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As the islands do not have any aboriginal groups, different views have been postulated by the scholars about the history of habitation on these islands. Archaeological evidence support the existence of human settlement in the region around 1500 BC. The islands have long been known to sailors, as indicated by an anonymous reference from the first century CE to the region in [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]. The islands were referenced also in the Buddhist [[Jataka tales|Jataka stories]] of the 6th century BCE. The arrival of Muslim missionaries around 7th century led to the advent of Islam in the region. During the medieval period the region was ruled by the cholas and [[Kingdom of Cannanore]]. The [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] arrived around 1498 and were upstaged by 1545. The region was then ruled by the Muslim house of Arakkal, followed by Tipu Sultan. On his death in 1799 most of the region passed on to the [[British Raj|British]] and with their departure the Union Territory was formed in 1956.
As the islands do not have any aboriginal groups, different views have been postulated by the scholars about the history of habitation on these islands. Archaeological evidence support the existence of human settlement in the region around 1500 BC. The islands have long been known to sailors, as indicated by an anonymous reference from the first century CE to the region in [[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]. The islands were referenced also in the Buddhist [[Jataka tales|Jataka stories]] of the 6th century BCE. The arrival of Muslim missionaries around 7th century led to the advent of Islam in the region. During the medieval period the region was ruled by the cholas and [[Kingdom of Cannanore]]. The [[Portuguese India|Portuguese]] arrived around 1498 and were upstaged by 1545. The region was then ruled by the Muslim house of Arakkal, followed by Tipu Sultan. On his death in 1799 most of the region passed on to the [[British Raj|British]] and with their departure the Union Territory was formed in 1956.


Ten of the islands are inhabited. As per the [[2011 Indian census]] the populaion of the Union Territory is 64,429. The majority of the indigenous population is Muslim and most of them belong to the Shafi School of the Sunni Sect. The islanders are ethnically similar to the [[Malayali]] people of the nearest [[Indian state]] of [[Kerala]]. Most of the population speaks [[Malayalam]] with Mahi (or Mahl) being the most spoken language in [[Minicoy]] island. The islands are served by an [[Agatti Aerodrome|airport]] on the [[Agatti]] island. The main occupation of the people is [[fishing]] and coconut cultivation, with [[tuna]] being the main item of export.
Ten of the islands are inhabited. As per the [[2011 Indian census]] the population of the Union Territory is 64,429. The majority of the indigenous population is Muslim and most of them belong to the Shafi School of the Sunni Sect. The islanders are ethnically similar to the [[Malayali]] people of the nearest [[Indian state]] of [[Kerala]]. Most of the population speaks [[Malayalam]] with Mahi (or Mahl) being the most spoken language in [[Minicoy]] island. The islands are served by an [[Agatti Aerodrome|airport]] on the [[Agatti]] island. The main occupation of the people is [[fishing]] and coconut cultivation, with [[tuna]] being the main item of export.


==History==
==History==

Revision as of 13:15, 25 August 2012

Lakshadweep
Union territory
A beach at Kavaratti
A beach at Kavaratti
Official seal of Lakshadweep
Seal
CountryIndia
StateLakshadweep
Established10 November 1956
CapitalKavaratti
Government
 • AdministratorAmar Nath IAS
Area
 • Total
32 km2 (12 sq mi)
 • Rank7
Population
 • Total
64,429
 • Density2,000/km2 (5,200/sq mi)
Languages
 • OfficialMalayalam, English[1]
Mahl (Dhivehi) is spoken on Minicoy Island.
Ethnicity
 • Ethnic groups≈84.33% Malayali
≈15.67% Mahls
Time zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)
ISO 3166 codeIN-LD
No. of districts1
Largest cityAndrott
HDIIncrease
0.796
HDI Year2005
HDI Categoryhigh
Websitewww.lakshadweep.gov.in

Lakshadweep /ləkˈʃ[invalid input: 'ah']dw[invalid input: 'ee']p/ (Lakṣadvīpⓘ, Lakshadīb), formerly known as the Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands /ˌlækəd[invalid input: 'eye']v ˌmɪn[invalid input: 'i-']kɔɪ[invalid input: 'and']ˌæm[invalid input: 'i-']nˈd[invalid input: 'ee']vi/,[2] is a group of islands in the Laccadive Sea, 200 to 440 km off the South Western coast of India. The archipelago is a Union Territory and is governed by the Union Government of India. They were also known as Laccadive Islands, although geographically this is only the name of the central subgroup of the group. Lakshadweep comes from "Lakshadweepa", which means "one hundred thousand islands" in Malayalam.[3][4] The islands form the smallest Union Territory of India: their total surface area is just 11 sq mi or 32 km2. The lagoon area covers about 4,200 square kilometres (1,600 sq mi), the territorial waters area 20,000 square kilometres (7,700 sq mi) and the exclusive economic zone area 400,000 square kilometres (150,000 sq mi). The region forms a single Indian district with ten Sub divisions. Kavaratti serves as the capital of the Union Territory and the region comes under the jurisdiction of Kerala High Court. The islands are the northernmost of the Lakshadweep-Maldives-Chagos group of islands, which are the tops of a vast undersea mountain range, the Chagos-Laccadive Ridge.[5]

As the islands do not have any aboriginal groups, different views have been postulated by the scholars about the history of habitation on these islands. Archaeological evidence support the existence of human settlement in the region around 1500 BC. The islands have long been known to sailors, as indicated by an anonymous reference from the first century CE to the region in Periplus of the Erythraean Sea. The islands were referenced also in the Buddhist Jataka stories of the 6th century BCE. The arrival of Muslim missionaries around 7th century led to the advent of Islam in the region. During the medieval period the region was ruled by the cholas and Kingdom of Cannanore. The Portuguese arrived around 1498 and were upstaged by 1545. The region was then ruled by the Muslim house of Arakkal, followed by Tipu Sultan. On his death in 1799 most of the region passed on to the British and with their departure the Union Territory was formed in 1956.

Ten of the islands are inhabited. As per the 2011 Indian census the population of the Union Territory is 64,429. The majority of the indigenous population is Muslim and most of them belong to the Shafi School of the Sunni Sect. The islanders are ethnically similar to the Malayali people of the nearest Indian state of Kerala. Most of the population speaks Malayalam with Mahi (or Mahl) being the most spoken language in Minicoy island. The islands are served by an airport on the Agatti island. The main occupation of the people is fishing and coconut cultivation, with tuna being the main item of export.

History

Several views have been postulated about the history of the habituation of the island as they do not have any aboriginal groups. A mention of the region in the Periplus of the Erythraean Sea, by an anonymous author, is one of the earliest references.[6] There are references to the control of the islands by the Cheras in the Sangam literature Pathitruppaththu. A Pallava inscription of 7th century AD refers to the islands as Dveepa Laksham and lists them as part of the Pallava domain. Local traditions and legends attribute the first settlement on these islands to the period of Cheraman Perumal, the last Chera king of Kerala.[7] The oldest inhabited islands in the group are Amini, Kalpeni Andrott, Kavaratti and Agatti. Archaeological evidence suggests that Buddhism prevailed in the region during the 5th-6th century CE.[6] According to popular tradition, Islam was brought to Lakshadweep by an Arab named Ubaidulla in 661 CE. His grave is located in the island of Andrott.[8] During the 11th century, the islands came under the rule of the Late Cholas.[6]The region then came under the Kingdom of Cannanore.[9]

In the 17th century, the islands came under the rule of Ali Rajahs/Arakkal Bheevi of Kannur, who received them as a gift from the Kolathiris. The Portuguese took control to exploit coir production until the islanders expelled the Portuguese. The islands are also mentioned in great detail in the stories of the Arab traveller Ibn Batuta.[10]

The Amindivi group of islands (Amini, Kadmat, Kiltan, Chetlat and Bitra) came under the rule of Tipu Sultan in 1787. They passed to British control after the Third Anglo-Mysore War and were attached to South Canara. The rest of the islands came under the suzerainty of the Arakkal family of Cannanore in return for a payment of annual tribute. The British took over the administration of those islands for non-payment of arrears. These islands were attached to the Malabar district of the Madras Presidency during the British Raj.[11]

Independent India

The inhabitants of these islands, remote from the mainland of India, heard the final news of the Partition and Independence of India some days after it occurred on 15 August 1947. As the islands were then British possessions and part of the Madras Presidency, in accordance with the Indian Independence Act 1947, enacted by the British parliament a month before, the islands transferred automatically to the new Union of India. However, considering that they also had a Muslim majority, it seemed possible that the new dominion of Pakistan might seek to lay claim to them. On the orders of Vallabhbhai Patel, the first Home Minister and Deputy Prime Minister of India, known as the Iron Man, a ship of the Royal Indian Navy was sent to the Laccadives (as they were then called) to hoist the Indian national flag and ensure the islands' integration into the new Union of India, aiming to thwart any similar attempt by Pakistan. Hours after the arrival of the Indian ship, vessels of the Royal Pakistan Navy were seen near the islands, but after observing the Indian presence they returned to Karachi.[12]

In 1956, during the reorganization of Indian states, the Lakshadweep islands were organized into a separate union territory for administrative purposes.

To safeguard India's vital shipping lanes to the Middle East, and the growing relevance of the islands in security considerations, an Indian Navy base, INS Dweeprakshak, was commissioned on Kavaratti island.[13]

Geography

Lakshadweep Islands map
One of the uninhabited islands in Bangaram Atoll, Lakshadweep
Satellite picture showing the atolls of the Lakshadweep except for Minicoy
Worms-eye view of the lighthouse in Minicoy Island

Lakshadweep is an archipelago of twelve atolls, three reefs and five submerged banks, with a total of about thirty-nine islands and islets. The reefs are in fact also atolls, although mostly submerged, with only small unvegetated sand cays above the high water mark. The submerged banks are sunken atolls. Almost all the atolls have a northeast-southwest orientation with the islands lying on the eastern rim, and a mostly submerged reef on the western rim, enclosing a lagoon. It has 10 inhabited islands, 17 uninhabited islands, attached islets, 4 newly formed islets and 5 submerged reefs.[14]

The main islands are Kavaratti, Agatti, Minicoy, and Amini. The total population of the territory is 60,595 according to the 2001 census. Agatti has an airport with direct flights from Kochi.

India's Coral Islands

The Amindivi group islands (consisting of Amini, Keltan, Chetlat, Kadamat, Bitra and Perumal Par) and the Laccadive group islands (comprising mainly Androth, Kalpeni, Kavaratti, Pitti and Suheli Par), both have a submarine connection between them. Together with Minicoy Island, located at the southern end of the 200 km broad Nine Degree Channel, they form the Coral Islands of India in the Arabian Sea. All these islands have been built up by corals and have fringing coral reefs very close to their shores.[15]

Two banks further north are not considered part of the group:

The atolls, reefs and banks are listed from north to south in the table:

Atoll/Reef/Bank
(alternate name)		 type Land
Area
(km2)		 Lagoon
Area
(km2)		 No. of
islets		 Pop.
Census
2001		 Location
Amindivi Islands
Cora Divh bank - 339.45 - - 13°42′N 72°11′E / 13.700°N 72.183°E / 13.700; 72.183 (Cora Divh)
Sesostris Bank bank - 388.53 - - 13°08′N 72°00′E / 13.133°N 72.000°E / 13.133; 72.000 (Sesostris Bank)
Bassas de Pedro
(Munyal Par, Padua Bank)		 bank - 2474.33 - - 13°07′N 72°25′E / 13.117°N 72.417°E / 13.117; 72.417 (Bassas de Pedro)
Cherbaniani Reef (Beleapani Reef) reef 0.01 172.59 2 - 12°18′N 71°53′E / 12.300°N 71.883°E / 12.300; 71.883 (Cherbaniani Reef)
Byramgore Reef (Chereapani) reef 0.01 57.46 1 - 11°54′N 71°49′E / 11.900°N 71.817°E / 11.900; 71.817 (Byramgore Reef)
Chetlat Island atoll 1.14 1.60 1 2,289 11°42′N 72°42′E / 11.700°N 72.700°E / 11.700; 72.700 (Chetlat Island)
Bitrā Island atoll 0.10 45.61 2 264 11°33′N 72°09′E / 11.550°N 72.150°E / 11.550; 72.150 (Bitrā Island)
Kiltān Island atoll 2.20 1.76 1 3,664 11°29′N 73°00′E / 11.483°N 73.000°E / 11.483; 73.000 (Kiltān Island)
Kadmat Island (Cardamom) atoll 3.20 37.50 1 5,319 11°14′N 72°47′E / 11.233°N 72.783°E / 11.233; 72.783 (Kadmat Island)
Elikalpeni Bank bank - 95.91 - - 11°12′N 73°58′E / 11.200°N 73.967°E / 11.200; 73.967 (Elikalpeni Bank)
Perumal Par reef 0.01 83.02 1 - 11°10′N 72°04′E / 11.167°N 72.067°E / 11.167; 72.067 (Perumal Par)
Amini Island 1) atoll 2.59 155.09 1) 1 7,340 11°06′N 72°45′E / 11.100°N 72.750°E / 11.100; 72.750 (Amini Island)
Laccadive Islands
Bangaram Island (Bangaram) 2) atoll 2.30 46.25 4 - 3) 10°56′N 72°17′E / 10.933°N 72.283°E / 10.933; 72.283 (Bangaram Island)
Agatti Island 2) atoll 3.84 17.50 4 7,072 10°50′N 72°12′E / 10.833°N 72.200°E / 10.833; 72.200 (Agatti Island)
Pitti Island 1) islet 1) 0.01 155.09 1) 1 - 10°50′N 72°38′E / 10.833°N 72.633°E / 10.833; 72.633 (Pitti Island)
Androth Island (Andrott) atoll 4.90 4.84 1 10,720 10°50′N 73°41′E / 10.833°N 73.683°E / 10.833; 73.683 (Androth Island)
Kavaratti Island atoll 4.22 4.96 1 10,113 10°33′N 72°38′E / 10.550°N 72.633°E / 10.550; 72.633 (Kavaratti Island)
Kalpeni Island atoll 2.79 25.60 7 4,319 10°05′N 73°38′E / 10.083°N 73.633°E / 10.083; 73.633 (Kalpeni Island)
Suheli Par atoll 0.57 78.76 2 - 10°05′N 72°17′E / 10.083°N 72.283°E / 10.083; 72.283 (Suheli Par)
Minicoy
Investigator Bank bank - 141.78 - - 08°32′N 73°17′E / 8.533°N 73.283°E / 8.533; 73.283 (Investigator Bank)
Minicoy Island atoll 4.80 30.60 2 9,495 08°17′N 73°02′E / 8.283°N 73.033°E / 8.283; 73.033 (Minicoy Island)
Lakshadweep   32.69 4203.14 32 60,595 08°16'-13°58'N,
71°44°-74°24'E
1) Amini Island and Pitti Island are both on Pitti Bank,
a largely sunken atoll with a lagoon area of 155.09 km2
2) Bangaram and Agatti Islands are connected by a shallow submarine ridge
3) new international tourist resort,
otherwise uninhabited, but with a population 61 at the 1990 census

Government and administration

Lakshadweep forms a single Indian district and is governed by an administrator appointed by the President of India under article 239 of the constitution[16].There are 10 Sub Divisions of the territory.In Minicoy and Agatti the Sub Division is under a Deputy Collector while in the remaining 8 islands developmental activities are coordinated by Sub Divisional Officers. The Collector cum Development Commissioner who is also the District Magistrate oversees matters coming under District Administration, such as revenue, land settlement, law and order. The District Magistrate is assisted by one Additional District Magistrate and Ten Executive Magistrates with respect to enforcement of law and order. Administrator in his capacity as Inspector General of Lakshadweep Police has command and control of the Lakshadweep Police. Administration Secretariat is in Kavaratti.[17]The union territory comes under the jurisdiction of the Kerala High Court at Ernakulam along with a system of lower courts.[18] The territory elects one member to the Lok Sabha (lower house of the Parliament of India).[19]

Demographics

According to the 2011 census Lakshadweep has a population of 64,429,[20] roughly equal to the nation of Marshall Islands.[21] This gives it a ranking of 627th in India (out of a total of 640).[20] The district has a population density of 2,013 inhabitants per square kilometre (5,210/sq mi).[20] Its population growth rate over the decade 2001-2011 was 6.23%.[20] Lakshadweep has a sex ratio of 946 females for every 1000 males,[20] and a literacy rate of 92.28%.[20]

Most people of Lakshadweep are descendants of migrants from the Malabar Coast of southwest India and the islanders are ethnically similar to coastal Kerala's Malayali people.More than 93% of the population who are indigenous, are Muslims and the majority of them belong to the Shafi School of the Sunni Sect. The southernmost and second largest island of Minicoy has an ethnically Dhivehis population that are native to the Maldives.[22][14]


Languages of Lakshadweep in 2001[23]

  Malayalam (85.00%)
  Others (15.00%)

The principal languages of Lakshadweep are Malayalam, Jeseri (Dweep Bhasha) and Mahl.[24] The people of all the northern islands speak a dialect of Malayalam with Tamil and Arabic influences, due to extensive trade activities of these people. The people of Minicoy, the southernmost atoll, speak Mahl, a variant of Divehi language spoken in the Maldives.

Malayalam with Malayalam script was introduced as the official language of Lakshadweep during the British raj. Previously a type of Arabic script (Arabi Malayalam) was used for the language. The policy was continued by the Indian government. Malayalam serves as a link language on the islands including on the Mahl dominated Minicoy Island.[25]

Flora and fauna

The Lakshadweep Archipelago forms a terrestrial ecoregion together with the Maldives and the Chagos.[26]It has over 600 species of marine fishes, 78 species of corals, 82 species of seaweed, 52 species of crabs, 2 species of lobsters, 48 species of gastropods, 12 species of bivalves, 101 species of birds.[27] It is one of the four coral reef regions in India.[28] The corals are a major attraction for the tourist. Pitti Island, is an important breeding place for sea turtles and for a number of pelagic birds such as the Brown Noddy (Anous stolidus), Lesser Crested Tern (Sterna bengalensis) and Greater Crested Tern (Sterna bergii).[29]The island has been declared a bird sanctuary.[30]

The region does not have a rich flora and almost all the plants can be found on the mainland of India. There is also an absence of forest in the region. Nearly 400 species of plants have been documented including Cymodocia isoetifolia, Syringodium isoetifolium, Thalassia hemprichii, Pandanus, Heliotropium foertherianum, Tournefortia argentea and Pemphis acidula other plant groups such as angiosperms, fungi, algae, lichens are also found. The common flora of the coral sands include coconut groves, the three species of sea grasses Pemphis acidula, Cordia subcordata, Scaevola taccada, Thespesia populnea, Suriana maritime, Dodonaea viscosa, Guettarda speciosa, seaweeds such as Enteromorpha, Ulva, Codium, Hypena.[27][31]

Economy

A beach side resort at Kadmat Island, Lakshadweep

Lakshadweep's gross state domestic product for 2004 is estimated at US$ 60 million at current prices. There is little economic inequality in Lakshadweep and the poverty index is low. Coconut fibre extraction and production of fibre products is Lakshadweep's main industry. There are five coir fibre factories, five production demonstration centres and seven fibre curling units run by the government of India. These units produce coir fibre, coir yarn, curled fibre and corridor mattings.[32]

Fisheries

Lakshadweep is the only coral atolls of the country .With a vast lagoon of 4,200 km2, it has territorial waters of 20,000 km2, Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of 4,00,000 Lakhs km2 and coastal line of about 132 km. There is an estimation of about one lack tones of tuna and tuna like fishes and about an equal quantity of shark in the sea around Lakshadweep. Fishing is the main livelihood of the islanders.[33] Freshly caught tuna is processed by drying it in the sun after cooking and smoking. The resultant product, known as `mas`, are popular products exported from these islands to southeast Asian countries.[34] Eleven workshops in islands and two boat building yards cater to the needs of fishermen. There are 375 boats in operation in Lakshadweep.[35]

Tourism

Due to its isolation and scenic appeal, Lakshadweep was already known as a tourist attraction for Indians since 1974.[36] This brings in significant revenue, which is likely to increase. Since such a small region cannot support industries, the government is actively promoting tourism as a means of income in Bangaram and Kadmat islands. Bangaram is projected as a major destination for international tourism.[37] Marine fauna are plentiful. Water sports activities such as scuba diving, wind surfing, snorkelling, surfing, kayaking, canoeing, water skiing, yachting and night-voyages into the sea are quite popular activities among tourists. Tourists flock to these islands throughout the year except during the South-west monsoon months when seas are extremely rough.

Desalination

A low-temperature thermal desalination plant opened on Kavaratti in 2005, at a cost of ₹50 million (€922,000). The experimental plant, which uses the temperature difference between warm surface water and much colder water at 500m depth to generate potable water as well as energy, was slated to produce 100,000 litres/day of potable water from sea water.[38][39] Production costs in 2005 were ₹220-250/m³ (€4.1-4.6/m³); they were supposed to drop to ₹30-60/m³ (€0.55-1.11/m³) with increased capacity.[40]

The technology was developed by the National Institute of Ocean Technology. It can be used to produce drinking water and also for power generation and air conditioning. In addition, the deep sea water contains extra nutrients for fish, an important source of food and income for the local population. The government plans to set up desalination plants with a capacity of 10 million litres/per day on all islands and coastal areas.[38] In 2009, the NIOT announced plans to build plants on Minicoy, Agatti and Andrott.[41]

Transport and tourism

Passenger ship M.V. Amindivi of the Lakshadweep Islands administration docked at Old Mangalore port

Agatti Aerodrome on Agatti Island is the only airport in Lakshadweep. Air India Regional, a subsidiary of the state-owned carrier, serves Agatti and flies to Kochi on the mainland. Kingfisher Airlines, has commenced flights to and from Agatti, connecting Kochi and Bangalore to Agatti. The other islands are linked by the Pawan Hans helicopter or boat service.[42] Six ships connect Kochi and Lakshadweep, they are M.V Kavaratti, M.V Amindivi, M.V Minicoy, M.V Arabian Sea, M.V Lakshadweep Sea and M.V Bharath Seema.[43]

Tourists need a permit to visit the islands; foreign nationals are not permitted to visit certain islands.[specify] According to the current alcohol laws of India, consumption of alcoholic beverages is not permitted in the Lakshadweep Archipelago except on Bangaram Island.[44]

See also

References

  1. ^ The Muslim tribes of Lakshadweep Islands By Makhan Jha
  2. ^ "The Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands (Alteration Of Name Act), 1973". The Indian Lawyer. 26 August 1973. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
  3. ^ "Lakshadweep". encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  4. ^ "About Lakshadweep". lakshadweeptourism.nic.in. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  5. ^ Origin and compensation of Chagos-Laccadive Ridge, Indian Ocean
  6. ^ a b c "Marine investigations in the Lakshadweep Islands, India". thefreelibrary.com. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  7. ^ “Lakshadweep & It`s People 1992-1993” Planning Department, Govt. Secretariat, Lakshadweep Administration, Kavaratti. Page: 12.
  8. ^ "History". lakshadweep.nic.in. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  9. ^ "Lakshadweep". Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 2 August 2012.
  10. ^ Sources towards a history of the Laccadive Islands
  11. ^ Logan, William (1887; Reprint 2004). Malabar Manual. New Delhi: Asian Education Services. p. 2. ISBN 81-206-0446-6. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |year= (help)CS1 maint: year (link)
  12. ^ Gopal K. Bhargava, S. C. Bhatt (2006). Land and people of Indian states and union territories: in 36 volumes. Lakshadweep. Gyan Publishing House. p. 232. ISBN 81-7835-391-1.Page 29
  13. ^ "Navy commissions full-scale station in Lakshadweep". The Hindu. 1 May 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2012.
  14. ^ a b "Location,Area and Population". lakshadweep.nic.in. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  15. ^ `INDIA: A Physical Geography`(ISBN 81-230-0656-X),1968,Publications Dn, Ministry of I&B, Govt. of India. page:74.
  16. ^ "Lakshadweep Panchayats Regulations, 1994". lakshadweep.nic.in. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  17. ^ "Administrative Setup". lakshadweep.nic.in. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  18. ^ "Judicial Setup". lakshadweep.nic.in. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  19. ^ "Our Parliament". parliamentofindia.nic.in. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  20. ^ a b c d e f "District Census 2011". Census2011.co.in. 2011. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
  21. ^ US Directorate of Intelligence. "Country Comparison: Population". Retrieved 1 October 2011. Marshall Islands 67,182 July 2011 est. {{cite web}}: line feed character in |quote= at position 17 (help)
  22. ^ "Lakshadweep". borderdarshan.com. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  23. ^ "Commissioner Linguistic Minorities (originally from Indian Census, 2001)". Archived from the original on 8 October 2007.
  24. ^ About Lakshadweep on india.gov.in
  25. ^ The Muslim tribes of Lakshadweep Islands By Makhan Jha
  26. ^ Terrestrial Ecoregions - Maldives-Lakshadweep-Chagos Archipelago tropical moist forests (IM0125)
  27. ^ a b "Biodiversity and Environment Protection" (PDF). Lakshadweep Development Report. Planning Commission of India. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
  28. ^ "Lakshadweep Development Report" (PDF). Department of Environment and Forests (Union Territory of Lakshadweep). Retrieved 3 August 2012.
  29. ^ Birds of Lakshadweep Islands
  30. ^ "The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972". Department of Environment and Forests (Union Territory of Lakshadweep). Retrieved 5 August 2012.
  31. ^ Rao, T.A. & J.L. Ellis, Flora of Lakshadweep Islands off the Malabar coast, peninsular India, with emphasis on phytogeographical distribution of plants. Journal of Economic and Taxonomic Botany 19:235-250. 1995
  32. ^ Report of the working group on improvement of banking services in Lakshadweep
  33. ^ "FISHERIES". http://lakshadweep.nic.in. Retrieved 1 August 2012. {{cite web}}: External link in |publisher= (help)
  34. ^ "Department of Fisheries-About Us". lakshadweep.nic.in. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  35. ^ "Fisheries". lakshadweep.nic.in. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  36. ^ Tourism in Lakshadweep
  37. ^ Bangaram Islands
  38. ^ a b "World's first ever low temperature thermal desalination plant opened at Kavaratti" (Press release). Ministry of Science and Technology (India). 23 May 2005. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  39. ^ "One Million Litre Per Day (1 MLD) Barge Mounted Desalination Plant" (Press release). Ministry of Science and Technology (India). 18 April 2007. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  40. ^ "Desalination: India opens world's first low temperature thermal desalination plant" (Press release). Press Information Bureau, Government of India. 23 May 2005. Retrieved 3 August 2012.
  41. ^ "City institute plans to develop manned submersibles". The Hindu. 19 November 2009. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  42. ^ Kochi to Agatti Flight Schedule
  43. ^ "Means of Transport". Union Territory of Lakshadweep. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
  44. ^ "Introduction to Lakshadweep Islands". The New York Times. Retrieved 1 August 2012.
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