of Derbent fortress to protect his possessions from the new wave of nomads.[2] Khosrau I owned the castle of Gumik.[3]
Arab invasions in 8th ce
In the 8th century Arab conquerors persistently strive to gain a foothold in Dagestan for political hegemony in the North-East Caucasus. Arab warlord Maslamah ibn Abd al-Malik invaded Kumukh, where he gained victory. As the chronicle informs, in 733 Kumukh was ruled by the viceroy of caliph with the title "shamkhal". Lakia becomes part of the Arab caliphate.[4] According to historians Barthold and Polietkov, the title "shamkhal" comes from the name of the ruler Shakhbal, appointed by Arabs in Kumukh.[5] In 777 the construction of cathedral mosque in Kumukh was completed and a Muslim community appeared among Laks.[6]
Historical records show that at the time of Arabs and later, there were several principalities in the mountainous Dagestan, such as Tabasaran, Tsakhur, Kumukh, Khunzakh, and Kaitag.[7] In the 9th century mountainous Dagestan, generally named as Sarir, becomes independent of Arab caliphate. In the 10th century Kumukh is named by Ibn Rustah as "Al-Lak and Gumik".[8][9]
Shamkhalate of Kazi-Kumukh of 11th-17th ce
At the turn of the 11th-12th centuries Islam in Lakia becomes the state religion and a Muslim state was formed, with the capital in Kazi-Kumukh. In 1239 Tatar-Mongols invaded Dagestan. Kumukh was captured and destroyed. In 1318 Mongols resumed their raids on Dagestan. Kazi-Kumukh establishes relations with Ikhanate of Iran and later with Khanate of the Golden Horde. In 1396 Tamerlane waged a war against shamkhal of Kazi-Kumukh. From 15th century starts a new period of political dominance of Shamkhalate. In 1642 during the protracted wars Shamkhalate splits into independent states.
Khanate of Kazi-Kumukh of 1642—1820
In 1642 the council of chiefs in Kumukh elect a ruler with the title of "Khalklavchi". Alibek II from the Shamkhal family that remained in Kumukh, becomes the ruler. In 1700 Surkhay-Khan I, grandson of Alibek II, was elected as a new ruler. In 1712 Surkhay-Khan I and his allies capture Shemakha, the capital of Shirvan, and subject it to mayhem and plunder. In 1721 Shemakha was once again invaded by Dagestani army. In 1722 Peter I of Russia conducted a military expedition to Dagestan. In 1725 Surkhay-Khan I became the ruler of Shirvan. From 1734 to 1747 Dagestan endured Persian invasions led by general Nader who later became the shah of Persia. In 1743 Muhammad-Khan with the support of Turkey conducted two campaigns against Persian Shirvan. In 1789 the ruler in Kazi-Kumukh becomes Surkhay-Khan II, son of Muhammad-Khan. In 1820 the Khanate of Kazi-Kumukh was conquered by Russian Empire. In 1860 the District of Kazi-Kumukh was formed under Russian administration.
Rebellion of 1877
In 1877 with the beginning of next Russian-Turkish war, Chechens, Ingush and Dagestani peoples revolt, which Turkey aids in a larger war with Russia. The Laks assaulted the Russian fortress in Kazi-Kumukh and exterminated its garrison. The re-establishment of Kazi-Kumukh Khanate was proclaimed. Jafar-Bek the son of Aglar-Khan became the new ruler and directed his army from Kazi-Kumukh to help insurgents in Kaitag and Tabasaran. There is a mention of religious figures of Dagestan: Hasan Al-Kadarski, Kazi-Muhammad and Haji-Muhammad of Sogratl, Qadi of Tsudakhar, Kazi-Ahmed and Abdul of Kazi-Kumukh. Other detachments rushed to besiege other Russian fortresses in Gunib and Levashi, but after heavy fights were thrown back by Russian troops moved in from North Caucasus, Transcaucasia, Middle Asia and Volga region. In September 1877 Fatali-Bek of Kazi-Kumukh, one of the nobles, was killed in clashes.[10]
After the capture of Tsudakhar and Sogratl many "instigators" of the revolt were executed. Kazi-Kumukh was deprived of its honoured prefix "Kazi" and about 7000 persons with families, including Laks, were deported to distant provinces of Russian empire. Long journey and insanitary conditions caused a high death rate among the prisoners. Some captives managed to escape to Iran, England and Ottoman empire.[11]
Revolution of 1917
In 1919 Kazi-Kumukh district was captured by Denikin and the population was asked to assist the white army: for example the small village of Shovkra had to pay 100 pairs of boots, 70 pounds of wheat, 5 horses, 3 bulls, 50 load-packs of hay, 25 pieces of wool cloth and 30 rifles.
In 1920 the Soviet rule was established. In 28.10.1922 Kazi-Kumukh district was renamed into Lak district. In 29.03.1935 it was divided into Lak district and Kuli district.
Collectivization and "socialist construction in the area of national culture development" was then carried out. In 1937 in a number of villages operated cells of SVB — "Union of militant atheists": in Khosrekh - 25, Vikhli - 16. In 1940 in 5 out of 14 villages of Kuli district the mosque buildings were demolished.
In 1930 Ali Kayaev, a Muslim enlightener and reformer of Dagestan and native of Kumukh, was arrested and exiled to Southern Ural. He was accused of participating in counter-revolutionary organization. In 1913 Ali Kayaev was the editor of Arabic newspaper "Jaridatu Dagistan" in Temir-Khan-Shura city, which was published until 1918.[12] Writing for a newspaper brings Ali Kayaev large popularity in Dagestan. The newspaper was established on the initiative of governor of Dagestan. In 1934 Ali Kayaev returns from exile and works in a Research Institute of Dagestan. In 1938 scientist was again arrested.
Building of local industry began in the Lak district. The mechanized mills and enterprises were built for processing raw materials. A small hydroelectric power plant supplied electricity. Primary school education was made compulsory. Mass edition of books and newspapers in Lak language was initiated.
Second World War
In the summer of 1944 to the lowlands of Dagestan, instead of Chechens deported on February 23, part of Laks was forcefully migrated from 43 mountainous villages and their houses demolished: 26 villages partly and 18 fully. Among them Archuta, Akhar, Bartni, Varay, Viltakh, Duchi, Kurkhi, Marki, Nitsovkra, Sundaralu, Turchi, Tukhchar, Charavali, Chayakh, Shushiya, Khalapki and Khanar. Ethnic Avars and Kumyks were too subjected to forceful migration.[13][14]
The Second World War brought Laks 6 Heroes of the USSR (one twice). Six warriors – Ahmed Khan Sultan, Buganov Gadji, Kuznetsov Ramazan, Makaev Tsakhay, Suleymanov Rizvan and Suleymanov Yakov were given the high rank of Hero of Soviet Union. Ahmed Khan Sultan was given this rank twice. Kamalov Gasan-Gusain became national hero of Italy and Kushayev Gusain of France. Eight Laks reached the rank of military generals – Khalilov Michael, Suleymanov Ahmed, Khalilov Salikh, Khalilov Vyacheslav, Pirmagomedov Isa, Magomedov Efendi, Kunbuttaev Lev and Shtanchaev Imanali.
On Reichstag an inscription was left: "Dagestan, Lak district, Ata". It was left by soldier Ataev Ata from the Lak village of Unchukatl.
On July 23 of 1994, under the law of Russian Federation "On the rehabilitation of people subjected to repression", it was decided to migrate the Lak population from Novolak district to salt-marsh earths unsuitable for vegetation, located to the north of Makhachkala city.
Known Laks
- Musa Manarov – Cosmonaut, Colonel of Soviet Air Force, spent 541 days in space.
- Ahmed Khan Sultan – Pilot of Soviet Union.
- Shirvani Muradov – Gold medalist in Freestyle Wrestling, Beijing 2008.
- Khachilaev Nadirshah Muradovich – former head of Muslim Union of Russia. MP to State Duma of Russia.
References
- ^ Plural in Lak language is formed by ending "ru" as in "Lakru" - Laks, "darsru" - lessons, "Urusru" - Russians. Some adjectives are formed by doubling the last letter as in "Lakku" – Lakian, "Lakku maz" – Lakian or Lak language. Lakia in Lak language will be "Lakkuy" and is identical to "Lakral Kanu" – place of Laks. The ending "chu" and "chi" indicate belonginess to a place or profession as in "khalklavchi" - ruler of people.
- ^ М. Т. Гаджимурадов, Л. П. Магомедов. История Дагестана. М. 2007. С. 47.
- ^ Б. Алиев. Очерки истории Дагестана. Махачкала, 1957, т.1, с. 45, 76.
- ^ Maslama "went to Gumuk and fought with its inhabitants, defeated them and killed their ruler. Those who converted to Islam he spared and who who didn’t he killed and divided their property among the fighters for the faith. He then built a mosques in all districts and appointed a governor in Gumuk, and he was Shahbal son of Abdallah, son of Kasim, the son of Abdallah, the son of Abbas, uncle of the prophet, the son of Abdallah al-Kureishi, al-Hashemi [...]. Then he returned to Kaitag and fought with them, killed their ruler, laid kharaj on those who converted to Islam and killed those who did not accept Islam, and divided their property between the fighters for the faith. He then went to Tabasaran and fought them. Tabasarans suffered a defeat. He killed their ruler, spared those who accepted faith and divided the property between the fighters for the faith. He then appointed for them a governor named Adeel Maisum, and along with him two qadies". (А. Р. Шихсаидов. Ислам в средневековом Дагестане (VII—XV вв.). Махачкала, 1969 г., с. 97—98). According to Bakikhanov: "The inhabitants of Kumukh embraced Islam during the campaigns of Abu Muslim (733) "who appointed with him [shakhbal] a qadi [religious scholar] to teach the people the rites of the new faith". Abu Muslim "ordered [shakhbal, maisum and utsmi] that in the event of Khazar envasion to take defence by united forces and not to allow Khazar traders approach Derbent [...] After all these arrangements of Abu Muslim, caliph Hisham himself arrived in Derbent". (А. К. Бакиханов. Гюлистан и Ирам. Период второй 644-1258 г.).
- ^ Полиевктов М. А. Из истории северокавказских феодалов ХVII века. «Сб. статей академику Н. Я. Марру». — М. — Л. 1935. С. 746; According to Shikhsaidov, "in 8th ce shamkhal became a ruler". Derbent-name chronicle informs that Shakhbal was the name of Arab viceroy in Kumukh. Muslim, brother of Caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik, commander of the Arab forces in Dagestan, capturing Kumukh appointed shakhbal as its governor. In "Tarih-Dagistan" shamkhal — the name of the first appointee of Arabs in Kumukh, in the mountainous Dagestan. (А. Р. Шихсаидов, Т. М. Айтберов, Г. М.-Р. Оразаев. «Дербенд-наме» // «Дагестанские исторические сочинения». — М. Наука. 1993, с. 90—91, 101, 103).
- ^ On the inner wall of the mosque in Kumukh remained an inscription: "In 160 they built this mosque for worshiping Allah Almighty". Рамазан Маршаев, Бута Бутаев. История лакцев. 1991.).
- ^ Очерки истории Дагестана. — Махачкала: Даггиз. 1957. Т. 1. С. 51; Halifa ibn Hayyat informs about the capture "Gumik" and "Khumzakh" by Marwan; Бейлис В. М. Сообщения Халифы ибн Хаййата ал-Усфури об арабо-хазарских войнах в VII — первой половине VIII в. // Древнейшие государства Восточной Европы. 1998. М.,2000. С. 43; Гасанов М. Р. Дагестан и народы Кавказа в V—XV веках (некоторые вопросы этнической общности расселения и взаимоотношений). — Махачкала, 2008.
- ^ Ибн Рустэ. Из книги драгоценных камней. (Пер. Караулова Н. А.) — Тифлис. 1903, с. 49; Баладзори. Книга завоеваний стран. — Баку. 1927. С. 7; Абу Мухаммад ибн А'сам ал-Куфи. Книга завоеваний. Баку. 1981.
- ^ Russian authors of translation from Arabic give the form "Alal and Gumik" which can also naturally be read as "Al-Lal and Gumik" given the fact that the sign of doubling the letter "tashdid" in Arabic literature is not assigned that has to do with the Arabic definite article "Al" in this case. Arabic letter "l" at the end of the word is quite identical to letter "k" at the end of the word except for a small sign above the letter "k" which apparently was missed. For example, Arabic letters "t" and "z" differ only by a small dot on top. Thus, "Alal and Gumik" can undoubtedly be identified as "Al-Lak and Gumik". In particular, historian Hasan Efendi Alkadari (1887) writes: "city of Kumukh [...] In some Arabic sources this city is named Lak. [...] In some Turkic sources it is named Kumuk".
- ^ А. Каяев. Из истории восстания 1877 года. «Литературный Дагестан» 1990. № 2. С. 81.
- ^ А. Г. Булатова. Лакцы (XIX — нач. XX вв.). Историко-этнографические очерки. — Махачкала, 2000.
- ^ А. Р. Наврузов. Газета "Джаридату Дагистан" (1913-1918). Тематическая характеристика статей: Образование и Просвещение. Учеб.-метод. пособие. Часть 1 / Федеральное агентство по образованию, ДГУ – Махачкала, ИПЦ ДГУ, 2007.
- ^ ГУ ЦГА РД. Ф. р-168. Оп. 35. Д. 21. Л. 189, 191.
- ^ М. Р. Курбанов, Ж. М. Курбанов. Дагестан: депортация и репрессии. — Махачкала, 2001.