Orange (fruit): Difference between revisions
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#REDIRECT [[Orange on wheels!!!!!!]] |
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{{Taxobox |
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| color = lightgreen |
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| name = Orange |
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| image = OrangeBloss_wb.jpg |
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| image_width = 240px |
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| image_caption = Orange flowers and oranges on tree |
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae |
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| divisio = [[flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] |
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| classis = [[dicotyledon|Magnoliopsida]] |
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| subclassis = [[Rosidae]] |
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| ordo = [[Sapindales]] |
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| familia = [[Rutaceae]] |
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| genus = ''[[Citrus]]'' |
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| species = ''C. sinensis'' |
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|- |
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}} |
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'''Orange'''—specifically, '''sweet orange'''—refers to the [[citrus]] tree ''Citrus sinensis'' and its [[fruit]]. The orange is a [[hybrid]] of ancient cultivated origin, possibly between [[pomelo]] (''Citrus maxima'') and [[tangerine]] (''Citrus reticulata''). It is a small [[tree]], growing to about 10 [[metres|m]] tall, with thorny shoots and [[evergreen]] [[leaf|leaves]] 4-10 [[centimetre|cm]] long. The word "orange" comes from [[Sanskrit]] "narang". Oranges originated in southeast [[Asia]], in either [[India]], [[Vietnam]] or southern [[China]]. The fruit of ''Citrus sinensis'' is called ''sweet orange'' to distinguish it from ''Citrus aurantium'', the [[bitter orange]]. |
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==Cultivation and uses== |
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Orange cultivation is a major business and an important part of the economies of the [[USA|US]] ([[Florida]] and [[California]]), most [[Mediterranean]] countries, [[Brazil]], [[Mexico]], [[Pakistan]], [[China]], [[India]], [[Iran]], [[Egypt]], [[Turkey]] and to a lesser extent [[Spain]], [[South Africa]], and [[Greece]]. |
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===Production=== |
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According to [http://faostat.fao.org/faostat/servlet/XteServlet3?Areas=%3E862&Items=490&Elements=51&Years=2004&Format=Table&Xaxis=Years&Yaxis=Countries&Aggregate=&Calculate=&Domain=SUA&ItemTypes=Production.Crops.Primary&language=EN FAOSTAT], production of oranges (tonnes) in [[2004]] was: |
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[[Image:Ambersweet oranges.jpg|thumb|right|'Ambersweet' oranges]] |
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# [[Brazil]] 18,256,500 |
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# [[USA]] 11,729,900 |
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# [[Mexico]] 3,969,810 |
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# [[India]] 3,100,000 |
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# [[Spain]] 2,883,400 |
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# [[Italy]] 2,064,099 |
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# [[China]] 1,977,575 |
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# [[Iran]] 1,900,000 |
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# [[Egypt]] 1,750,000 |
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# [[Turkey]] 1,280,000 |
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===Juice and other products=== |
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Oranges are widely grown in warm climates worldwide, and the flavors of orange vary from [[sweet]] to [[sour]]. The fruit is commonly peeled and eaten fresh, or squeezed for its juice. It has a thick bitter [[rind]] that is usually discarded, but can be processed into animal feed by removing [[water]] using [[pressure]] and [[heat]]. It is also used in certain recipes as flavoring or a [[garnish]]. The outer-most layer of the rind is grated or thinly veneered with a tool called a zester, to produce orange [[zest (ingredient)|zest]], popular in cooking because it has a flavor similar to the fleshy inner part of the orange. The white part of the rind, called the [[pericarp]] or pith, is a source of [[pectin]]. |
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[[Image:Oranges and orange juice.jpg|thumb|Oranges and orange juice]] |
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Products made from oranges include: |
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*[[Orange juice]], one of the commodities traded on the [[New York Board of Trade]]. Brazil is the largest producer of orange juice in the world, followed by Florida, USA. |
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*Sweet [[orange oil]], a [[by-product]] of the juice industry produced by pressing the peel. It is used as a [[flavoring]] of food and drink and for its [[fragrance]] in [[perfume]] and [[aromatherapy]]. Sweet orange oil consists of about 90% [[Limonene|d-Limonene]], a [[solvent]] used in various household chemicals, such as to condition [[wood]]en [[furniture]], and along with other citrus oils in [[grease]] removal and as a [[hand]]-cleansing agent. It is an efficient cleaning agent which is environmentally friendly, and much less toxic than [[petroleum]] distillates. It also smells much more pleasant than other cleaning agents. |
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*The orange [[blossom]], which is the [[List of U.S. state flowers|state flower]] of Florida, is traditionally associated with good fortune, and was popular in bridal bouquets and head wreaths for [[wedding]]s for some time. The [[petal]]s of orange blossom can also be made into a delicately citrus-scented version of [[rosewater]]. |
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*Orange blossom [[honey]], or actually citrus honey, is produced by putting [[beehives]] in the citrus groves during bloom, which also [[pollination|pollinates]] seeded citrus varieties. Orange blossom honey is highly prized, and tastes much like orange. |
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*[[Marmalade]], a conserve made usually with [[Seville orange]]s. All parts of the orange are used to make marmalade: The pith and pips are separated, and typically placed in a muslin where they are boiled in the juice (and sliced peel) to extract their pectin, aiding the setting process. |
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*Chocolate-covered orange peel is considered a delicacy to some people. |
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==The fruit== |
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[[Image:Blood_oranges.jpg|thumb|left|While still maintaining an orange peel, the [[blood orange]] has streaks of red in the fruit and a dark burgundy pulp.]] |
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All citrus trees are of the single genus ''Citrus'', and remain largely interbreedable; that is, there is only one "superspecies" which includes [[lemon]]s, [[lime (fruit)|lime]]s and oranges. Nevertheless, names have been given to the various members of the citrus family, oranges often being referred to as ''Citrus sinensis'' and ''[[bitter orange|Citrus aurantium]]''. All members of the genus ''Citrus'' are considered [[berry|berries]] because they have many [[seed]]s, are fleshy, soft and derive from a single [[ovary]]. |
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The Persian orange, grown widely in southern Europe after its introduction to Italy in the 11th c., was bitter. Sweet oranges were brought to Europe in the 15th c. from [[India]] by Portuguese traders, quickly displaced the bitter, and are now the most common variety of orange cultivated. The sweet orange will grow to different sizes and colors according to local conditions, most commonly with ten ''[[carpel]]s'', or segments, inside. |
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[[Portuguese]], [[Spain|Spanish]], [[Arab]], and [[Dutch]] sailors planted citrus trees along trade routes to prevent scurvy. On his second voyage in [[1493]], Christopher Columbus brought the seeds of oranges, lemons and citrons to [[Haiti]] and the Caribbean. They were introduced in Florida (along with lemons) in [[1513]] by Spanish explorer [[Juan Ponce de Leon]], and were introduced to [[Hawaii]] in [[1792]]. |
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[[Image:Navel_orange_sectioned.jpg|thumb|Sectioned navel orange. The underdeveloped twin is located on the bottom right.]]A single [[mutation]] in [[1820]] in an [[orchard]] of sweet oranges planted at a [[monastery]] in [[Brazil]] led to the '''navel orange''', also known as the Washington, Riverside or Bahia navel. A single cutting of the original was then transplanted to [[Riverside, California|Riverside]], [[California]] in [[1870]], creating a new market worldwide. The mutation causes a 'twin' fruit, with a smaller orange embedded in the outer fruit opposite the stem. From the outside, the smaller, undeveloped twin leaves a formation at the top of the fruit, looking similar to the human [[navel]]. Navel oranges are almost always seedless, and tend to be larger than other sweet oranges. They are produced without [[pollination]], through [[parthenocarpy]]. |
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The [[Valencia orange|Valencia]] or [[Murcia]] orange is one of the sweet oranges used for juice extraction. It is a late-season fruit, and therefore a popular variety when the navel oranges are out of season. For this reason and to be one of the venues of the [[1982 FIFA World Cup]] the orange was chosen to be the official [[mascot]] called "Naranjito" ("little orange") wearing the colours of the Spain soccer team uniform. |
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The '''[[blood orange]]''' has streaks of red in the fruit, and the juice is often a dark burgundy color. The '''[[mandarin orange]]''' is similar, but smaller and sweeter, and the '''scarlet navel''' is a variety with the same diploid mutation as the navel orange. |
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==Etymology== |
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{{main|Orange (word)}} |
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''Orange'' derives from [[Sanskrit]] ''{{unicode|nāraṅgaḥ}}'' "orange tree", but another explanation tries to establish a link to a Dravidian root “fragrant”. Compare Tamil narandam [நரந்தம்] “bitter orange”, nagarukam [நாகருகம்] “sweet orange” and nari [நாரி] “fragrance. The Sanskrit/dravidian word was borrowed into European languages through [[Persian language|Persian]] ''nārang'', [[Armenian language|Armenian]] ''nārinj'', [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''nāranj'', [[Spanish (language)|Spanish]] ''naranja'', [[Late Latin]] ''arangia'', [[Italian (language)|Italian]] ''arancia'' or ''arancio'', and [[Old French]] ''orenge'', in chronological order. The first appearance in English dates from the [[14th century]]. The forms starting with n- are older; this initial n- may have been mistaken as part of the indefinite article, in languages with articles ending with an -n sound (eg. in French ''une norenge'' may have been taken as ''une orenge''). The name of the colour is derived from the fruit, first appearing in this sense in [[1542]]. |
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Some languages, such as Modern Greek, have different words for the bitter (''nerantzi'') and the sweet (''portokali'', ie. "Portuguese") orange. |
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[[Category:Citrus]] |
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[[Category:Fruit]] |
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[[Category:Tropical agriculture]] |
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{{Link FA|am}} |
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[[am:ብርቱካን (ፍሬ)]] |
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[[be:Апельсін]] |
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[[ca:Taronja]] |
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[[cs:Pomeranč]] |
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[[cy:Oren]] |
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[[da:Appelsin]] |
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[[de:Orange (Frucht)]] |
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[[es:Naranja]] |
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[[fi:Appelsiini]] |
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[[fr:Orange]] |
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[[he:תפוז]] |
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[[hu:Narancs]] |
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[[id:Jeruk]] |
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[[it:Citrus sinensis]] |
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[[ja:オレンジ]] |
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[[lt:Apelsinas]] |
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[[nl:Sinaasappel]] |
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[[nn:Appelsin]] |
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[[no:Appelsin]] |
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[[pl:Pomarańcza]] |
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[[pt:Laranja]] |
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[[ru:Апельсин]] |
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[[simple:Orange]] |
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[[sl:pomaranča]] |
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[[sq:Portokalli]] |
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[[sr:Наранџа]] |
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[[sv:Apelsin]] |
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[[th:ส้ม (ผลไม้)]] |
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[[tr:Portakal]] |
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[[vi:Cam]] |
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[[zh:橙]] |
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Revision as of 19:38, 2 May 2006
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