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In November 1905, following the [[Russo-Japanese War]], [[Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905]] was made between the Empire of Japan and the Empire of Korea,<ref>이토 히로부미는 직접~ :한계옥 (1998년 4월 10일). 〈무력을 앞장 세워 병탄으로〉, 《망언의 뿌리를 찾아서》, 조양욱, 1판 1쇄, 서울: (주)자유포럼, 97~106쪽쪽. ISBN 89-87811-05-0</ref><ref name="king_letter">Lee Hang-bok.[http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2910347 "The King's Letter,"] ''English JoongAng Daily.'' September 22, 2009.</ref> making Korea a Japanese [[protectorate]]. After the [[Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905|treaty]] had been signed, Itō became the first [[Resident-General of Korea]] on 21 December 1905. In 1907, he urged [[Emperor Gojong of the Korean Empire|Emperor Gojong]] to abdicate in favor of his son [[Emperor Sunjong of the Korean Empire|Sunjong]] and secured the [[Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty of 1907]], giving Japan its authorities to control Korea's internal affairs. Itō’s position, however, was nuanced. He was firmly against Korea falling into China or Russia's [[sphere of influence]], which would cause a grave threat to Japan's national security. But, he was actually against the annexation, advocating instead that Korea should remain as a ''protectorate''. When the cabinet eventually voted for annexing Korea, he insisted and proposed a delay, hoping that the annexation decision could be reversed in the future.<ref name="Umino">{{cite book|title=Hirobumi Ito and Korean Annexation (Ito hirobumi to kankoku heigou)|first=Fukuju|last=Umino|publisher=Aoki Shoten|year=2004|isbn= 978-4-250-20414-2|language=Japanese}}</ref> His political nemesis came when politically influential Imperial Japanese Army, led by [[Yamagata Aritomo]], whose main faction was advocating annexation forced Itō to resign on 14 June 1909. His assassination is believed to have accelerated the path to the [[Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty]].<ref name=keene>{{cite book|title=Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912|first=Donald|last=Keene|authorlink=Donald Keene|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|year=2002|pages=662–667|isbn=0-231-12340-X}}</ref>
In November 1905, following the [[Russo-Japanese War]], [[Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905]] was made between the Empire of Japan and the Empire of Korea,<ref>이토 히로부미는 직접~ :한계옥 (1998년 4월 10일). 〈무력을 앞장 세워 병탄으로〉, 《망언의 뿌리를 찾아서》, 조양욱, 1판 1쇄, 서울: (주)자유포럼, 97~106쪽쪽. ISBN 89-87811-05-0</ref><ref name="king_letter">Lee Hang-bok.[http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2910347 "The King's Letter,"] ''English JoongAng Daily.'' September 22, 2009.</ref> making Korea a Japanese [[protectorate]]. After the [[Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905|treaty]] had been signed, Itō became the first [[Resident-General of Korea]] on 21 December 1905. In 1907, he urged [[Emperor Gojong of the Korean Empire|Emperor Gojong]] to abdicate in favor of his son [[Emperor Sunjong of the Korean Empire|Sunjong]] and secured the [[Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty of 1907]], giving Japan its authorities to control Korea's internal affairs. Itō’s position, however, was nuanced. He was firmly against Korea falling into China or Russia's [[sphere of influence]], which would cause a grave threat to Japan's national security. But, he was actually against the annexation, advocating instead that Korea should remain as a ''protectorate''. When the cabinet eventually voted for annexing Korea, he insisted and proposed a delay, hoping that the annexation decision could be reversed in the future.<ref name="Umino">{{cite book|title=Hirobumi Ito and Korean Annexation (Ito hirobumi to kankoku heigou)|first=Fukuju|last=Umino|publisher=Aoki Shoten|year=2004|isbn= 978-4-250-20414-2|language=Japanese}}</ref> His political nemesis came when politically influential Imperial Japanese Army, led by [[Yamagata Aritomo]], whose main faction was advocating annexation forced Itō to resign on 14 June 1909. His assassination is believed to have accelerated the path to the [[Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty]].<ref name=keene>{{cite book|title=Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912|first=Donald|last=Keene|authorlink=Donald Keene|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|year=2002|pages=662–667|isbn=0-231-12340-X}}</ref>


Itō proclaimed{{When|date=February 2011}} that if East Asians do not closely cooperate with each other, all three would fall to the victims of Western imperialism. Gojong and the Joseon government believing in these claims, agreed to help the Japanese military.<ref name="New DongA May-01"/> However, the opinion of Joseon soon turned against Japan as many Japanese actions were considered to be too brutal and barbaric including confiscation of lands and drafting civilians for forced labor, even executing those that resisted.<ref name="New DongA May-01">{{cite news|url=http://www.donga.com/docs/magazine/new_donga/200105/nd2001050030.html |title=긴급대특집, 일본 역사교과서 왜곡파문 |publisher=[[Dong-a Ilbo|New DongA]] |author=Lee Jeong-sik (이정식)|date= May 2001|accessdate=1 May 2012|language=Korean|trans_title=Special report on Japan's history textbook issue.|quote=... initially many Koreans supported Japanese against Russians, and helped Japanese military. ... Many intellectuals had predicted that whoever wins the [[Russo-Japanese War]], Joseon would be controlled by a victor. Still, they had hoped for the Asian power's victory. .... In 14 April 1904, Japan demanded unrestricted fishing rights all across Korean peninsular. In 28 June, Japan asked for the right to use every unclaimed land in Korea. Many Japanese gangsters had beaten Korean citizens in numerous occasions. ... ''1904, U.S. diplomatic cable by Horace Allen, then U.S. representative in Korea.'' [...러·일전쟁 때 많은 조선인이 일본측에 동조했고, 일본군을 도왔다... 많은 지식인이 전쟁이 끝난 후에 조선은 승자에게 굴(屈)하고 주권을 상실할 것이라 예측했음에도, 러시아보다는 ‘동족(同族)’인 일본이 승리하기를 바랐다. ... (1) 1904년 4월14일. 일본은 조선반도 전역에서 거의 무제한적인 어업권을 요구했다. (2) 6월28일. 그들은 지금 조선 내 모든 황무지를 점거하고 사용할 수 있는 권리를 요구했다. (3) 많은 수의 일본인 불량배 노동자들이 조선 사람들을 괴롭히고 있다. ...''1904년 주한미국공사 호레스 앨런의 보고서'']}}</ref> Ironically his assassinator [[An Jung-geun]] strongly believed in a union of the three East Asian nations in order to counter and fight off the "White Peril", being the European countries engaged in colonialism, restoring peace in the region. With his political and diplomatic skills backed by Japanese military's strong presence, Itō laid the foundation for Japan's colonization of Korea and expansion into Manchuria, China and Russia during the [[World War II]] .{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
Itō proclaimed{{When|date=February 2011}} that if East Asians do not closely cooperate with each other, all three would fall to the victims of Western imperialism. Gojong and the Joseon government believing in these claims, agreed to help the Japanese military.<ref name="New DongA May-01"/> However, the opinion of Joseon soon turned against Japan as many Japanese actions were considered to be too brutal and barbaric including confiscation of lands and drafting civilians for forced labor, even executing those that resisted.<ref name="New DongA May-01">{{cite news|url=http://www.donga.com/docs/magazine/new_donga/200105/nd2001050030.html |title=긴급대특집, 일본 역사교과서 왜곡파문 |publisher=[[Dong-a Ilbo|New DongA]] |author=Lee Jeong-sik (이정식)|date= May 2001|accessdate=1 May 2012|language=Korean|trans_title=Special report on Japan's history textbook issue.|quote=... initially many Koreans supported Japanese against Russians, and helped Japanese military. ... Many intellectuals had predicted that whoever wins the [[Russo-Japanese War]], Joseon would be controlled by a victor. Still, they had hoped for the Asian power's victory. .... In 14 April 1904, Japan demanded unrestricted fishing rights all across Korean peninsular. In 28 June, Japan asked for the right to use every unclaimed land in Korea. Many Japanese gangsters had beaten Korean citizens in numerous occasions. ... ''1904, U.S. diplomatic cable by Horace Allen, then U.S. representative in Korea.'' [...러·일전쟁 때 많은 조선인이 일본측에 동조했고, 일본군을 도왔다... 많은 지식인이 전쟁이 끝난 후에 조선은 승자에게 굴(屈)하고 주권을 상실할 것이라 예측했음에도, 러시아보다는 ‘동족(同族)’인 일본이 승리하기를 바랐다. ... (1) 1904년 4월14일. 일본은 조선반도 전역에서 거의 무제한적인 어업권을 요구했다. (2) 6월28일. 그들은 지금 조선 내 모든 황무지를 점거하고 사용할 수 있는 권리를 요구했다. (3) 많은 수의 일본인 불량배 노동자들이 조선 사람들을 괴롭히고 있다. ...''1904년 주한미국공사 호레스 앨런의 보고서'']}}</ref> Ironically his assassin [[An Jung-geun]] strongly believed in a union of the three East Asian nations in order to counter and fight off the "White Peril", being the European countries engaged in colonialism, restoring peace in the region. With his political and diplomatic skills backed by Japanese military's strong presence, Itō laid the foundation for Japan's colonization of Korea and expansion into Manchuria, China and Russia during the [[World War II]] .{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}


=== Assassination ===
=== Assassination ===

Revision as of 22:18, 4 September 2012

Template:Japanese name

Itō Hirobumi
伊藤 博文
1st Prime Minister of Japan
In office
19 October 1900 – 10 May 1901
MonarchMeiji
Preceded byYamagata Aritomo
Succeeded bySaionji Kinmochi (Acting)
In office
12 January 1898 – 30 June 1898
MonarchMeiji
Preceded byMatsukata Masayoshi
Succeeded byŌkuma Shigenobu
In office
8 August 1892 – 31 August 1896
MonarchMeiji
Preceded byMatsukata Masayoshi
Succeeded byKuroda Kiyotaka (Acting)
In office
22 December 1885 – 30 April 1888
MonarchMeiji
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded byKuroda Kiyotaka
Resident General of Korea
In office
21 December 1905 – 14 June 1909
MonarchMeiji
Preceded byPosition established
Succeeded bySone Arasuke
Personal details
Born(1841-10-16)16 October 1841
Tsukari, Japan
Died26 October 1909(1909-10-26) (aged 68)
Harbin, Manchuria
Political partyFriends of Constitutional Government (1900–1909)
Other political
affiliations		Independent (Before 1900)
SpouseItō Umeko
Alma materUniversity College London
Signature

Prince Itō Hirobumi, GCB[1] (伊藤 博文, 16 October 1841 – 26 October 1909, also called Hirofumi/Hakubun and Shunsuke in his youth) was a samurai of Chōshū domain, Japanese statesman, four time Prime Minister of Japan (the 1st, 5th, 7th and 10th), genrō and Resident-General of Korea. Itō was assassinated by Korean nationalist An Jung-geun.[2] The politician, intellectual, and author Suematsu Kenchō was Itō’s son-in-law, having married his second daughter, Ikuko.

Life

Early years

Letter of Itō Hirobumi

Itō was born as the son of Hayashi Jūzō. He was originally named Hayashi Risuke. His father Hayashi Jūzō was the adopted son of Mizui Buhei who was an adopted son of Itō Yaemon's family, a lower class samurai from Hagi, Chōshū domain (present-day Yamaguchi prefecture). Mizui Buhei was renamed to Itō Naoemon. Mizui Jūzō took the name Itō Jūzō, and Hayashi Risuke was renamed to Itō Shunsuke at first, then Itō Hirobumi. He was a student of Yoshida Shōin at the Shōka Sonjuku and later joined the Sonnō jōi movement (“to revere the Emperor and expel the barbarians”), together with Kido Takayoshi. Itō was chosen to be one of the Chōshū Five who studied at University College London in 1863, and the experience in Great Britain convinced him of the necessity of Japan adopting Western ways.

In 1864, Itō returned to Japan with fellow student Inoue Kaoru to attempt to warn the Chōshū clan against going to war with the foreign powers (the Bombardment of Shimonoseki) over the right of passage through the Straits of Shimonoseki. At that time, He met Ernest Satow for the first time, later a lifelong friend.

Political career

After the Meiji Restoration, Itō was appointed governor of Hyōgo Prefecture, junior councilor for Foreign Affairs, and sent to the United States in 1870 to study Western currency systems. Returning to Japan in 1871, he established Japan's taxation system. Later that year, he was sent on the Iwakura Mission around the world as vice-envoy extraordinary, during which he won the confidence of Ōkubo Toshimichi one of the three great nobles who led the Meiji Restoration.

In 1873, Itō was made a full councilor, Minister of Public Works, and in 1875 chairman of the first Assembly of Prefectural Governors. He participated in the Osaka Conference of 1875. After Ōkubo's assassination, he took over the post of Home Minister and secured a central position in the Meiji government. In 1881 he urged Ōkuma Shigenobu to resign, leaving himself in unchallenged control.

Itō went to Europe in 1882 to study the constitutions of those countries, spending nearly 18 months away from Japan. While working on a constitution for Japan, he also wrote the first Imperial Household Law and established the Japanese peerage system (kazoku) in 1884.

In 1885, he negotiated the Convention of Tientsin with Li Hongzhang, normalizing Japan's diplomatic relations with Qing Dynasty China.

As Prime Minister

In 1885, based on European ideas, Itō established a cabinet system of government, replacing the Daijō-kan as the decision-making state organization, and on December 22, 1885, he became the first prime minister of Japan.

On April 30, 1888, Itō resigned as prime minister, but headed the new Privy Council to maintain power behind-the-scenes. In 1889, he also became the first genro. The Meiji Constitution was promulgated in February 1889. He had added to it the references to the kokutai or "national polity" as the justification of the emperor's authority through his divine descent and the unbroken line of emperors, and the unique relationship between subject and sovereign.[3] This stemmed from his rejection of some European notions as unfit for Japan, as they stemmed from European constitutional practice and Christianity.[3]

He remained a powerful force while Kuroda Kiyotaka and Yamagata Aritomo, his political nemeses, were prime ministers.

File:Ito Hirobumi and Mutsu Munemitsu.jpg
Statues of Mutsu Munemitsu (Right) and Itō Hirobumi (Left) at Shimonoseki

During Itō’s second term as prime minister (August 8, 1892 – August 31, 1896), he supported the First Sino-Japanese War and negotiated the Treaty of Shimonoseki in March 1895 with his ailing foreign minister Mutsu Munemitsu. In the Anglo-Japanese Treaty of Commerce and Navigation of 1894, he succeeded in removing some of the onerous unequal treaty clauses that had plagued Japanese foreign relations since the start of the Meiji period.

During Itō’s third term as prime minister (January 12 – June 30, 1898), he encountered problems with party politics. Both the Jiyūtō and the Shimpotō opposed his proposed new land taxes, and in retaliation, Itō dissolved the Diet and called for new elections. As a result, both parties merged into the Kenseitō, won a majority of the seats, and forced Itō to resign. This lesson taught Itō the need for a pro-government political party, so he organized the Rikken Seiyūkai in 1900. Itō's womanizing was a popular theme in editorial cartoons and in parodies by contemporary comedians, and was used by his political enemies in their campaign against him.

Itō returned to office as prime minister for a fourth term from October 19, 1900, to May 10, 1901, this time facing political opposition from the House of Peers. Weary of political back-stabbing, he resigned in 1901, but remained as head of the Privy Council as the premiership alternated between Saionji Kimmochi and Katsura Tarō.

Toward the end of August 1901, Itō announced his intention of visiting the United States to recuperate. This turned into a long journey in the course of which he visited the major cities of the United States and Europe, setting off from Yokohama on September 18, traveling through the U.S. to New York City, from which he sailed to Boulogne, reaching Paris on November 4. (Itō received an honorary doctorate from Yale University around this time.) On November 25 he reached Saint Petersburg, having been asked by the new prime minister, Katsura Tarō, to sound out the Russians, entirely unofficially, on their intentions in the Far East. Japan hoped to achieve what it called Man-Kan kōkan, the exchange of a free hand for Russia in Manchuria for a free hand for Japan in Korea, but Russia, feeling greatly superior to Japan and unwilling to give up its ability to use Korean ports for its navy, was in no mood to compromise; its foreign minister, Vladimir Lamsdorf, "thought that time was on the side of his country because of the (Trans-Siberian) railway and there was no need to make concessions to the Japanese."[4] Itō left empty-handed for Berlin (where he received honors from Kaiser Wilhelm), Brussels, and London. Meanwhile, Katsura had decided that Man-Kan kōkan was no longer desirable for Japan, which should not renounce activity in Manchuria. When Itō reached London, he had talks with Lord Lansdowne which helped lay the groundwork for the Anglo-Japanese Alliance announced early the following year. The failure of his mission to Russia was "one of the most important events in the run-up to the Russo-Japanese War."[5]

It was during his terms as Prime Minister that he invited Professor George Trumbull Ladd of Yale University to serve as a diplomatic adviser to promote mutual understanding between Japan and the United States. It was because of his series of lectures he delivered in Japan revolutionizing its educational methods, that he was the first foreigner to receive the Second Class honor (conferred by the Meiji Emperor in 1907) and the Third Class honor (conferred by The Meiji Emperor in 1899), Orders of the Rising Sun. He later wrote a book on his personal experiences in Korea and with Resident-General Itō.[6][7][8] Following his assassination, half of Hirobumi's ashes were buried in a Tokyo Temple and a monument was erected to him.[7][9]

As Resident-General of Korea

Prince Itō and the Crown Prince of Korea Yi Un.

In November 1905, following the Russo-Japanese War, Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 was made between the Empire of Japan and the Empire of Korea,[10][11] making Korea a Japanese protectorate. After the treaty had been signed, Itō became the first Resident-General of Korea on 21 December 1905. In 1907, he urged Emperor Gojong to abdicate in favor of his son Sunjong and secured the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty of 1907, giving Japan its authorities to control Korea's internal affairs. Itō’s position, however, was nuanced. He was firmly against Korea falling into China or Russia's sphere of influence, which would cause a grave threat to Japan's national security. But, he was actually against the annexation, advocating instead that Korea should remain as a protectorate. When the cabinet eventually voted for annexing Korea, he insisted and proposed a delay, hoping that the annexation decision could be reversed in the future.[12] His political nemesis came when politically influential Imperial Japanese Army, led by Yamagata Aritomo, whose main faction was advocating annexation forced Itō to resign on 14 June 1909. His assassination is believed to have accelerated the path to the Japan-Korea Annexation Treaty.[13]

Itō proclaimed[when?] that if East Asians do not closely cooperate with each other, all three would fall to the victims of Western imperialism. Gojong and the Joseon government believing in these claims, agreed to help the Japanese military.[14] However, the opinion of Joseon soon turned against Japan as many Japanese actions were considered to be too brutal and barbaric including confiscation of lands and drafting civilians for forced labor, even executing those that resisted.[14] Ironically his assassin An Jung-geun strongly believed in a union of the three East Asian nations in order to counter and fight off the "White Peril", being the European countries engaged in colonialism, restoring peace in the region. With his political and diplomatic skills backed by Japanese military's strong presence, Itō laid the foundation for Japan's colonization of Korea and expansion into Manchuria, China and Russia during the World War II .[citation needed]

Assassination

Itō arrived at the Harbin Railway Station on October 26, 1909 for a meeting with Vladimir Kokovtsov, a Russian representative in Manchuria. When he arrived and proceeded to meet his Russian colleague, An Jung-geun, a Korean nationalist[13] and independence activist,[15][16] fired six shots at him. Three of those shots hit Itō in the chest and he died shortly thereafter.

Legacy

A Series C 1,000 yen note of Japan.

A portrait of Itō Hirobumi was on the Series C 1,000 yen note of Japan from 1963 until a new series was issued in 1984. His former house is preserved as a museum near the Shoin Jinja, in Hagi city, Yamaguchi prefecture. However, the actual structure was Itō’s second home, formerly located in Shinagawa, Tokyo.

The publishing company Hakubunkan was named after Itō, based on an alternate pronunciation of his given name.

Evaluation in modern Korea

According to theAnnals of Sunjong, Gojong said on 28 October 1909 that Itō Hirobumi made great efforts to develop civilization. However, it should be noted that Annals of Gojong and of Sujong are regarded as unreliable by the National Institute of Korean History, given that these two Annals or sillocks are not designated as National Treasures of South Korea and UNESCO's World Heritage unlike other silloks due to Japanese influence exerted on them. They consider these last two documents are regarded as a falsification of history.[17]

The 1979 North Korean film, An Jung-gun Shoots Ito Hirobumi, is an account of Hirobumi's assassination from the North Korean perspective. The 1973 South Korean film Femme Fatale: Bae Jeong-ja is the life of Itō's adopted daughter Bae Jeong-ja (1870–1950).

Genealogy

  • Hayashi family
　∴Hayasi Awajinokami
Michioki
　┃
　┣━━━━┳━━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━┳━━━━━┳━━━━━━┳━━━━┳━━━━━┓
　┃　　　　┃　　　　┃Hayasi Magoemon ┃　　　　　┃　　　　　┃　　　　┃　　　　　┃
Michimoto　Michiyo　Michisige　　　　　Michiyoshi　Michisada　Michikata　Michinaga　Michisue
　　　　　　　　　　　┃
　　　　　　　　　　　┃
　　　　　　　　　　　┃Hayasi Magosaburō
　　　　　　　　　　Nobukatsu
　　　　　　　　　　　┃
　　　　　　　　　　　┃
　　　　　　　　　　　┃Hayasi Magoemon
　　　　　　　　　　Nobuyoshi
　　　　　　　　　　　┃
　┏━━━━━━━━━━╋━━━━━┳━━━━┓
　┃Hayasi Magoemon ┃　　　　　┃　　　　┃
Nobuaki　　　　　　Sakuzaemon　Sojyurō　 Matazaemon
　┃　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃
　┃　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃
　┃Hayasi Hanroku　　　　　　　　　　　　┃
Nobuhisa　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　 Genzō
　┃　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃
　┣━━━━━┓　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃
　┃　　　　　┃　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃
Sōzaemon　　Heijihyōe　　　　　　　　　　Yoichiemon
　　　　　　　┃　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃
　┏━━━━━┻━━━┓　　　　　　　┏━━━┫
　┃Hayasi Hanroku　┃　　　　　　┃　　　┃
Rihachirō　　　　　Riemon　　　　Masuzō　Sukezaemon
　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　┃adopted son of Hayasi Rihachirō
　　　　　　┏━━━┳━━━━━━━━━━━━┫
　　　　　　┃Itō ┃Hayasi Shinbei's wife ┃Morita Naoyoshi's wife
　　　　　Jyuzō　woman　　　　　　　　　　woman
　　　　　　┃
　　　　　　┃
　　　　　　┃Itō
　　　　　Hirobumi
　　　　　　┃
　┏━━━━╋━━━━━┳━━━━━┳━━━┓
　┃Itō 　　┃Kida　　┃Itō 　　┃　　　┃
Hirokuni　Humiyoshi　Shinichi　woman　woman
　┃
　┣━━━━┳━━━━━┳━━━━━━━┳━━━┳━━━━━┳━━━━┳━━━━━┳━━━━━┳━━━━━┳━━━━━┳━━━┳━━━┓
　┃Itō 　　┃Shimizu ┃Itō　　　　 ┃Itō　 ┃Itō　　 ┃Itō　　 ┃Itō　　 ┃Itō　　　 ┃Itō　　 ┃Itō　　　 ┃　　　┃　　┃
Hirotada　 Hiroharu　Hiromichi　 Hiroya　Hirotada　Hiroomi　Hironori　Hirotsune　Hirotaka　Hirohide　woman　woman　woman
　┃
　┣━━━━┳━━━┳━━┳━━━━┳━━┓
　┃Itō　　 ┃　　　┃　　┃　　　┃　　┃
Hiromasa　 woman　woman　woman　woman　woman
　┃
　┣━━━━┓
　┃Itō　　 ┃
Tomoaki　　woman
  • Itō family
　∴
Itō Yaemon
　┃
Itō Naoemon (Mizui Buhei)Yaemon's adopted son
　┃
Itō Jyuzō (Hayashi Jyuzo)Naoemon's adopted son
　┃
Itō Hirobumi (Hayashi Risuke)

See also

Notes

  1. ^ London Gazette
  2. ^ Dudden, Alexis (2005). Japan's Colonization of Korea: Discourse and Power. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2829-1.
  3. ^ a b W. G. Beasley,The Rise of Modern Japan, p 79-80 ISBN 0-312-04077-6
  4. ^ Ian Nish, The Origins of the Russo-Japanese War (Longman, 1985; ISBN 0582491142), p. 118.
  5. ^ Nish, The Origins of the Russo-Japanese War, p. 116.
  6. ^ Topics of the Week: "George Trumbull Ladd," New York Times. February 22, 1908.
  7. ^ a b "Business: Japanese Strip," Time Magazine. May 8, 1939.
  8. ^ "American Honored by the Japanese," The New York Times. October 22, 1899.
  9. ^ "Great Head Temple Sôjiji". 2007. Retrieved 2009-07-29. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  10. ^ 이토 히로부미는 직접~ :한계옥 (1998년 4월 10일). 〈무력을 앞장 세워 병탄으로〉, 《망언의 뿌리를 찾아서》, 조양욱, 1판 1쇄, 서울: (주)자유포럼, 97~106쪽쪽. ISBN 89-87811-05-0
  11. ^ Lee Hang-bok."The King's Letter," English JoongAng Daily. September 22, 2009.
  12. ^ Umino, Fukuju (2004). Hirobumi Ito and Korean Annexation (Ito hirobumi to kankoku heigou) (in Japanese). Aoki Shoten. ISBN 978-4-250-20414-2.
  13. ^ a b Keene, Donald (2002). Emperor of Japan: Meiji and His World, 1852–1912. Columbia University Press. pp. 662–667. ISBN 0-231-12340-X.
  14. ^ a b Lee Jeong-sik (이정식) (May 2001). "긴급대특집, 일본 역사교과서 왜곡파문" (in Korean). New DongA. Retrieved 1 May 2012. ... initially many Koreans supported Japanese against Russians, and helped Japanese military. ... Many intellectuals had predicted that whoever wins the Russo-Japanese War, Joseon would be controlled by a victor. Still, they had hoped for the Asian power's victory. .... In 14 April 1904, Japan demanded unrestricted fishing rights all across Korean peninsular. In 28 June, Japan asked for the right to use every unclaimed land in Korea. Many Japanese gangsters had beaten Korean citizens in numerous occasions. ... 1904, U.S. diplomatic cable by Horace Allen, then U.S. representative in Korea. [...러·일전쟁 때 많은 조선인이 일본측에 동조했고, 일본군을 도왔다... 많은 지식인이 전쟁이 끝난 후에 조선은 승자에게 굴(屈)하고 주권을 상실할 것이라 예측했음에도, 러시아보다는 '동족(同族)'인 일본이 승리하기를 바랐다. ... (1) 1904년 4월14일. 일본은 조선반도 전역에서 거의 무제한적인 어업권을 요구했다. (2) 6월28일. 그들은 지금 조선 내 모든 황무지를 점거하고 사용할 수 있는 권리를 요구했다. (3) 많은 수의 일본인 불량배 노동자들이 조선 사람들을 괴롭히고 있다. ...1904년 주한미국공사 호레스 앨런의 보고서] {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ "What Defines a Hero?". Japan Society. Retrieved 2008-01-29.
  16. ^ An, Jung-geun, Naver encyclopedia
  17. ^ Yu Seok-jae (유석재) (14 January 2007). "고종·순종실록의 '찜찜한' 인터넷 공개" (in Korean). The Chosun Ilbo. Retrieved 1 May 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)

References

  • Nish, Ian. (1998) The Iwakura Mission to America and Europe: A New Assessment. Richmond, Surrey: Japan Library. 10-ISBN 1873410840/13-ISBN 9781873410844; 10-ISBN 9780415471794/13-ISBN 0415471796; OCLC 40410662

Further reading

  • Hamada Kengi (1936). Prince Ito. Tokyo: Sanseido Co.
  • Johnston, John T.M. (1917). World patriots. New York: World Patriots Co.
  • Kusunoki Sei'ichirō (1991). Nihon shi omoshiro suiri: Nazo no satsujin jiken wo oe. Tokyo: Futami bunko.
  • Ladd, George T. (1908). In Korea with Marquis Ito
  • Nakamura Kaju (1910). Prince Ito, the man and the statesman, a brief history of his life. New York: Japanese-American commercial weekly and Anraku Pub. Co.
  • Palmer, Frederick (1910). Marquis Ito: the great man of Japan. n.p.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hirobumi Itō.
Political offices
New office Prime Minister of Japan
1885–1888 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of Japan
1892–1896 		Succeeded by
Prime Minister of Japan
1898 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of Japan
1900–1901 		Succeeded by
New office Resident General of Korea
1905–1909 		Succeeded by

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