CSS Albemarle

See USS Albemarle and HMS Albemarle for other ships of the same name.

History
Name	CSS Albemarle
Ordered	16 April 1862
Laid down	January 1863
Commissioned	17 April 1864
Fate	27 October 1864 sunk by spar torpedo, captured, raised, and sold
General characteristics
Displacement	376 tons
Length	158 ft (48 m)
Beam	35.4 ft (10.8 m)
Draught	9 ft (2.7 m)
Propulsion	Steam
Speed	4 knots
Complement	150 officers and men
Armament	two 6.4 Brooke double-banded rifles

CSS Albemarle was an ironclad ram of the Confederate Navy (and later the second Albemarle of the United States Navy), named for a town and a sound in North Carolina. All three locations were named for General George Monck, the first Duke of Albemarle and one of the original Carolina Lords Proprietors.

Construction

On 16 April 1862, the Confederate Navy Department, enthusiastic about the offensive potential of armored rams following the victory of their first ironclad CSS Virginia (the rebuilt USS Merrimack) over the wooden-hulled Union blockaders in Hampton Roads, Virginia, signed a contract with nineteen year old detached Confederate Lieutenant Gilbert Elliott of Elizabeth City, North Carolina; he was to oversee the construction of a smaller but still powerful gunboat to destroy the Union warships in the North Carolina sounds. These men-of-war had enabled Union troops to hold strategic positions that controlled eastern North Carolina.

Since the terms of the agreement gave Elliott freedom to select an appropriate place to build the ram, he established a primitive shipyard, with the assistance of plantation owner Peter Smith, in a cornfield up the Roanoke River at a place called Edward's Ferry, near modern Scotland Neck, North Carolina; Smith was appointed the superintendent of construction. There, the water was too shallow to permit the approach of Union gunboats that otherwise would have destroyed the ironclad while still on its ways. Using detailed sketches provided by Elliott, the Confederate Navy's Chief Constructor John L. Porter finalized the gunboat's design, giving the ram an armored casemate with eight sloping sides. Within this thick-walled bunker were two 6.4-inch (160 mm) Brooke pivot rifles, one forward, the other aft, each capable of firing from three fixed gun ports. Both cannons were protected on all sides behind six exterior-mounted, heavy iron shutters. The ram was propelled by two 3-bladed screw propellers powered by two steam engines, each of 200 hp (150 kW), and built by Elliott.

Construction of the ironclad began in January 1863 and continued on during the next year. Word of the gunboat reached the Union naval officers stationed in the region, raising an alarm. They appealed to the War Department for an overland expedition to destroy the ship, to be christened Albemarle after the body of water into which the Roanoke emptied, but the Union Army never felt it could spare the troops needed to carry out such a mission; it was a decision that would prove to be very short-sighted.

Service on the Roanoke

CSS Albemarle

In April 1864 the newly commissioned Confederate States Steamer Albemarle, under the command of Captain James W. Cooke, got underway down-river toward Plymouth, North Carolina; its mission was to clear the river of all Union vessels so that General Robert F. Hoke's troops could storm the forts located there. She anchored about three miles (5 km) above the town, and the pilot, John Lock, set off with two seamen in a small boat to take soundings. The river was high and they discovered ten feet of water over the obstructions that the Union forces had placed in the Thoroughfare Gap. Captain Cooke immediately ordered steam and, by keeping to the middle of the channel, they passed safely over the obstructions. The ironclad's armor protected them from the Union guns of the forts at Warren's Neck and Boyle's Mill.

However, two paddle steamers, USS Miami and USS Southfield, lashed together with spars and chains, approached from up-river, attempting to pass on either side of Albemarle in order to trap her between them. Captain Cooke turned heavily to starboard, running dangerously close to the southern shore, and got outboard of Southfield. Turning back sharply into the river, he rammed the Union sidewheeler, driving her under; Albemarle's ram became trapped in Southfield's hull from the force of the blow, and her bow was pulled under as well. As Southfield sank she rolled over before settling on the riverbed; this action released the death grip that held the new Confederate ram.

Miami fired a shell into Albemarle at point-blank range while she was trapped by the wreck of Southfield, but the shell rebounded off Albemarle's sloping iron armor and exploded on Miami, killing her commanding officer, Captain Charles W. Flusser. Miami's crew attempted to board Albemarle to capture her but were soon driven back by heavy musket fire; Miami then steered clear of the ironclad and escaped into Albemarle Sound.

With the river now clear of Union ships, and with the assistance of Albemarle's rifled cannon, General Hoke attacked and took Plymouth and the nearby forts.

The encounter at Albemarle Sound, May 5, 1864. From left to right are USS Commodore Hull, USS Wyalusing, USS Sassacus, CSS Albemarle, USS Mattabesett and the CSS Bombshell

On 5 May Albemarle and CSS Bombshell, a captured steamer, were escorting the troop-laden CSS Cotton Plant down the Roanoke River; they encountered four Union warships: USS Miami, now supported by USS Mattabesett, USS Sassacus, and USS Wyalusing. All four ships combined mounted more than sixty cannons. Albemarle opened fired first, wounding six men working one of Mattabesett 's two 100-pounder Parrott rifles, and then attempted to ram her, but the sidewheeler managed to round the ironclad's armored bow. She was closely followed by Sassacus, which then fired a broadside of solid 9-inch (229 mm) and 100-pound shot, all of which bounced off Albemarle's casemate armor. However, Bombshell, being a softer target, was hulled by each heavy shot from Sassucus 's broadside and was quickly captured by Union forces, following her surrender.

Lieutenant Commander Francis Asbury Roe of Sassucus, seeing Albemarle at a range of about 400 yards (370 m), decided to ram. The Union ship struck the Confederate ironclad full and square, broadside-on, shattering the timbers of her own bow, twisting off her own bronze ram in the process, and jamming both ships together. With Sassucus's hull almost touching the end of the ram's Brooke rifle, Albemarle' gun crew quickly fired two point-blank rifled shells, one of them puncturing Sassucus's boilers; though live steam was roaring through the ship, she was able to break away and drift out of range. Miami first tried to use her spar torpedo and then to tangle the Confederate ram's screw propellers and rudder with a seine net, but neither ploy succeeded. More than 500 shells were fired at Albemarle during the battle; with visible battle damage to her smokestack and other areas on the ironclad, she easily steamed back up the Roanoke the victor, soon mooring at Plymouth.

Sinking

Albemarle successfully dominated the Roanoke and the approaches to Plymouth through the summer of 1864. By autumn the U. S. government decided that the situation should be studied to determine if something could be done: The U. S. Navy considered various ways to destroy Albemarle, including two plans submitted by Lieutenant William B. Cushing; they finally approved one of his plans, authorizing him to locate two small steam launches that might be fitted with spar torpedoes. Cushing discovered two 30-foot (9.1 m) picket boats under construction in New York and acquired them for his mission (some accounts have them as 45 feet (14 m) to 47-feet). On each he mounted a Dahlgren 12 pounder howitzer and a 14-foot (4.3 m) spar projecting into the water from its bow. One of the boats was lost at sea during the voyage from New York to Norfolk, Virginia, but the other arrived safely with its crew of seven officers and men at the mouth of the Roanoke. There, the steam launch's spar was fitted with a lanyard-detonated torpedo.

On the night of October 27 and 28, 1864, Cushing and his team began working their way upriver. A small cutter accompanied them, its crew having the task of preventing interference by the Confederate sentries stationed on a schooner anchored to the wreck of Southfield; both boats, under the cover of darkness, slipped past the schooner undetected. So Cushing decided to use all twenty-two of his men and the element of surprise to capture Albemarle.

Battle between the Sassacus and the Albemarle, May 1864

As they approached the Confederate docks their luck turned, and they were spotted in the dark. They came under heavy rifle and pistol fire from both the shore and aboard Albemarle. As they closed with the ironclad, they quickly discovered she was defended against approach by floating log booms. The logs, however, had been in the water for many months and were covered with heavy slime. The steam launch rode up and then over them without difficulty; with her spar fully against the ironclad's hull, Cushing stood up in the bow, pulled the lanyard, detonating the torpedo's explosive charge.

The explosion threw Cushing and his men overboard into the water; Cushing then stripped off most of his uniform and swam to shore, where he hid undercover until daylight, avoiding the hastily organized Confederate search parties. The next afternoon, he was finally able to steal a small skiff and began slowly paddling, using his hands and arms as oars, down-river to rejoin Union forces at the river's mouth. Cushing's long journey was quite perilous and he was nearly captured and almost drowned before finally reaching safety, totally exhausted by his ordeal; he was hailed a national hero of the Union cause for his daring exploits. Of the other men in Cushing's launch, one also escaped, two were drowned following to the explosion, and the rest were captured.

Cushing's daring commando raid blew a hole in Albemarle's hull at the waterline "big enough to drive a wagon in." She sank immediately in the six feet of water below her keel, settling into the heavy river bottom mud, leaving the upper casemate mostly dry and the ship's large Stainless Banner ensign flying from the flagstaff at the rear of the casemate's upper deck. Confederate commander Alexander F. Warley, who had been appointed as her captain about a month earlier, later salvaged both of Albemarle's rifled cannon and shells and used them to defend Plymouth against subsequent Union attack—futilely, as it turned out.

Lieutenant Cushing's successful effort to neutralize CSS Albemarle is honored by the U. S. Navy with a battle star on the Civil War campaign streamer.

Raising and later service

The United States Navy then raised and temporarily hull-patched the Confederate ram after the fall of Plymouth. After the end of the war, the Union gunboat USS Ceres towed Albemarle to the Norfolk Navy Yard where she arrived on 27 April 1865. On 7 June orders were issued to repair her damaged hull, and she entered dry dock for that purpose soon thereafter. The work was completed on 14 August 1865; two weeks later the ironclad was judged condemned by a Washington, D.C. prize court. She saw no active naval service after being placed in ordinary at Norfolk, where she remained until finally being sold at public auction on 15 October 1867 to J. N. Leonard and Company. No record of any subsequent career has been found; she was likely scrapped for salvage following purchase. One of her 6.4-inch (160 mm) double-banded Brooke rifled cannon was on display at the Headquarters of the Commander-in-Chief U. S. Atlantic Command at the Norfolk, Virginia Naval base. Her smokestack is on display at the Museum of the Albemarle in Elizabeth City, North Carolina.

Prize Court Adjudication

Date	Ship Type	Prize Name	Gross Proceeds	Costs and Expenses	Amount for Distribution	Where Adjudicated	Sent to 4th Auditor for Distribution	Vessels Entitled to Share
	Ram	Albemarle	$79,944.00	$2,645.30	$77,298.70	Washington	28 Aug 1865	Lieutenant Commander Cushing and party

Naval jack and battle ensign

See also: Flags of the Confederate States of America

The practice of using primary and secondary naval flags after the British tradition was common practice for the Confederacy, linked as she was by both heritage and economy to the British Isles. The fledgling Confederate Navy therefore adopted and used battle ensigns, naval jacks, small boat ensigns, commissioning pennants, designating flags, and signal flags aboard its warships during of the Civil War.

By both tradition and established regulations, both waring navies' jacks were flown forward of their ship's ensigns while in port. Albemarle's likely flew atop a removable jack staff positioned either on her bow or in front of her pilot house on the upper casemate deck; historic and contemporary drawings and paintings show her jack being flown at either station.

Albemarle's naval jack was discovered below decks and preserved when her wreck was raised and refloated following the war. It's designated as "flag number 42" in the special collections catalog of the United States Naval Academy Museum at Annapolis and has been in the museum's collection for many years. The jack's dimensions are 6 feet (1.8 m) x 8 feet, 2 inches (72 inches x 98 inches).

Albemarle's naval jack was a much larger version of her battle ensign's square, 13-star canton, known as the Southern Cross. There were, however, two noticeable differences from the ensign: As with all Confederate jacks, their diagonal saltires were a lighter, medium-blue color instead of the dark blue seen on the battle ensign. Instead of the canton's square proportion, all naval jacks were rectangular in shape, in a proportion of 2:3, required under the regulations issued on 26–28 May 1863 by the Confederate Navy Department. But Albemarle's naval jack is actually much closer to a proportion of 3:4, an example of just how loosely the official naval flag regulations were being followed by the time her jack was manufactured in 1864; this variation was likely due to regional differences in the flag making techniques employed by both the south's Carolinas at this time and to various material shortages common throughout the South during the later years of the war. Following the end of the Civil War and up through today, the rectangular Southern Cross naval jack became the single Confederate flag design most commonly associated with the post-war South, and controversy.

Albemarle's battle ensign was recovered from atop her casemate's flag staff by Sailing Master George F. Ford of the U. S. Navy, at some point after she was sunk at her moorings. IT was eventually donated by H. C. Havens of Hartford, CT, to the flag collection of the Museum of the Confederacy, where it resides today; Havens received the flag from William Faxon, the Assistant Secretary of the Navy. The ensign's overall dimensions are 8.45 feet (2.58 m) x 16 feet about 101 inches x 192 inches (4,900 mm) and entirely hand-sewn and made of a very loose weave wool bunting.

Second National Flag Stainless Banner battle ensign
(adopted 1 May 1863)

Albemarle's battle ensign was the Second National Flag of the Confederacy, also known as the Stainless Banner. Specifications for this new flag were established by the Confederate Congress on May 1, 1863, replacing the First National Flag, more commonly known as the Stars and Bars. This new flag's hoist-to-fly proportion (height-to-width) was in a 1:2 ratio, its white expanse being twice as wide as its height. A short time later, however, the Confederate Navy Department revised these regulations, changing the Navy's battle ensign proportions to a 2:3 ratio. Its square canton was the established thirteen-star red, blue, and white Southern Cross, already in-use by the Southern army as the Confederate Battle Flag. This design was originally proposed in 1861 by South Carolina Congressman William Porcher Miles to be used as the original First National Flag, but it was supposedly rejected at first as appearing too much like a pair of crossed pants' suspenders.

Revised 2:3 ratio Stainless Banner battle ensign (never flown aboard CSS Albemarle)

For reasons unknown, Albemarle retained her original, longer 1:2 ratio ensign (illustration right) until its capture sometime after Lieutenant Cushing's daring raid. Whatever proportion used, the white expanse of the Stainless Banner proved to have poor visibility at a distance, especially when viewed through the haze sometimes seen around water or in contrast against soft gray southern skies. If the longer ensign's Southern Cross canton became wrapped around Albemarle's flag staff or was lying unfurled, it could appear to be a flag of surrender to Union spotters.

Replica

File:CSSAlbemarle.JPG

Replica of CSS Albemarle taken in 2003

A 3/8ths scale, 63 foot (19.2m) replica of the Albemarle has been at anchor near the Port O' Plymouth Museum in Plymouth since April, 2002; the replica is self-powered and capable of sailing on the river.

References

•  This article incorporates text from the public domain Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships.
• Maritime History and Naval Heritage Web Site
• Campbell, R. Thomas. Rebel Fire: Exploits of the Confederate Navy (Chapters 8 and 9). Burd Street Press, 1997. ISBN 1-57249-046-2.
• Elliott, Gilbert. Her Construction and Service; Holden, Edgar, The "Albemarle" and the "Sassacus"; Cushing, W. B., Commander, The Destruction of the "Albemarle"; Warley, A. P., Note by her Captain. The Century Magazine, Vol. XXXVI, New Series Vol. XIV, The Century Co., New York, NY, May–October 1888. Pre-ISSN era. (A grouping of four interconnected articles published together as The Career of the Confederate Ram "Albemarle".)
• Elliott, Robert G. Ironclad of the Roanoke: Gilbert Elliottt's Albemarle. White Mane Publishing, 1994. ISBN 0-942597-63-X.
• Hinds, John W. The Hunt for the Albemarle: Anatomy of a Gunboat War. Burd Street Press, 2002. ISBN 978-1-57249-216-5.
• Madaus, H. Michael. "Rebel Flags Afloat: A Survey of the Surviving Flags of the Confederate States Navy, Revenue Service, and Merchant Marine." The Flag Bulletin magazine #115, January–April, 1986, Flag Research Center, Winchester, MA. ISSN 0015-3370. (Special 80-page booklet, with Index, devoted entirely to surviving Confederate naval flags.)
• Porter, David D. The Naval History of the Civil War Castle, Secaucus, NJ, 1984, ISBN 0-89009-575-2.

Further reading

• Edwards, E. M. H., Commander William Baker Cushing, F. Tennyson Neely Publisher, London & New York, 1898. Pre-ISBN era.
• Roske, Ralph and Van Doren, Charles, Lincoln's Commando: The Biography of Commander W. B. Cushing, USN, Harper Brothers, New York, (First Edition) 1957. Pre-ISBN era.
• Roske, Ralph, Cushing, W. B., and Van Doren, Charles, Lincoln's Commando: The Biography of Commander W. B. Cushing, USN, (Revised and Expanded Edition), Naval Institute Press, 1995. ISBN 1-55750-737-6.
• Schneller, Jr., Robert J., Cushing: Civil War Seal (Brassey's Miltitary Profiles), Potomic Books, 2003. ISBN 978-1-57488-696-2.

External links

• American Civil War Web Site
• Confederate States Navy Research Center Mobile, Ala.
• John Mercer Brooke