Raphael Semmes: Difference between revisions
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[[File:AlabamaSinkingHarpers23July1864.jpg|thumb|left|<center>''The Sinking of CSS Alabama''<br> engraving, Harper's Weekly Magazine<br>23 July 1864.]]</center> |
[[File:AlabamaSinkingHarpers23July1864.jpg|thumb|left|<center>''The Sinking of CSS Alabama''<br> engraving, Harper's Weekly Magazine<br>23 July 1864.]]</center> |
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''Alabama'' finally sailed back to the Atlantic and made port in [[Cherbourg, France]] for a much-needed overhaul; she was soon blockaded by the pursuing Union steam sloop-of-war, [[USS Kearsarge (1861)|USS ''Kearsarge'']]. Captain Semmes took ''Alabama'' out on June 19, 1864 and met the similar ''Kearsarge'' in one of the most famous naval engagements of the Civil War. The commander of the ''Kearsarge'' had, while in port at the [[Azores]] the year before, turned his warship into a makeshift partial [[ironclad]]; the ship's [[port]] and [[starboard]] midsection were stepped-up-and-down to the [[waterline]] with overlapping rows of heavy chain armor, hidden behind black wooden deal-board covers. But |
''Alabama'' finally sailed back to the Atlantic and made port in [[Cherbourg, France]] for a much-needed overhaul; she was soon blockaded by the pursuing Union steam sloop-of-war, [[USS Kearsarge (1861)|USS ''Kearsarge'']]. Captain Semmes took ''Alabama'' out on June 19, 1864 and met the similar ''Kearsarge'' in one of the most famous naval engagements of the Civil War. The commander of the ''Kearsarge'' had, while in port at the [[Azores]] the year before, turned his warship into a makeshift partial [[ironclad]]; the ship's [[port]] and [[starboard]] midsection were stepped-up-and-down to the [[waterline]] with overlapping rows of heavy chain armor, hidden behind black wooden deal-board covers. But ''Alabama''{{'}}s much-too-rapid gunnery and misplaced aiming, combined with the deteriorated state of her gunpowder and canon fuses, ensured a victory for both of the ''Kearsarge''{{'}}s accurate, long-range 11-inch [[Dahlgren gun|Dahlgren]] cannons. After receiving a fatal Dahlgren shell to the starboard [[waterline]], which tore open a portion of ''Alabama''{{'}}s hull, causing her steam engine to explode from the shell's impact, Semmes was forced to order the striking of his ship's [[Stainless Banner]] battle ensign and later to display a hand-held white flag of surrender to finally halt the combat. As the commerce raider was going down by the [[stern]], ''Kearsage'' stood off at a distance and observed at the orders of her Captain [[John Ancrum Winslow]]; Windslow eventually sent rescue boats for survivors after taking aboard ''Alabama'' survivors from one of the raider's two surviving longboats. As his command sank, the wounded Semmes threw his sword into the sea, depriving ''Kearsage''{{'}}s Captain Winslow of the traditional surrender ceremony of having it handed over to him as victor. Semmes was eventually rescued, along with forty-one of his crewmen,<ref>Canon, Jill. ''Civil War Heroes''. Bellerophon Books, Santa Barbara, Calif., 2002, p. 39.</ref> by the British yacht ''Deerhound''. He and the forty-one were taken to England where all but one recovered; while there they were hailed as naval heroes, despite the loss of ''Alabama''. |
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From England, Semmes made his way back to America via [[Cuba]] and from there a safe shore landing on the Texas gulf coast; it took his small party many weeks of journeying through the war-devastated South before he was finally able to make his way to the Confederate capitol. He was promoted to [[Rear admiral (United States)|rear admiral]] in February 1865, and during the last months of the war he commanded the [[James River Squadron]] from his flagship, the heavily armored ironclad CSS ''[[Virginia II]]''. With the fall of [[Richmond, Virginia]], in April 1865, Semmes supervised the destruction of all the squadron's nearby warships and was then appointed a brigadier general in the [[Confederate States Army]]. His sailors were turned into an infantry unit and dubbed the "Naval Brigade." Their intention was to join Lee's army after burning their vessels. Lee's army, however, was already cut-off from Richmond, so most of Semmes' men boarded a train and escaped to join [[Joseph E. Johnston]]'s army in North Carolina.<ref>[[Warren F. Spencer]], "Raphael Semmes: The Philosophical Mariner, [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]]: [[University of Alabama Press]], 1997, ISBN 978-0-8173-0844-5, p. 185</ref> A few men of the Naval Brigade were able to join with Lee's rear guard and fought at [[Battle of Sayler's Creek|Sayler's Creek]]. Semmes and the Naval Brigade surrendered to [[William T. Sherman]] and were paroled at [[Durham, North Carolina|Durham Station, N.C.]] Semmes' parole notes that he held commissions as both a brigadier general and rear admiral in the Confederate service when he surrendered with Gen. Johnston's army.<ref name="semmes186"/> He insisted on his parole being written this way in anticipation of being charged with piracy by the U. S. government.<ref>[[Warren F. Spencer]], "Raphael Semmes: The Philosophical Mariner, [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]]: [[University of Alabama Press]], 1997, ISBN 978-0-8173-0844-5, p. 189, 194</ref> |
From England, Semmes made his way back to America via [[Cuba]] and from there a safe shore landing on the Texas gulf coast; it took his small party many weeks of journeying through the war-devastated South before he was finally able to make his way to the Confederate capitol. He was promoted to [[Rear admiral (United States)|rear admiral]] in February 1865, and during the last months of the war he commanded the [[James River Squadron]] from his flagship, the heavily armored ironclad CSS ''[[Virginia II]]''. With the fall of [[Richmond, Virginia]], in April 1865, Semmes supervised the destruction of all the squadron's nearby warships and was then appointed a brigadier general in the [[Confederate States Army]]. His sailors were turned into an infantry unit and dubbed the "Naval Brigade." Their intention was to join Lee's army after burning their vessels. Lee's army, however, was already cut-off from Richmond, so most of Semmes' men boarded a train and escaped to join [[Joseph E. Johnston]]'s army in North Carolina.<ref>[[Warren F. Spencer]], "Raphael Semmes: The Philosophical Mariner, [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]]: [[University of Alabama Press]], 1997, ISBN 978-0-8173-0844-5, p. 185</ref> A few men of the Naval Brigade were able to join with Lee's rear guard and fought at [[Battle of Sayler's Creek|Sayler's Creek]]. Semmes and the Naval Brigade surrendered to [[William T. Sherman]] and were paroled at [[Durham, North Carolina|Durham Station, N.C.]] Semmes' parole notes that he held commissions as both a brigadier general and rear admiral in the Confederate service when he surrendered with Gen. Johnston's army.<ref name="semmes186"/> He insisted on his parole being written this way in anticipation of being charged with piracy by the U. S. government.<ref>[[Warren F. Spencer]], "Raphael Semmes: The Philosophical Mariner, [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama|Tuscaloosa]]: [[University of Alabama Press]], 1997, ISBN 978-0-8173-0844-5, p. 189, 194</ref> |
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Revision as of 15:20, 18 August 2012
For other uses, see Semmes (disambiguation).
Raphael Semmes | |
|---|---|
 Portrait of Rear Admiral Semmes | |
| Born | September 27, 1809 Charles County, Maryland |
| Died | August 30, 1877 (aged 67) Mobile, Alabama |
| Place of burial | |
| Allegiance | United States of America Confederate States of America |
| Service | United States Navy Confederate Navy Confederate Army |
| Years of service | USN 1826–1861 CSN 1861–1865 CSA 1865 |
| Rank | Commander (USN) Rear Admiral (CSN) Brigadier General (CSA) |
| Commands | USS Somers (Mexican War) CSS Sumter (Civil War) CSS Alabama (Civil War) James River Squadron (Civil War) |
| Battles / wars | Mexican-American War American Civil War *Battle of Cherbourg |
Raphael Semmes (September 27, 1809 – August 30, 1877) was an officer in the United States Navy from 1826 - 1860 and the Confederate States Navy from 1860 - 1865. During the American Civil War he was captain of the famous commerce raider CSS Alabama, which took a record sixty-five prizes. Late in the war he was promoted to rear admiral and also served briefly as a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army. Admiral/General Semmes is the only North American to have the distinction of holding both ranks simultaneously.[1]
Biography
Semmes was born in Charles County, Maryland, a cousin of future Confederate general Paul Jones Semmes and Union Navy Captain Alexander Alderman Semmes.
He graduated from Charlotte Hall Military Academy and entered the U. S. Navy as a midshipman in 1826. Semmes then studied law and was admitted to the bar.
During the Mexican-American War, he commanded the brig USS Somers in the Gulf of Mexico. The ship was lost in a storm off Veracruz, Mexico, in December 1846; Semmes was commended for his actions during the loss of the Somers.
Following the war, Semmes went on extended leave at Mobile, Alabama, where he practiced law. He became extremely popular, and the nearby town of Semmes, Alabama was named after him. He was promoted to the rank of commander in 1855 and was assigned to lighthouse duties until 1860. When Alabama seceded from the Union in January 1861, Semmes resigned from the United States Navy and sought an appointment in the fledgling Confederate States Navy.
Confederate States service
In April 1861 Semmes was accepted into the Confederate Navy as a commander and was sent to New Orleans, Louisiana to convert the steamer Habana into the cruiser/commerce raider CSS Sumter. In June 1861, Semmes, in Sumter, outran the Union sloop-of-war Brooklyn, breached the Union blockade at New Orleans, and then launched a brilliant career as one of the greatest commerce raider captains in naval history.[2] See also: Blockade runners of the American Civil War
Semmes' command of CSS Sumter lasted a short six months, but during that time he ranged wide, raiding U. S. commercial shipping in both the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean; his actions accounted for the loss of 18 merchant vessels, while always eluding pursuit by Union warships. By January 1862 Sumter required a major overhaul; Semmes attempted to have her repaired in neutral Gibraltar, but the arrival of pursuing Union warships ended her raiding career when they took up blockading stations.
Semmes was forced to sell his ship, and he and his crew then traveled on to England where he was promoted to captain. He then was ordered to the Azores to take up command and oversee the coaling and outfitting with cannon of the newly-built British steamer Enrica as a sloop-of-war, which thereafter became world-famous as the Confederate commerce raider CSS Alabama. Semmes sailed on Alabama from August 1862 to June 1864. His operations carried him from the Atlantic to the Gulf of Mexico, around Africa's Cape of Good Hope, and into the Pacific to the East Indies. During this cruise, Alabama captured 65 U. S. merchantmen and quickly destroyed the Union warship USS Hatteras off Galveston, TX.
engraving, Harper's Weekly Magazine
23 July 1864.
Alabama finally sailed back to the Atlantic and made port in Cherbourg, France for a much-needed overhaul; she was soon blockaded by the pursuing Union steam sloop-of-war, USS Kearsarge. Captain Semmes took Alabama out on June 19, 1864 and met the similar Kearsarge in one of the most famous naval engagements of the Civil War. The commander of the Kearsarge had, while in port at the Azores the year before, turned his warship into a makeshift partial ironclad; the ship's port and starboard midsection were stepped-up-and-down to the waterline with overlapping rows of heavy chain armor, hidden behind black wooden deal-board covers. But Alabama's much-too-rapid gunnery and misplaced aiming, combined with the deteriorated state of her gunpowder and canon fuses, ensured a victory for both of the Kearsarge's accurate, long-range 11-inch Dahlgren cannons. After receiving a fatal Dahlgren shell to the starboard waterline, which tore open a portion of Alabama's hull, causing her steam engine to explode from the shell's impact, Semmes was forced to order the striking of his ship's Stainless Banner battle ensign and later to display a hand-held white flag of surrender to finally halt the combat. As the commerce raider was going down by the stern, Kearsage stood off at a distance and observed at the orders of her Captain John Ancrum Winslow; Windslow eventually sent rescue boats for survivors after taking aboard Alabama survivors from one of the raider's two surviving longboats. As his command sank, the wounded Semmes threw his sword into the sea, depriving Kearsage's Captain Winslow of the traditional surrender ceremony of having it handed over to him as victor. Semmes was eventually rescued, along with forty-one of his crewmen,[3] by the British yacht Deerhound. He and the forty-one were taken to England where all but one recovered; while there they were hailed as naval heroes, despite the loss of Alabama.
From England, Semmes made his way back to America via Cuba and from there a safe shore landing on the Texas gulf coast; it took his small party many weeks of journeying through the war-devastated South before he was finally able to make his way to the Confederate capitol. He was promoted to rear admiral in February 1865, and during the last months of the war he commanded the James River Squadron from his flagship, the heavily armored ironclad CSS Virginia II. With the fall of Richmond, Virginia, in April 1865, Semmes supervised the destruction of all the squadron's nearby warships and was then appointed a brigadier general in the Confederate States Army. His sailors were turned into an infantry unit and dubbed the "Naval Brigade." Their intention was to join Lee's army after burning their vessels. Lee's army, however, was already cut-off from Richmond, so most of Semmes' men boarded a train and escaped to join Joseph E. Johnston's army in North Carolina.[4] A few men of the Naval Brigade were able to join with Lee's rear guard and fought at Sayler's Creek. Semmes and the Naval Brigade surrendered to William T. Sherman and were paroled at Durham Station, N.C. Semmes' parole notes that he held commissions as both a brigadier general and rear admiral in the Confederate service when he surrendered with Gen. Johnston's army.[1] He insisted on his parole being written this way in anticipation of being charged with piracy by the U. S. government.[5]
After the war
Semmes was briefly held as a prisoner after the war but was released on parole; he was later arrested for treason on December 15, 1865. After a good deal of behind-the-scenes political machinations which followed, all charges were eventually dropped, and he was finally released on April 7, 1866. After this release, he worked as a professor of philosophy and literature at Louisiana State Seminary (now Louisiana State University), as a county judge, and then as a newspaper editor; his controversial military service was always a factor in forcing his job changes. Semmes later returned to Mobile and resumed his legal career.
He defended both his actions at sea and the political actions of the southern states in his 1869 Memoirs of Service Afloat During The War Between the States. The book was viewed as one of the most cogent but bitter defenses written about the South's "Lost Cause."
In 1871 the citizens of Mobile presented Semmes with what became known as the Raphael Semmes House, and it remained his residence until his untimely death in 1877 from complications due to food poisoning; he was then interred in Mobile's Old Catholic Cemetery.
Raphael Semmes is a member of the Alabama Hall of Fame. One of the streets on the current Louisiana State University campus is named in his honor, as is Semmes Avenue in Richmond, Virginia.[citation needed]
Admiral Semmes' battle ensign
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The Alabama Department of Archives and History has among its collection an important Confederate naval battle ensign listed as "Admiral Semmes' Flag, Catalogue No. 86.1893.1 (PN10149-10150)." Their provenance reconstruction shows that it was presented to Semmes in England sometime after the sinking of the Alabama by "Lady Dehogton and other English ladies." Such presentations of ceremonial colors were uncommon to ship's captains of the Confederate Navy, but a few are known to have received such honors. This Stainless Banner Second National Flag of the Confederacy is huge and made of pure silk, giving it an elegant appearance. Although this battle ensign is in a remarkable state of preservation, its very large size and delicate condition has precluded any up-close measurements, so its various details and dimensions are unavailable. When Semmes returned to the South from England, he brought this ceremonial Stainless Banner with him. It was inherited by his grandchildren, Raphael Semmes III and Mrs. Eunice Semmes Thorington. After his sister's death, Raphael Semmes III donated the ensign to the state of Alabama on 19 September 1929.
See also
References
- ^ a b Warren F. Spencer, "Raphael Semmes: The Philosophical Mariner, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1997, ISBN 978-0-8173-0844-5, p. 186
- ^ John D. Winters, The Civil War in Louisiana, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1963, ISBN 0-8071-0834-0, p. 48
- ^ Canon, Jill. Civil War Heroes. Bellerophon Books, Santa Barbara, Calif., 2002, p. 39.
- ^ Warren F. Spencer, "Raphael Semmes: The Philosophical Mariner, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1997, ISBN 978-0-8173-0844-5, p. 185
- ^ Warren F. Spencer, "Raphael Semmes: The Philosophical Mariner, Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1997, ISBN 978-0-8173-0844-5, p. 189, 194
Bibliography
- Alabama Hall of Fame
- Delaney, Norman C. "'Old Beeswax': Raphael Semmes of the Alabama." Harrisburg, PA, Vol. 12, #8, December, 1973 issue, Civil War Times Illustrated. No ISSN.
- Eicher, John H., & Eicher, David J.: Civil War High Commands. Stanford University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
- Gindlesperger, James. Fire on the Water: The USS Kearsarge and the CSS Alabama. Burd Street Press, 2005. ISBN 978-1-57249-378-0.
- Madaus, H. Michael. Rebel Flags Afloat: A Survey of the Surviving Flags of the Confederate States Navy, Revenue Service, and Merchant Marine. Winchester, MA, Flag Research Center, 1986. ISSN 0015-3370. (An 80-page special edition of "The Flag Bulletin" magazine, #115, devoted entirely to Confederate naval flags.)
Primary sources
- Semmes, R., CSS, Commander. The Cruise of the Alabama and the Sumter, (two volumes in one), Carlton, Publisher, New York, 1864. Pre-ISBN era.
- Semmes, Raphael (1869). Memoirs of Service Afloat During the War Between the States.
Kelly, Piet & Co., Baltimore; Reprinted by Blue & Grey Press, 1987. p. 833. ISBN 1-55521-177-1. Url
- Secretary of the Navy. Sinking of the Alabama—Destruction of the Alabama by the Kearsarge. Washington, D.C., Navy Yard, 1864. (Annual report in the library of the Naval Historical Center.)
Further reading
- Semmes, Raphael. The Cruise of the Alabama and the Sumter, Carleton, 1864, Digitized by Digital Scanning Incorporated, 2001. ISBN 1-58218-353-8.
- Taylor, John M. Confederate Raider, Raphel Semmes of the Alabama, 1994. ISBN 0-02-881086-4.
External links
- Works by Raphael Semmes at Project Gutenberg
- Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- "Raphael Semmes". Find a Grave. Retrieved 2008-02-13.
- Raphael Semmes article, Encyclopedia of Alabama
Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1900). Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty|title=(help)
| Leadership & Men |  | |
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| Expeditionary Raids | ||
| Yards & Ports of Call | ||
| Battles | ||
- 1809 births
- 1877 deaths
- Confederate States Army generals
- Confederate States Navy admirals
- Confederate States Navy officers
- United States Navy personnel of the Mexican–American War
- United States Navy officers
- People of Alabama in the American Civil War
- People from Mobile, Alabama
- People of Maryland in the American Civil War
- American Roman Catholics
- American pirates
- Charlotte Hall Military Academy alumni