Miguel Treviño Morales: Difference between revisions
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==Criminal career== |
==Criminal career== |
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Miguel Treviño was born on 18 November 1970 in [[Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas]] but grew up in a large family with six brothers and six sisters in [[Dallas, Texas]].<ref name=Ginger>{{cite news|last=Thompson|first=Ginger|title=A Drug Family in the Winner's Circle|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/13/us/drug-money-from-mexico-makes-its-way-to-the-racetrack.html?_r=3&pagewanted=1&partner=rss&emc=rss&src|accessdate=24 August 2012|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=15 June 2012|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6AAPN8CsL|archivedate=24 August 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Narcotics Rewards Program: Miguel Angel Trevino-Morales|url=http://www.state.gov/j/inl/narc/rewards/123683.htm|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|accessdate=24 August 2012|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6AAPT1av4|archivedate=24 August 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref> As a teenager, he began to work for Los Tejas, a gang that controlled most of his hometown's crimes.<ref name=uskillings/> He was arrested as a teenager in Dallas, where some of his family members now reside.<ref>{{cite news|last=Trahan|first=Jason|title=Dallas area included in massive sweep for people connected to agent’s slaying|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/news/community-news/dallas/headlines/20110224-dallas-area-included-in-massive-sweep-for-people-connected-to-agents-slaying.ece|accessdate=10 September 2012|newspaper=[[Dallas News]]|date=24 February 2011|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6Aa3Lhjbx|archivedate=10 September 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref> He was never in the military, but he was hired in the 1990s by [[Los Zetas]], the paramilitary wing of the [[Gulf Cartel]], for his experience moving contraband across the border.<ref name=Ginger/>{{sfn|Hernández|2010|p=95}} Around 2005, Treviño Morales became the regional boss of Nuevo Laredo and was given the responsibility to fight off the incursions of the [[Sinaloa Cartel]] that were attempting to take control of the smuggling routes in the area. While in power, he orchestrated a number of assassinations in the United States by hiring young American citizens across the border.<ref name=uskillings>{{cite news|title=Feared Mexican Zetas leader Z-40 now top target|url=http://www.themonitor.com/news/mexican-63261-mexico-target.html|accessdate=24 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Monitor (Texas)|The Monitor]]|date=24 August 2012|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6AAPaQWoQ|archivedate=24 August 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref> |
Miguel Treviño was born on 18 November 1970 in [[Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas]] but grew up in a large family with six brothers and six sisters in [[Dallas, Texas]].<ref name=Ginger>{{cite news|last=Thompson|first=Ginger|title=A Drug Family in the Winner's Circle|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2012/06/13/us/drug-money-from-mexico-makes-its-way-to-the-racetrack.html?_r=3&pagewanted=1&partner=rss&emc=rss&src|accessdate=24 August 2012|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=15 June 2012|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6AAPN8CsL|archivedate=24 August 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Narcotics Rewards Program: Miguel Angel Trevino-Morales|url=http://www.state.gov/j/inl/narc/rewards/123683.htm|publisher=[[United States Department of State]]|accessdate=24 August 2012|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6AAPT1av4|archivedate=24 August 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref> As a teenager, he began to work for Los Tejas, a gang that controlled most of his hometown's crimes.<ref name=uskillings/> He was arrested as a teenager in Dallas, where some of his family members now reside.<ref>{{cite news|last=Trahan|first=Jason|title=Dallas area included in massive sweep for people connected to agent’s slaying|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/news/community-news/dallas/headlines/20110224-dallas-area-included-in-massive-sweep-for-people-connected-to-agents-slaying.ece|accessdate=10 September 2012|newspaper=[[The Dallas Morning News]]|date=24 February 2011|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6Aa3Lhjbx|archivedate=10 September 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref> He was never in the military, but he was hired in the 1990s by [[Los Zetas]], the paramilitary wing of the [[Gulf Cartel]], for his experience moving contraband across the border.<ref name=Ginger/>{{sfn|Hernández|2010|p=95}} Around 2005, Treviño Morales became the regional boss of Nuevo Laredo and was given the responsibility to fight off the incursions of the [[Sinaloa Cartel]] that were attempting to take control of the smuggling routes in the area. While in power, he orchestrated a number of assassinations in the United States by hiring young American citizens across the border.<ref name=uskillings>{{cite news|title=Feared Mexican Zetas leader Z-40 now top target|url=http://www.themonitor.com/news/mexican-63261-mexico-target.html|accessdate=24 August 2012|newspaper=[[The Monitor (Texas)|The Monitor]]|date=24 August 2012|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6AAPaQWoQ|archivedate=24 August 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref> |
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With Treviño's help, Los Zetas have taken on sideline operations that go beyond narcotics trafficking: human smuggling, extortion, and gunrunning. In November 2007, the city of [[Laredo, Texas]] issued an arrest warrant for Treviño in connection with a 2006 double homicide in Texas,<ref>{{cite news|last=Buch|first=James|title=Laredo trial offers window into Zetas|url=http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/local_news/article/Laredo-trial-offers-window-into-Zetas-2534408.php|accessdate=24 August 2012|newspaper=[[San Antonio Express-News]]|date=15 January 2012|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6AASl31hr|archivedate=24 August 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref> and the U.S. Department of Justice also released an indictment against Treviño for conspiracy to manufacture and distribute cocaine into the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v. Miguel Treviño Morales|url=http://www.justice.gov/dea/pubs/pressrel/pr091708_GulfCartelIndictment.pdf|publisher=[[United States District Court for the District of Columbia]]|accessdate=24 August 2012|pages=5|date=13 March 2008|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6AARmrzQn|archivedate=24 August 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Indictment Photos|url=http://www.justice.gov/dea/pubs/pressrel/pr091708_photogallery.html|accessdate=24 August 2012|newspaper=[[Drug Enforcement Administration]]|date=17 September 2008|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6AARXtZq3|archivedate=24 August 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref> In 2008, Miguel Treviño and [[Heriberto Lazcano]], the two leaders of Los Zetas, forged an alliance with the [[Beltrán-Leyva Cartel|Beltrán Leyva brothers]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Longmire|first=Sylvia|title=The Double-Edged Sword Of A Mexican Drug Lord's Arrest|url=http://www.hstoday.us/briefings/correspondents-watch/single-article/the-double-edged-sword-of-a-mexican-drug-lord-s-arrest/ab079232eaf94e33cbb4222c0ee1eb54.html|accessdate=25 August 2012|newspaper=Homeland Security Today|date=15 September 2011|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6AAVyvgBu|archivedate=24 August 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Logan|first=Samuel|title=Violence on the US-Mexico border|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Security-Watch/Articles/Detail/?ots591=4888caa0-b3db-1461-98b9-e20e7b9c13d4&lng=en&id=51925|accessdate=25 August 2012|newspaper=[[International Relations and Security Network]]|date=28 January 2008|author2=McCarty, Casey|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6AAVbm7RT|archivedate=24 August 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref> Government sources said the organization, along with Beltran Leyva's, were fighting for control against 'La Federacion' (The Federation), an alliance of drug trafficking organizations led by [[Joaquín Guzmán Loera|Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán]] and by [[Ismael Zambada García]], former allies of Beltrán Leyva.<ref>{{cite news|title=Split between drug gangs unleashes wave of violence in Mexico|url=http://news.monstersandcritics.com/americas/news/article_1406265.php/Split_between_drug_gangs_unleashes_wave_of_violence_in_Mexico|accessdate=25 August 2012|newspaper=[[Monsters and Critics]]|date=19 May 2008|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6AAWBiPM7|archivedate=24 August 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref> |
With Treviño's help, Los Zetas have taken on sideline operations that go beyond narcotics trafficking: human smuggling, extortion, and gunrunning. In November 2007, the city of [[Laredo, Texas]] issued an arrest warrant for Treviño in connection with a 2006 double homicide in Texas,<ref>{{cite news|last=Buch|first=James|title=Laredo trial offers window into Zetas|url=http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/local_news/article/Laredo-trial-offers-window-into-Zetas-2534408.php|accessdate=24 August 2012|newspaper=[[San Antonio Express-News]]|date=15 January 2012|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6AASl31hr|archivedate=24 August 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref> and the U.S. Department of Justice also released an indictment against Treviño for conspiracy to manufacture and distribute cocaine into the United States.<ref>{{cite web|title=UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v. Miguel Treviño Morales|url=http://www.justice.gov/dea/pubs/pressrel/pr091708_GulfCartelIndictment.pdf|publisher=[[United States District Court for the District of Columbia]]|accessdate=24 August 2012|pages=5|date=13 March 2008|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6AARmrzQn|archivedate=24 August 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Indictment Photos|url=http://www.justice.gov/dea/pubs/pressrel/pr091708_photogallery.html|accessdate=24 August 2012|newspaper=[[Drug Enforcement Administration]]|date=17 September 2008|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6AARXtZq3|archivedate=24 August 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref> In 2008, Miguel Treviño and [[Heriberto Lazcano]], the two leaders of Los Zetas, forged an alliance with the [[Beltrán-Leyva Cartel|Beltrán Leyva brothers]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Longmire|first=Sylvia|title=The Double-Edged Sword Of A Mexican Drug Lord's Arrest|url=http://www.hstoday.us/briefings/correspondents-watch/single-article/the-double-edged-sword-of-a-mexican-drug-lord-s-arrest/ab079232eaf94e33cbb4222c0ee1eb54.html|accessdate=25 August 2012|newspaper=Homeland Security Today|date=15 September 2011|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6AAVyvgBu|archivedate=24 August 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Logan|first=Samuel|title=Violence on the US-Mexico border|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Security-Watch/Articles/Detail/?ots591=4888caa0-b3db-1461-98b9-e20e7b9c13d4&lng=en&id=51925|accessdate=25 August 2012|newspaper=[[International Relations and Security Network]]|date=28 January 2008|author2=McCarty, Casey|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6AAVbm7RT|archivedate=24 August 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref> Government sources said the organization, along with Beltran Leyva's, were fighting for control against 'La Federacion' (The Federation), an alliance of drug trafficking organizations led by [[Joaquín Guzmán Loera|Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán]] and by [[Ismael Zambada García]], former allies of Beltrán Leyva.<ref>{{cite news|title=Split between drug gangs unleashes wave of violence in Mexico|url=http://news.monstersandcritics.com/americas/news/article_1406265.php/Split_between_drug_gangs_unleashes_wave_of_violence_in_Mexico|accessdate=25 August 2012|newspaper=[[Monsters and Critics]]|date=19 May 2008|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6AAWBiPM7|archivedate=24 August 2012|deadurl=no}}</ref> |
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Revision as of 20:02, 5 October 2012
Miguel Ángel Treviño Morales | |
|---|---|
| File:Miguel-Trevino-Morales.jpg | |
| Born | November 18, 1970 |
| Other names | L-40 La Mona El Cuarenta (40, Z-40, Zeta 40) David Estrada-Corado Comandante Cuarenta |
| Employer | Los Zetas |
| Known for | Drug trafficking |
| Height | 5 ft 8 in (173 cm) |
| Opponent | Heriberto Lazcano |
| Relatives | Four members
|
| Notes | |
Template:Spanish name Miguel Ángel Treviño Morales (a.k.a. Z-40) is a Mexican drug lord and top leader of a criminal organization known as Los Zetas.[1] Unlike the original founders of Los Zetas, Treviño Morales has no military experience, and instead worked for a local gang as a teenager before being recruited in the 1990s. Nonetheless, he is known by his adversaries and law enforcement officials for his violent reputation and as a "brutal assassin" responsible for being behind much of the violence in Mexico.[1]
Treviño Morales is an important figure in the Zetas, who acted as regional boss of Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas and as the second-in-command of the organization.[2][3] Nonetheless, since early 2010, Treviño Morales began to have a bigger role in Los Zetas; by mid 2012, he eventually displaced Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano, the long-time leader, forcing both of their factions to fight against each other. Los Zetas are responsible for the smuggling of multi-ton quantities of cocaine, marijuana and heroin into the United States from Mexico annually.[4][5]
He is currently on Mexico's most-wanted list, with a $30 million pesos reward offered to information leading to his arrest. The United States Department of State is offering up to $5 million dollars for his arrest and conviction.
Criminal career
Miguel Treviño was born on 18 November 1970 in Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas but grew up in a large family with six brothers and six sisters in Dallas, Texas.[6][7] As a teenager, he began to work for Los Tejas, a gang that controlled most of his hometown's crimes.[8] He was arrested as a teenager in Dallas, where some of his family members now reside.[9] He was never in the military, but he was hired in the 1990s by Los Zetas, the paramilitary wing of the Gulf Cartel, for his experience moving contraband across the border.[6][10] Around 2005, Treviño Morales became the regional boss of Nuevo Laredo and was given the responsibility to fight off the incursions of the Sinaloa Cartel that were attempting to take control of the smuggling routes in the area. While in power, he orchestrated a number of assassinations in the United States by hiring young American citizens across the border.[8]
With Treviño's help, Los Zetas have taken on sideline operations that go beyond narcotics trafficking: human smuggling, extortion, and gunrunning. In November 2007, the city of Laredo, Texas issued an arrest warrant for Treviño in connection with a 2006 double homicide in Texas,[11] and the U.S. Department of Justice also released an indictment against Treviño for conspiracy to manufacture and distribute cocaine into the United States.[12][13] In 2008, Miguel Treviño and Heriberto Lazcano, the two leaders of Los Zetas, forged an alliance with the Beltrán Leyva brothers.[14][15] Government sources said the organization, along with Beltran Leyva's, were fighting for control against 'La Federacion' (The Federation), an alliance of drug trafficking organizations led by Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán and by Ismael Zambada García, former allies of Beltrán Leyva.[16]
Treviño Morales also acts as a cartel 'gate-keeper' and collects the 'piso' (tariff) at all drug plazas controlled by Los Zetas.[17] He is currently in charge of the highly lucrative Nuevo Laredo plaza, across the border from Laredo, Texas. He bribes and intimidates officials to help maintain control, and puts down challenges violently.[18] Treviño invokes such fear, very few local journalists dare to write about him.[19] Treviño Morales' violent and fearsome reputation is well-earned; when getting rid of his victims, Treviño Morales favors a torture method known as the "guiso" (cook-out), where people are stuffed into an oil barrel, doused with gasoline, and then set on fire alive.[20][21] His violent behavior helped him gain "the notoriety of a cult figure."[6] Reports say that he would escape unharmed from gun battles, avoid making any alliances with anyone, dismember his victims while they were still alive and dump them in dozens, and "seemed unafraid to die."[6] Reports from within the organization claim that Treviño Morales enjoyed driving around the city in a car and pointing at people randomly and saying, "kill this one and kill that one."[22] Under Treviño Morales' leadership, Los Zetas are considered by the DEA to be highly sophisticated, advanced, and the most dangerous criminal organization operating in Mexico and the hemisphere.[22][23]
Gulf-Zeta cartels split
In the late 1990s, Osiel Cárdenas Guillén, the former leader of the Gulf Cartel, began recruiting members of the Mexican Army to protect his territory, personnel, and drug trafficking operations. These original deserters, who were known as Los Zetas, came from the Special Forces squadron of the army, arguably the best trained branch of the Mexican military. Upon the arrest and extradition of Cárdenas Guillén in 2003 and 2007 respectively, Los Zetas strengthen its role in the Gulf cartel, but managed to retain its alliance. Nonetheless, that alliance lasted until early 2010, when disagreements reached a turning point. On 18 January 2010, several members of the Gulf cartel kidnapped Víctor Peña Mendoza, a leader of Los Zetas nicknamed Concord 3 and a close associate and friend of Treviño Morales, alias Z-40.[24] When he was held captive, Peña Mendoza was asked to switch alliances and join the Gulf cartel, but he refused, earning a beating and an execution, presumably carried out by Samuel Flores Borrego.[24]
Treviño Morales heard about the incident and issued an ultimatum to Flores Borrego and Jorge Eduardo Costilla Sánchez:
"Hand over the assassin of my friend, you son of a bitch ... You have until the 25th, if you don't comply, there will be war."[25]
Both of the Gulf cartel leaders ignored the command, and Treviño Morales did not wait to avenge the death of his friend.[25] On 30 January 2010, Treviño Morales kidnapped and slaughtered 16 Gulf cartel members in Reynosa, Tamaulipas, marking the start of the cartel war between the Gulf cartel and Los Zetas in the Mexican states of Tamaulipas, Nuevo León, and Veracruz that has left thousands of people killed.[25] Los Zetas used violent and intimidatory tactics to expand, emerging a notorious reputation as Mexico's most violent drug trafficking organization. Nonetheless, it managed to take control of most of the territories owned by the Gulf cartel when they had essentially served as a single organization.[26]
Los Zetas infighting
In a flurry of articles on late August 2012, a U.S. law enforcement official told the press that Treviño Morales, the former second-in-command of Los Zetas, had successfully taken the leadership of the cartel and displaced Heriberto Lazcano Lazcano, the long-time leader.[27][28] Due to his violent and confronting personality, Treviño Morales began to take over the assets of Los Zetas and removing Lazcano as the head since early 2010.
At the beginning, Lazcano was happy to have a man like Treviño Morales in his ranks, but he reportedly underestimated him and gave him too much power.[29] The active role of Treviño Morales got him the loyalty and respect of many in Los Zetas, and eventually many stopped paying to Lazcano.[20] Personality-wise, Treviño Morales and Lazcano are opposing figures; Treviño Morales tends to prefer violence, while Lazcano is a lot steadier, and prefers to keep his organization as a stable group. Lazcano reportedly wants Los Zetas to be less of a problem for the next political administration of Enrique Peña Nieto; in contrast, "[Treviño Morales] is someone who wants to fight the fight."[8] Los Zetas are inherently an unstable organized crime group with a long history of brutal violence, and with the possibility of more if the infighting continues and if they fight off without a central command.[8]
Family
Miguel Treviño Morales' brother José Treviño Morales was arrested on June 12, 2012 by a combined U.S. federal task force. He has been indicted as one of the money launderers for the Zetas through an Oklahoma-based American Quarter Horse racing operation.[6][30]
His other brother, Alejandro Treviño Morales, is a high-level leader in Los Zetas, and the United States government is offering up to $5 million dollars for information that leads to his arrest and conviction.[31] He is responsible for several murders and kidnappings carried out in Nuevo Laredo between 2005 and 2006.[32]
Miguel's older brother, Juan Francisco Treviño Morales, is currently imprisoned in the United States; his son and nephew of Miguel, Juan Francisco Treviño Chávez, alias El Quico, was arrested in Monterrey on 15 June 2012.[33]
Bounty
There is a bounty for Treviño in Mexico set at $30 million pesos ($2 million USD) and another one in U.S.A. set at $5 million USD.[34][35][36][34]
Treviño Morales is known by various aliases: L-40 (40, Z-40, Zeta 40), Comandante Cuarenta, El Cuarenta, David Estrada-Corado, and La Mona.[37][38]
See also
References
- ^ a b Castillo, E. Eduardo (24 August 2012). "Feared Mexican Zetas Leader Z-40 now top target". San Antonio Express-News. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Miguel Ángel Treviño Morales: Cops Hunting Down One Of Mexico's Most Ruthless Kingpins". America's Most Wanted. 26 March 2009. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Over 50 alleged Zetas members arrested in Mexico". Agence France-Presse. 13 August 2012. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Bunker 2006, p. 15.
- ^ "Weak bilateral law enforcement presence at the U.S.-Mexico border: territorial integrity and safety issues for American citizens". United States Government Printing Office. 17 November 2005. p. 58. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e Thompson, Ginger (15 June 2012). "A Drug Family in the Winner's Circle". New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Narcotics Rewards Program: Miguel Angel Trevino-Morales". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d "Feared Mexican Zetas leader Z-40 now top target". The Monitor. 24 August 2012. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Trahan, Jason (24 February 2011). "Dallas area included in massive sweep for people connected to agent's slaying". The Dallas Morning News. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Hernández 2010, p. 95.
- ^ Buch, James (15 January 2012). "Laredo trial offers window into Zetas". San Antonio Express-News. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "UNITED STATES OF AMERICA v. Miguel Treviño Morales". United States District Court for the District of Columbia. 13 March 2008. p. 5. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Indictment Photos". Drug Enforcement Administration. 17 September 2008. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Longmire, Sylvia (15 September 2011). "The Double-Edged Sword Of A Mexican Drug Lord's Arrest". Homeland Security Today. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Logan, Samuel; McCarty, Casey (28 January 2008). "Violence on the US-Mexico border". International Relations and Security Network. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Split between drug gangs unleashes wave of violence in Mexico". Monsters and Critics. 19 May 2008. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Starr, Penny (13 April 2009). "DEA Names Eleven 'Most Wanted' Mexican Fugitives Sought by U.S." CNS News. Archived from the original on 23 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Castillo, M. (18 August 2007). "Drug lord invokes such fear, people won't even utter his name". San Antonio Express-News.
{{cite news}}:|access-date=requires|url=(help) - ^ Lacey, Marc (12 June 2009). "In Mexican City, Drug War Ills Slip Into Shadows". New York Times. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Stevenson, Mark (24 August 2012). "Miguel Angel Trevino, Mexico Assassin, Rises In Zetas Cartel". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
{{cite news}}: Check|archiveurl=value (help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Oklahoma, New Mexico horse-racing tracks linked to Mexican drug cartel, Feds say". Fox News. 13 June 2012. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Robinson 2011, p. 284.
- ^ "Leadership split put even more brutal boss at top of Mexico's feared, violent Zetas cartel". The Washington Post. 24 August 2012. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b Grayson 2012, p. 197.
- ^ a b c Grayson 2012, p. 198.
- ^ Corcoran, Patrick (14 February 2012). "Gulf Cartel Boss Exploits Turmoil in Northeast Mexico". InSight Crime. Archived from the original on 9 August 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Castillo, E. Eduardo (24 August 2012). "Even more brutal leader takes over Mexico's Zetas". El Paso Times. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Pachico, Elyssa; Dudley, Steven (24 August 2012). "Why a Zetas Split is Inevitable". InSight Crime. Archived from the original on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Castillo, E. Eduardo; Stevenson, Mark (24 August 2012). "Even more brutal leader takes over Mexico's Zetas". Bloomberg Businessweek. p. 2. Archived from the original on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 21 September 2012.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "The Case Against José Treviño". New York Times. 12 June 2012. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "DEA Fugitive: TREVINO-MORALES, ALEJANDRO". Drug Enforcement Administration. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Narcotics Rewards Program: Alejandro Trevino-Morales". United States Department of State. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Template:Es icon Garza, Aracely (15 June 2012). "Nuevo golpe al Z-40, detienen a sobrino El Quico en Monterrey". Excélsior. Archived from the original on 10 September 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2012.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ a b "DEA Fugitive: TREVINO-MORALES, MIGUEL". Drug Enforcement Administration. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Castillo, E. Eduardo (24 August 2012). "Even more brutal leader takes over Mexico's Zetas". Salon. Archived from the original on 25 August 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Castillo, E. Eduardo (24 August 2012). "Even more brutal leader takes over Mexico's Zetas". El Paso Times. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Alleged Mexican Cartel Leaders, Associates Targeted in Newest Effort to Combat Drug Trafficking Organizations". United States Department of Justice. 20 July 2009. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 11 March 2012.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Template:Es icon "PGR ofrece recompensas por información de líderes del narco". El Economista. 23 March 2009. Archived from the original on 24 August 2012. Retrieved 15 June 2012.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help)
Bibliography
- Hernández, Anabel (2010). Los señores del narco. Random House. ISBN 607310104X.
{{cite book}}: External link in|title=|ref=harv(help) - Bunker, R.J. (2006). Networks, Terrorism and Global Insurgency. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0415385946.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Grayson, George (2012). The Executioner's Men: Los Zetas, Rogue Soldiers, Criminal Entrepreneurs, and the Shadow State They Created. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 9781412846172.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Robinson, Jeffrey (2011). The Takedown: A Suburban Mom, A Coal Miner's Son, and The Unlikely Demise of Colombia's Brutal Norte Valle Cartel. Macmillan Publishers. ISBN 0312612389.
{{cite book}}: External link in|title=|ref=harv(help)