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#REDIRECT [[Circumcision]]
The sexual effects of [[circumcision]] are the subject of some debate. Studies have been conducted to investigate whether circumcision has any effect on sexual drive, erectile function, premature and delayed ejaculation, sexual satisfaction, sexual sensation and penile sensitivity. Studies have also assessed whether circumcision affects masturbation or other sexual practices, and whether a heterosexual woman's experience of sex is affected by her partner's circumcision status.

The American Academy of Pediatrics (2012) stated that published literature on circumcision "does not support the belief that male circumcision adversely affects penile sexual function or sensitivity, or sexual satisfaction, regardless of how these factors are defined."<ref name = "AAP2012">{{Cite journal|author=American Academy of Pediatrics |title=Technical Report: Male Circumcision |journal=Pediatrics |volume=130 |issue=3 |pages=e756-85 |year=2012 |month=September |pmid=22926175 |doi=10.1542/peds.2012-1990}}</ref> The American Academy of Family Physicians (2007) stated "The effect of circumcision on penile sensation or sexual satisfaction is unknown. Because the epithelium of a circumcised glans becomes cornified, and because some feel nerve over-stimulation leads to desensitization, many believe that the glans of a circumcised penis is less sensitive. [...] No valid evidence to date, however, supports the notion that being circumcised affects sexual sensation or satisfaction."<ref name = "AAFP" />

==Penile sensitivity and sexual sensation==
Results of studies of the effect on penile sensitivity have been mixed.
In a British study of 150 men circumcised as adults for penile problems, Masood ''et al.'' found that 38% reported improved penile sensation (p=0.01), 18% reported worse penile sensation, while the remainder (44%) reported no change.<ref name= "masood2005">{{cite journal
| last = Masood
| first = S
| coauthors = Patel HR, Himpson RC, Palmer JH, Mufti GR, Sheriff MK
| year = 2005
| title = Penile sensitivity and sexual satisfaction after circumcision: are we informing men correctly?
| journal = Urol Internationalalis
| volume = 75
| pages = 62–6
| url = http://www.cirp.org/library/sex_function/masood1/
| pmid = 16037710
| doi = 10.1159/000085930
| issue = 1
}}</ref>

In a 2008 study of Kenyan men, Krieger ''et al.'' stated that "Adult male circumcision was not associated with sexual dysfunction. Circumcised men reported increased penile sensitivity and enhanced ease of reaching orgasm."<ref name = "Krieger2008">{{cite journal
| last = Krieger
| first = JN
| coauthors = Mehta SD, Bailey RC, Agot K, Ndinya-Achola JO, Parker C, Moses S
| year = 2008
| month = August
| title = Adult Male Circumcision: Effects on Sexual Function and Sexual Satisfaction in Kisumu, Kenya
| journal = The journal of sexual medicine
| volume = 5
| issue = 11
| pages = 2610–22
| pmid = 18761593
| doi = 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00979.x
| url =
| format =
| quote =
| pmc=3042320
}}
</ref> In a 2009 study of 22 men in Mexico circumcised for medical or aesthetic reasons, Cortés-González ''et al.'' reported a statistically significant improvement in "perception of sexual events" (p=0.04).<ref name="cortes2009">{{cite journal |author=Cortés-González JR, Arratia-Maqueo JA, Martínez-Montelongo R, Gómez-Guerra LS |title=DOES CIRCUMCISION AFFECT MALE'S PERCEPTION OF SEXUAL SATISFACTION? |journal=Arch. Esp. Urol. |volume=62 |issue=9 |pages=733–736 |year=2009 |month=November |pmid=19955598 |doi= |url=http://www.arch-espanoles-de-urologia.es/apartados/sumarios/popup.php?ano=2009&id=62-09-18}}</ref>

;Glans sensitivity
A number of studies have looked at the question of whether sensitivity of the glans is affected by circumcision.
In a position statement first published in 2002 and reaffirmed in January 2007, The American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) stated "The effect of circumcision on penile sensation or sexual satisfaction is unknown. Because the epithelium of a circumcised glans becomes cornified, and because some feel nerve over-stimulation leads to desensitization, many believe that the glans of a circumcised penis is less sensitive. Opinions differ about how this decreased sensitivity, which may result in prolonged time to orgasm, affects sexual satisfaction. An investigation of the exteroceptive and light tactile discrimination of the glans of circumcised and uncircumcised men found no difference on comparison. No valid evidence to date, however, supports the notion that being circumcised affects sexual sensation or satisfaction."
<ref name = "AAFP">{{cite web
| url = http://www.aafp.org/online/en/home/clinical/clinicalrecs/circumcision.html
| title = Circumcision: Position Paper on Neonatal Circumcision
| accessdate = 2007-01-30
| year = 2007
| publisher = [[American Academy of Family Physicians]]
}}</ref>

Bleustein ''et al.'' (2005) divided 125 patients (62 uncircumcised men and 63 neonatally circumcised men) into groups based on their sexual dysfunction using the [[Sexological_testing#IIEF_.28International_Index_of_Erectile_Function.29|IIEF]](International Index of Erectile Function). Twenty-nine were placed in the functional group, and 96 in the dysfunctional group. Quantitative somatosensory testing (including vibration, pressure, spatial perception, and warm and cold thermal thresholds) was used on the dorsal midline glans of the penis. In the dysfunctional group, circumcised men (49 +/- 16 years) were significantly younger (P <0.01) than noncircumcised men (56 +/- 13 years). When controlling for age, hypertension, and diabetes, there was no difference in sensitivity. Bleustein ''et al''. did not test the sensation of the foreskin nor did he compute the loss of sensation from the foreskin caused by circumcision.<ref name= "bleustein2005">{{cite journal
| last = Bleustein
| first = Clifford B.
| coauthors = Fogarty JD, Eckholdt H, Arezzo JC, Melman A
| year = 2005
| month = April
| title = Effect of neonatal circumcision on penile neurologic sensation
| journal = Urology
| volume = 65
| pages = 773–7
| url = http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0090-4295(04)01343-3
| pmid = 15833526
| doi = 10.1016/j.urology.2004.11.007
| issue = 4
}}</ref>

Sorrells ''et al.'' (2007) measured the fine-touch pressure thresholds of 91 circumcised and 68 noncircumcised, live adult male volunteers, They reported "[the] glans of the uncircumcised men had significantly lower mean (sem) pressure thresholds as measured at three points than that of the circumcised men, at 0.161 (0.078) g (P = 0.040) when controlled for age, location of measurement, type of underwear worn, and ethnicity."<ref name="sorrells">{{vcite journal |
author=Sorrells M, Snyder JL, Reiss MD, ''et al''. | title=Fine-touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis | journal= BJU Int | date=2007 | volume=99 | issue= | pages=864-9 | url= | doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06685.x | pmid= 17378847 | pmc= }}</ref> In a letter to ''BJU International'', however, on the basis of the unadjusted data, Waskett & Morris (2007) stated "we find no significant differences [...], consistent with previous findings."<ref name="waskett2007">{{cite journal
| last = Waskett
| first = Jake H.
| coauthors = Brian J. Morris
| year = 2007
| month = May
| title = Fine touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis
| journal = BJU Int
| volume = 99
| issue = 6
| pages = 1551–1552
| url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118508593/HTMLSTART
| doi = 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.06970_6.x
| pmid = 17537227
}}</ref> However, in a further letter to ''BJU International'', Young (2007) responded to Waskett & Morris, stating that Sorrells ''et al.'' found that one point, at least, on the glans of the circumcised penis was less sensitive than that of the intact penis.<ref name="young">{{cite journal
| last = Young
| first = Hugh
| year = 2007
| month = July
| title = Fine touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis
| journal = BJU Int
| volume = 100
| issue = 3
| pages = 699
| url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118508003/HTMLSTART
| doi = 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07072_1.x
| pmid = 17669150
}}</ref>

Payne ''et al.'' (2007), in a study of the glans and shaft sensitivity of twenty circumcised and twenty uncircumcised men, reported that "No differences in genital sensitivity were found between the uncircumcised and circumcised groups." Payne ''et al''. did not test foreskin sensation.<ref name="payne2007">{{cite journal
| last = Payne
| first = Kimberley
| coauthors = Thaler, Lea; Kukkonen, Tuuli; Carrier, Serge; and [[Irving M. Binik|Binik, Yitzchak]]
| year = 2007
| month = May
| title = Sensation and sexual arousal in circumcised and uncircumcised men
| journal = J Sex Med
| volume = 4
| issue = 3
| pages = 667–674
| url = http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00471.x
| pmid = 17419812
| doi = 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00471.x
}}</ref>

;Foreskin sensitivity
Schoen (2007) stated that "anecdotally, some have claimed that the foreskin is important for normal sexual activity and improves sexual sensitivity. Objective published studies over the past decade have shown no substantial difference in sexual function between circumcised and noncircumcised men."<ref>{{cite journal |author=Schoen EJ |title=Should newborns be circumcised?: YES |journal=Can Fam Physician |volume=53 |issue=12 |pages=2096–8, 2100–2 |year=2007 |month=December |pmid=18077736 |doi= |url=http://www.cfp.ca/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=18077736 |pmc=2231533}}</ref>

Sorrells ''et al.'' (2007), in the study discussed above, measured fine-touch pressure thresholds of the penis, and concluded "The transitional region from the external to the internal prepuce is the most sensitive region of the uncircumcised penis and more sensitive than the most sensitive region of the circumcised penis. Circumcision ablates" (removes) "the most sensitive parts of the penis." According to Sorrells ''et al.'', the five penile areas most sensitive to fine-touch are located on the foreskin.<ref name="sorrells">Sorrells ML, Snyder JL, Reiss MD, et al. Fine-touch pressure thresholds in the adult penis. ''BJU Int'' 2007;99:864-9.</ref> This is disputed by Waskett & Morris, (2007) who argue that when they re-analyse Sorrells' data, no significant differences are found; that light touch is only one form of sensitivity, and that sexual pleasure may sometimes require less sensitivity. They also criticized Sorrells' recruitment methods.<ref name="waskett2007"/> In response, Young (2007) criticizes Waskett & Morris's use of the [[Bonferroni correction]] and argues that the methods of selecting subjects would not affect the results, that the two most sensitive positions on the circumcised penis represent small areas of [[circumcision scar]], as compared to a much larger area of sensitive tissue on the foreskin, and that sales of sensation-dulling products do not necessarily indicate that such are widely used other than on scar tissue.<ref name="young"/>

The College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia (2009) has written that the [[foreskin]] "is rich in specialized sensory nerve endings and erogenous tissue."<ref>{{cite web
|url=https://www.cpsbc.ca/files/u6/Circumcision-Infant-Male.pdf
|title=Circumcision (Infant Male)
|author=College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia
|accessdate=April 22, 2012
|format=PDF
|year=2009}}</ref> The [[Royal Australasian College of Physicians]] (2010) states that "the foreskin is a primary sensory part of the penis, containing some of the most sensitive areas of the penis. The effects of circumcision on sexual sensation however are not clear, with reports of both enhanced and diminished sexual pleasure following the procedure in adults and little awareness of advantage or disadvantage in those circumcised in infancy."<ref>{{cite journal
| author=Paediatrics & Child Health Division, The Royal Australasian College of Physicians
| authorlink=Royal Australasian College of Physicians
| year=2010
| month=September
| title=Circumcision of Infant Males
| format=PDF
| accessdate=April 22, 2012
| url=http://www.racp.edu.au/index.cfm?objectid=65118B16-F145-8B74-236C86100E4E3E8E
| quote=}}</ref> The [[Royal Dutch Medical Association]] states that many sexologists view the foreskin as "a complex, erotogenic structure that plays an important role ‘in the mechanical function of the penis during sexual acts, such as penetrative intercourse and masturbation’."<ref>{{Cite web|title=Non-therapeutic circumcision of male minors (2010) |publisher=KNMG |date=12 June 2010 |url=http://knmg.artsennet.nl/Diensten/knmgpublicaties/KNMGpublicatie/Nontherapeutic-circumcision-of-male-minors-2010.htm}}</ref>

==Erectile function==

Reports detailing the effect of circumcision on [[erectile dysfunction]] have been mixed. Studies have variously found a statistically significant increase,{{cn|date=September 2012}} or decrease,<ref name="cortes2009"/><ref name= "richters2006">{{cite journal
| last = Richters
| first = J
| coauthors = Patel HR, Himpson RC, Palmer JH, Mufti GR, Sheriff MK
| year = 2006
| title = Circumcision in Australia: prevalence and effects on sexual health
| journal = International Journal of Sexually Transmissible Diseases and AIDS
| volume = 17
| pages = 547–554
| url = http://www.cirp.org/library/general/richters1/
| pmid = 16925903
| issue = 8
| doi = 10.1258/095646206778145730
}}</ref> in erectile dysfunction among circumcised men, while other studies have shown little to no effect.<ref name="masood2005"/><ref name="krieger2008">{{cite journal |author=Krieger JN, Mehta SD, Bailey RC, ''et al.'' |title=Adult Male Circumcision: Effects on Sexual Function and Sexual Satisfaction in Kisumu, Kenya |journal=The journal of sexual medicine |volume= 5|issue= 11|pages= 2610–22|year=2008 |month=August |pmid=18761593 |doi=10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00979.x |url= |pmc=3042320}}</ref><ref name = "kigozi2007">{{cite journal
| last = Kigozi
| first = G
| coauthors = Watya S, Polis CB, Buwembo D, Kiggundu V, Wawer MJ, Serwadda D, Nalugoda F, Kiwanuka N, Bacon MC, Ssempijja V, Makumbi F, Gray RH.
| year = 2007
| month = January
| title = The effect of male circumcision on sexual satisfaction and function, results from a randomized trial of male circumcision for human immunodeficiency virus prevention, Rakai, Uganda
| journal = [[British Journal of Urology|BJU International]]
| volume = 101
| issue = 1
| pages = 65–70
| url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/119420541/PDFSTART
| format = PDF
| pmid = 18086100
| doi = 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2007.07369.x
}}</ref><ref name="kimpang2006"/>

Kim and Pang reported no significant difference in erection.<ref name="kimpang2006">{{cite journal
| last = Kim
| first = DaiSik
| coauthors = Myung-Geol Pang
| year = 2007
| month = March
| title = The effect of male circumcision on sexuality
| journal = BJU International
| volume = 99
| issue = 3
| pages = 619–622
| url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118508378/PDFSTART
| format = PDF
| pmid = 17155977
| doi = 10.1111/j.1464-410X.2006.06646.x
}}</ref>

Cortés-González ''et al.'' reported a statistically significant improvement in erectile function following circumcision (p=0.0007).<ref name="cortes2009"/>

Frisch ''et al.'' found no statistically significant differences in erectile function between circumcised and uncircumcised men.<ref name = "Frisch2011"/>

==Ejaculatory function==

Waldinger ''et al.'' recruited 500 men (98 circumcised and 261 not-circumcised) from five countries: the [[Netherlands]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Spain]], [[Turkey]], and the [[United States]] and studied their ejaculation times during [[sexual intercourse]]. They found that the circumcised men in the study took on average 6.7 minutes to ejaculate, compared with 6.0 minutes for the uncircumcised men. This difference was not statistically significant. The comparison excluded Turkey, which was significantly different from the other countries studied.<ref name = "Waldinger2005">{{cite journal
| last = Waldinger
| first = M.D.
| coauthors = Quinn P, Dilleen M, Mundayat R, Schweitzer DH, Boolell M
| year = 2005
| title = Circumcision in the United States: prevalence, prophylactic effects, and sexual practice
| journal = Journal of Sexual Medicine
| volume = 2
| pages = 492–497
| url = http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/118719267/abstract
| doi = 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2005.00070.x
| pmid = 16422843
| issue = 4
}}</ref> Commenting on the study, Sorrells ''et al.'' said "Turkish men, the vast majority of whom are circumcised, had the shortest IELT [Intravaginal ejaculation latency time]."<ref name="sorrells"/>

In a study of men circumcised for benign disease, Masood ''et al.'' (2005) reported that of those who stated they had prior premature ejaculation, 13% reported improvement after circumcision, 33% reported that it became worse, and 53% reported no change.<ref name="masood2005"/>

In a telephone survey (2006) of 10,173 Australian men, 22% of uncircumcised men and 26% of circumcised men reported reaching orgasm too quickly for at least one month in the previous year. The difference was not statistically significant.<ref name="richters2006"/>

In a study (2006) of 255 circumcised men and 118 uncircumcised men, Kim and Pang reported no statistically significant difference in ejaculation or ejaculation latency time between circumcised and uncircumcised participants.<ref name="kimpang2006"/>

Kigozi ''et al.'' (2007) reported that, in a randomised controlled trial of 4,456 men of whom 2,474 were selected to be circumcised, the authors did not find a statistically significant effect on premature ejaculation.<ref name="kigozi2007"/>

Krieger ''et al.'' (2007) reported on a randomised controlled trial of 2,784 participants, of whom 1,391 were randomised to be circumcised. 54.5% of circumcised men described their ease of reaching orgasm as "much more" at 24 months after randomisation.<ref name="krieger2008"/>

In a study of 22 men circumcised as adults, Cortés-González ''et al.'' (2009) reported that 31.8% suffered from premature ejaculation before the procedure; this diminished to 13.6% afterwards.<ref name="cortes2009"/>

Frisch ''et al.'' (2011) studied participants in a Danish national health survey, and found that circumcised men were equally likely to report "occasional" orgasm difficulties (29% v 32%), but were more likely to report "frequent" orgasm difficulties (11% v 4%); the difference remained after adjustment for potential confounding factors. Premature ejaculation was not associated with circumcision status.<ref name = "Frisch2011"> {{cite journal |author=Frisch M, Lindholm M, Grønbæk M |title=Male circumcision and sexual function in men and women: a survey-based, cross-sectional study in Denmark |journal=Int J Epidemiol. |volume = Epub ahead of print |issue= |pages= |year=2011 |month=June |pmid=21672947 |doi= 10.1093/ije/dyr104|url=http://ije.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/06/13/ije.dyr104.abstract}}</ref>

== Sexual practice and masturbation ==
In a study by Korean researchers of 255 men circumcised after the age of 20 and 18 who were not circumcised, Kim and Pang reported that masturbatory pleasure decreased in 48% of the respondents and increased in 8%. [[Masturbation|Masturbatory]] difficulty increased in 63% but was easier in 37%. They concluded that there was a decrease in masturbatory pleasure after circumcision.<ref name="kimpang2006"/>

== Sexual drive ==
Several studies have investigated the effect of circumcision on sexual drive. Studies that did not find a statistically significant difference include Kim and Pang,<ref name="kimpang2006"/> Cortés-González ''et al.'',<ref name="cortes2009"/> and Frisch ''et al.''<ref name = "Frisch2011"/>

== Satisfaction ==
Kim and Pang found that 20% reported that their sex life was worse after circumcision and 6% reported that it had improved. They concluded that "there was a decrease ... sexual enjoyment after circumcision, indicating that adult circumcision adversely affects sexual function in many men, possibly because of complications of the surgery and a loss of nerve endings."<ref name="kimpang2006"/>

Masood ''et al.'', in their study mentioned earlier of men circumcised for benign disease, found that 61% reported satisfaction with the results, while 17% felt it made things worse, and 22% expressed neutral sentiments. 44% of the patients (p = 0.04) and 38% of the partners (p = 0.02) thought the penis appearance improved after circumcision. The authors of the study concluded that the satisfaction rate was a 'poor outcome,' given the pre-procedure penile disease state and recommended discussing with prospective patients the results of this study during the informed consent process.<ref name=masood2005/>

Krieger ''et al.'' reported that in a controlled trial of circumcision to reduce HIV incidence in Kisumu, Kenya, in which 1,391 men elected to be circumcised, more than 99% were "satisfied" with their circumcisions.<ref name="krieger2008"/>

Kigozi ''et al.'' reported finding "no trend in satisfaction among circumcised men". The authors concluded that "[a]dult male circumcision does not adversely affect sexual satisfaction or clinically significant function in men".<ref name="kigozi2007"/>

Cortés-González ''et al.'' found no statistically significant differences in terms of overall sexual satisfaction (p=0.15), pain during intercourse (p=0.23), or enjoyment of intercourse (p=0.32).<ref name="cortes2009"/>

Frisch ''et al.'' reported that "Circumcision was associated with frequent orgasm difficulties in Danish men and with a range of frequent sexual difficulties in women, notably orgasm difficulties, dyspareunia and a sense of incomplete sexual needs fulfilment.<ref name = "Frisch2011"/>

Peterson reported that, after adult circumcision, 46.4% of men were "very satisfied", 50% were "satisfied" and 3.5% were "very dissatisfied".<ref name="peterson">{{cite journal |title=Elective, adult circumcision does not affect patient perception of sexual health as defined by the Male Sexual Health Questionnaire (MSHQ) |author=A C Peterson |journal=Journal of men's health |year=2010 |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=368&ndash;372 |doi=10.1016/j.jomh.2010.09.225}}</ref>

==Female preferences and response==
Cortés-González ''et al.'' (2008) studied 19 female partners of men scheduled for circumcision. They reported a significant reduction in vaginal lubrication following circumcision, from 78% to 63%, but found no statistically significant differences in "general sexual satisfaction, pain during vaginal penetration, desire, [or] vaginal orgasm".<ref>{{cite journal |author=Cortés-González JR, Arratia-Maqueo JA, Gómez-Guerra LS |title=[Does circumcision has an effect on female's perception of sexual satisfaction?] |language=Spanish; Castilian |journal=Rev. Invest. Clin. |volume=60 |issue=3 |pages=227–30 |year=2008 |pmid=18807735 |doi= |url=}}</ref>

Kigozi ''et al.'' (2009) reported on a prospective study of 455 female partners of men circumcised as part of a randomised trial. 39.8% reported improved sexual satisfaction following circumcision, 57.3% reported no change, and 2.9% reported reduced sexual satisfaction after their partners were circumcised.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kigozi G, Lukabwe I, Kagaayi J, ''et al.'' |title=Sexual satisfaction of women partners of circumcised men in a randomized trial of male circumcision in Rakai, Uganda |journal=BJU Int. |volume= 104|issue= 11|pages= 1698–701|year=2009 |month=June |pmid=19522862 |doi=10.1111/j.1464-410X.2009.08683.x |url=}}</ref>

Frisch ''et al.'' (2011) studied participants in a Danish national health survey, and found that male circumcision was associated "with a range of frequent sexual difficulties in women, notably orgasm difficulties, dyspareunia and a sense of incomplete sexual needs fulfilment."<ref name="Frisch2011" />

==Summary of research findings==

{| class="wikitable"
! scope="col" | Study
! scope="col" | Design
! scope="col" | Peer reviewed
! scope="col" | Sample size
! scope="col" | Finding
! scope="col" | Significant¹
|-
| colspan="7" style="bgcolor: #f2f2f2; font-weight: bold;" | Sexual drive
|-
! scope="row" | Kim and Pang (2006)<ref name = "kimpang2006"/>
| Prospective; adult circumcision patients
| Yes || 373 || No difference found || Not stated
|-
! scope="row" | Senol (2008)<ref name="senol2008">{{cite journal |author=Senol MG, Sen B, Karademir K, Sen H, Saraçoğlu M |title=The effect of male circumcision on pudendal evoked potentials and sexual satisfaction |journal=Acta Neurol Belg |volume=108 |issue=3 |pages=90–3 |year=2008 |month=September |pmid=19115671 |doi= |url=}}</ref>
| Prospective; adult circumcision patients
| Yes || 43 || No difference found || No; p = 0.11
|-
| colspan="7" style="bgcolor: #f2f2f2; font-weight: bold;" | Erectile function
|-
! scope="row" | Masood (2005)<ref name= "masood2005"/>
| Not stated; adult circumcision patients
| Yes || 88 || No difference found || No; p = 0.40
|-
! scope="row" | Richters (2006)<ref name= "richters2006"/>
| Telephone survey
| Yes || 10,173 || Better in circumcised males || Yes; p=0.022
|-
! scope="row" | Kim and Pang (2006)<ref name = "kimpang2006"/>
| Prospective; adult circumcision patients
| Yes || 373 || No difference found || Not stated
|-
! scope="row" | Senol (2008)<ref name="senol2008"/>
| Prospective; adult circumcision patients
| Yes || 43 || No difference found || No; p = 0.23
|-
| colspan="7" style="bgcolor: #f2f2f2; font-weight: bold;" | Ejaculation
|-
! scope="row" | Waldinger (2005)<ref name = "Waldinger2005"/>
| Multinational, stopwatch assessment
| Yes || 500 || No difference found || No
|-
! scope="row" | Richters (2006)<ref name= "richters2006"/>
| Telephone survey
| Yes || 10,173 || Circumcised men more likely to ejaculate prematurely || No; p = 0.11
|-
! scope="row" | Senol (2008)<ref name="senol2008"/>
| Prospective; adult circumcision patients
| Yes || 43 || No difference found in BMSFI<br>Greater time to ejaculate after circumcision|| No; p = 0.48<br>Yes; p = 0.001
|-
! scope="row" | Frisch (2011)<ref name = "Frisch2011"/>
| National health survey
| Yes || 2345<br>(2220 uc, 125 c) || Circumcised men more likely to report frequent orgasm difficulties || Yes; p < 0.05
|-
| colspan="7" style="bgcolor: #f2f2f2; font-weight: bold;" | Penile sensation
|-
! scope="row" | Masood (2005)<ref name= "masood2005"/>
| Not stated; adult circumcision patients
| Yes || 88 || Better after circumcision in 38%, worse in 18% || Yes; p = 0.01
|-
! scope="row" | Bleustein (2005)<ref name= "bleustein2005"/>
| Quantitative somatosensory testing
| Yes || 125<br>(63 c, 62 uc)² || No difference found when controlled for other variables || No
|-

! scope="row" | Yang (2008)<ref name = "yang2008">
{{Cite journal
| last = Yang
| first = DM
| authorlink =
| coauthors = Lin H, Zhang B, Guo W
| title = Circumcision affects glans penis vibration perception threshold
| journal = Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue
| volume = 14
| issue = 4
| pages = 328–330
| publisher = Nanjing Jun Qu Nanjing Zong Yi Yuan zhu ban, Zhonghua Nan Ke Xue Za Zhi Bian Ji Bu bian ji chu ban
| location = China
| date = April 2008
| pmid = 18481425 }}
</ref>
| Used biological vibration measurement instrument to determine sensitivity
| Yes || 169 (73 uc, 96 c) || Worse after circumcision || Yes; p < 0.05
|-
! scope="row" | Payne (2007)<ref name="payne2007"/>
| Sensory testing to determine sensitivity to touch and pain
| Yes || 40 (20 uc, 20 c) || No difference found || No
|-
| colspan="7" style="bgcolor: #f2f2f2; font-weight: bold;" | Overall satisfaction
|-
! scope="row" | Masood (2005)<ref name= "masood2005"/>
| Not stated; adult circumcision patients
| Yes || 88
| "Sixty-one percent were satisfied with the circumcision (p = 0.04) ... Fourteen patients (17%) were not satisfied with the circumcision, but only one patient in this group had any obvious post-operative complications (bleeding)."
| Not stated
|-
! scope="row" | Kim and Pang (2006)<ref name = "kimpang2006"/>
| Prospective; adult circumcision patients
| Yes || 373 || Better after circumcision in 6%, worse in 20% || Yes; p < 0.05
|-
! scope="row" | Kigozi (2007)<ref name = "kigozi2007"/>
| Randomised trial; adult circumcision patients
| Yes || 4456 || "no trend in satisfaction among circumcised men" || No; p = 0.8
|-
! scope="row" | Senol (2008)<ref name="senol2008"/>
| Prospective; adult circumcision patients
| Yes || 43 || No difference found || No; p = 0.07
|}

Notes:
# If stated, author's analysis is used. Otherwise, significance is considered to be p <= 0.05.
# c = circumcised; uc = uncircumcised.

==See also==
*[[Foreskin]]
*[[Erection]]
*[[Circumcision]]
*[[Ridged band]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Circumcision series}}

[[Category:Circumcision]]

Revision as of 17:55, 14 September 2012

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