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The Duke of Transylvania was a title of nobility three times granted to a son or a brother of the Hungarian monarch. The dukes of the first and second creations, Béla (1226–1235) and Stephen (1260–1270) of the Árpád dynasty were in fact viceroys with significant authority in Transylvania. In contrast, the duke of the third creation, Stephen of the Anjou dynasty did not play any significant role in politics.

History

Transylvania was an eastern "borderland" (Florin Curta) of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary from the early 11th century.^[1] Exposed to attacks by the Cumans and other neighboring nomadic tribes, a high ranking official especially assigned to this task by the monarch, styled voivode administered the province from the last decades of the 12th century.^[2] Transylvania experienced a steady demographic growth from the 1150s, to which the immigration of new settlers from Western Europe contributed.^[3]

First King Andrew II of Hungary (1205–1235) considered to employ the Teutonic Knights both to defend the remote province of his kingdom and to contribute to the conversion of the pagan Cumans.^[4]^[5] For this purpose, he granted the knights the Burzenland (Barcaság, Bârsei) region of Transylvania in 1211.^[4]^[6] However, the king expelled the knights by force from his kingdom in 1225, after he noticed that they attempted to get rid of royal authority and to accept the suzerainty of the Holy See over themselves.^[7] Meanwhile, in 1224, the monarch issued a charter for the Transylvanian Saxons (descendants of colonists from Western Europe), which also stated that they were exempted of the authority of the voivode.^[8] Furthermore, the Hungarian-speaking Székely community also enjoyed exempted status from the 1220s at the latest.^[9]

List of dukes

First creation (1220–1226)

Duke	Portrait	Birth	Marriage(s)	Death
Béla House of Árpád 1226–1235 also: Duke of Slavonia (1220–1226), King of Hungary (1235–1270)	Béla, as crowned king	June 1206 son of Andrew II of Hungary and Gertrude of Merania	Maria Laskarina 1220 9 children	3 May 1270 aged 63

Second creation (1257–1259, 1260–1270)

Duke	Portrait	Birth	Marriage(s)	Death
Stephen House of Árpád 1257–1259, 1260–1270 also: Duke of Slavonia (1246), Duke of Styria (1259–1260), King of Hungary (1270–1272)	Stephen is crowned junior king	1239 son of Béla IV of Hungary and Maria Laskarina	Elizabeth the Cuman b. 1250 7 children	6 August 1272 Csepel Island aged 33

Third creation (1350–1351)

Duke	Portrait	Birth	Marriage(s)	Death
Stephen House of Anjou 1350–1351 also: Duke of Szepes and Sáros (1349–1350), Duke of Slavonia (1351–1354)	Stephen with his mother and brothers	1332 son of Charles I of Hungary and Elisabeth of Poland	Margaret of Bavaria 1350 2 children	9 August 1354 aged 22

Footnotes

^ Curta 2006, pp. 250-251., 350.
^ Kristó 2003, pp. 98-100., 97-98.
^ Curta 2006, pp. 352-356.
^ ^a ^b Makkai 1994, p. 182.
^ Curta 2006, p. 404.
^ Nägler 2005, pp. 19-20.
^ Curta 2006, p. 405.
^ Nägler 2005, pp. 220-223.
^ Kristó 2003, pp. 127-128., 133.

References

Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500-1250. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-89452-4.
Kristó, Gyula (2003). Early Transylvania (895–1324). Lucidus Kiadó. ISBN 963-9465-12-7.
Makkai, László (1994). The Emergence of the Estates (1172–1526). In: Köpeczi, Béla; Barta, Gábor; Bóna, István; Makkai, László; Szász, Zoltán; Borus, Judit; History of Transylvania; Akadémiai Kiadó; ISBN 963-05-6703-2.
Nägler, Thomas (2005). Transylvania between 900 and 1300. In: Pop, Ioan-Aurel; Nägler, Thomas; The History of Transylvania, Vol. I. (Until 1541); Romanian Cultural Institute (Center for Transylvanian Studies); ISBN 973-7784-00-6.

[1] Curta 2006, pp. 250-251., 350.

[2] Kristó 2003, pp. 98-100., 97-98.

[3] Curta 2006, pp. 352-356.

[Makkai_182-4] Makkai 1994, p. 182.

[5] Curta 2006, p. 404.

[6] Nägler 2005, pp. 19-20.

[7] Curta 2006, p. 405.

[8] Nägler 2005, pp. 220-223.

[9] Kristó 2003, pp. 127-128., 133.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
 {{About|the members of the Hungarian royal family bearing the title in the 13th or 14th&nbsp;century|the rulers of the Principality of Transylvania in the 16th and 17th&nbsp;centuries|Prince of Transylvania}}
-[[File:Hungary 13th cent.png|250px|thumb|right|alt=Map of 13th-century Kingdom of Hungary|[[Kingdom of Hungary]] in the late 16th&nbsp;century]]
+[[File:Hungary 13th cent.png|250px|thumb|right|alt=Map of 13th-century Kingdom of Hungary|[[Kingdom of Hungary]] in the late 13th&nbsp;century]]
 The '''Duke of Transylvania''' was a title of [[Nobility in the Kingdom of Hungary|nobility]] three times granted to a son or a brother of the [[King of Hungary|Hungarian monarch]]. The dukes of the first and second creations, [[Béla IV of Hungary|Béla]] (1226&ndash;1235) and [[Stephen V of Hungary|Stephen]] (1260&ndash;1270) of the [[Árpád dynasty]] were in fact [[viceroys]] with significant authority in Transylvania. In contrast, the duke of the third creation, [[Stephen, Duke of Slavonia|Stephen]] of the [[Capetian House of Anjou|Anjou dynasty]] did not play any significant role in politics.