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The spinner on automobile wheels historically refers to knock-off hubs or center caps. They may be the actual, or intended to simulate, the design used on antique vehicles or vintage sports cars. A "spinner wheel" in contemporary usege is a type of hubcap or inner wheel ornament, that spins independently inside of a wheel itself when the vehicle is in motion, and continues to spin once the vehicle has come to a stop.

Original use

The spinner cap was introduced into the commercial vehicle and passenger automobile market in the 1930s.^[1] The spinner or "knock-off" was designed to keep the wheel on the automobile. They were screwed on and "knocked on tightly" using hammers and tools, hence the name "knock-offs". The driver's side wheel knock-off spinner of the auto's wheels were screwed on in a counter clockwise and the passenger side was screwed on in a clockwise so they would stay tightened as the auto was in forward motion. They were used until the development of the lug nut method attaching the wheel.

During the 1950s automobile manufacturers offered simulated wire wheel covers for a look of luxury that featured criss-crossing spokes designed to look like the real wire wheels that were used on vehicles in the 1920s and 1930s.^[2] These "spinner-wheel covers" were available on standard as well as featured on custom cars, and lowriders quickly adapted them for their own vehicles.^[3]

During the early-1960s, the simulated wire wheel covers returned, but with new look designed to emphasize sportiness with their radiating spokes and center "spinner caps."^[2]^[4] These classic center spinner caps feature a rigidly mounted propeller-like center element, usually with two or three projecting "blades."^[5] They were intended to simulate the knock-off hubs that were used on vintage racing vehicles and classic sports cars where a hammer or special wrench was used on the spinner to release or tighten the wheel to the hub.^[6]

These spinner hubcaps were most often an optional appearance upgrade to the standard equipment hubcaps or full wheel covers that attached to stamped steel wheels.^[7]

In the late 1960s, U.S. Federal safety standards banned the use of protruding bar spinners on automobiles.^[1]

Music

The spinner-type automobile hubcaps were the inspiration for a Detroit-area R&B/soul group, The Domingoes, to rename themselves The Spinners in the late 1950s.^[8]

In 1960, Pat Davis recorded the song "Spinner Hub Caps".^[9]

Other uses

The mid-1950s Dodge four-bladed “spinner” wheel covers became an icons for the era and also became a item popular to owners to customize their cars.^[10]^[11]

Spinners were add on accessory marketed during the 1950s to decorate regular wheel covers for a custom look.^[12] Center spinner hubcaps were also available as original equipment from automakers.^[13]

Custom wheels for lowriders also used naked ladies on wheel covers and these were the first to feature a floating or spinner-type wheel device. A bracket was used to mount to the spindle so while the lady stood still the wheel spun around.^[14] Similarly, the Rolls-Royce Phantom has anti-spinners — the "RR" logo in the center of the hub is mounted on a spinner with an offset weight designed to ensure that the logo is always the right way up when the car is parked.

The hubometers used on large trucks, buses, and trailers that appear to be stationary while the wheel is turning to accurately measure the actual distance covered. They are actually enclosed and float in a liquid with anti-freeze as to be functional in severe low temperatures without freezing.

Modern concept

The modern spinner device is an attachment to the wheel of an automobile. Spinners are allowed to spin by using one or more roller bearings to isolate the spinner from the wheel, enabling it to turn while the wheel is at rest. *Please describe the correct 'means' of how the free-spinning spinner mechanical workings actually 'function' as your assumed analogy of "what little friction is produced makes the spinner spin" is completely inaccurate. If you can not, please only describe the 'function' as it is now corrected. The inventor does possess the rights to have his invention "accurately" described. Thank you.

Spinners were popularized by the 2003 Three 6 Mafia single "Ridin' Spinners" featuring Lil' Flip. Other songs by followed by numerous artists. Music videos also featured the use of spinners. Spinners have been shown in television shows such as "MTV Cribs," ESPN's "The Life," and "NBA Inside Stuff." Spinners were popular within the hip-hop community of the United States and are gradually fading out of vogue in popular culture.

References

^ ^a ^b Browne, Ray B.; Browne, Pat, eds. (2001). The guide to United States popular culture. Bowling Green State University Popular Press. p. 416. ISBN 9780879728212. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
^ ^a ^b Connor, Sean (22 January 2012). "A look back at simulated wire wheel covers. Part 2: the 1960s". Newark Classic Cars Examiner. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)
^ Tatum, Charles M. (2011). Lowriders in Chicano Culture: From Low to Slow to Show:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 199–200. ISBN 9780313381492. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
^ Gunnell, John (2006). Standard Catalog of American Muscle Cars 1960-1972. Krause Publications. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-89689-433-4. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
^ Corcoran, Tom (1994). Mustang 1964½–1968. MBI Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-87938-630-6. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
^ Clausager, Anders Ditlev (2003). Original MGA. MBI Publishing. p. 84. ISBN 9780760314500. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
^ Cheetham, Craig (2007). Ultimate Muscle Cars. MBI Publishing. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-7603-2834-7. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
^ Marshall, Tim. "The 'One of a Kind' Sound of The Spinners". R&B Showcase News (7). Retrieved 9 October 2012.
^ Pat Davis "Spinner Hub Caps" 1960
^ Gunnell, John (2004). Standard guide to 1950s American cars. Krause Publications. ISBN 978-0-87349-868-5. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
^ Kustom Kemps of America: Commemorative Book. Turner Publishing. 2003. ISBN 9781563119378. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
^ Crow, Deette (2004). Rod & Custom in the 1950s. Motorbooks International. p. 209. ISBN 9780760316306. Retrieved 9 October 2012.
^ Kunz, Phil (2003). Chrysler Muscle: Detroit's Mightiest Machines. Krause Publications. p. 22. ISBN 9780873496339. Retrieved 9 October 2012. {{cite book}}: |first= missing |last= (help); Unknown parameter |las= ignored (help)
^ Perea, Sammy J. (2009). "History of the Wheel: A loose look at the wheels and tires that lowriders have loved to roll on". Lowrider. Retrieved 9 October 2012. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

[browne-1] Browne, Ray B.; Browne, Pat, eds. (2001). The guide to United States popular culture. Bowling Green State University Popular Press. p. 416. ISBN 9780879728212. Retrieved 9 October 2012.

[connor-2] Connor, Sean (22 January 2012). "A look back at simulated wire wheel covers. Part 2: the 1960s". Newark Classic Cars Examiner. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |url= (help)

[3] Tatum, Charles M. (2011). Lowriders in Chicano Culture: From Low to Slow to Show:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 199–200. ISBN 9780313381492. Retrieved 9 October 2012.

[4] Gunnell, John (2006). Standard Catalog of American Muscle Cars 1960-1972. Krause Publications. p. 10. ISBN 978-0-89689-433-4. Retrieved 9 October 2012.

[5] Corcoran, Tom (1994). Mustang 1964½–1968. MBI Publishing. p. 27. ISBN 978-0-87938-630-6. Retrieved 9 October 2012.

[6] Clausager, Anders Ditlev (2003). Original MGA. MBI Publishing. p. 84. ISBN 9780760314500. Retrieved 9 October 2012.

[7] Cheetham, Craig (2007). Ultimate Muscle Cars. MBI Publishing. p. 74. ISBN 978-0-7603-2834-7. Retrieved 9 October 2012.

[8] Marshall, Tim. "The 'One of a Kind' Sound of The Spinners". R&B Showcase News (7). Retrieved 9 October 2012.

[9] Pat Davis "Spinner Hub Caps" 1960

[10] Gunnell, John (2004). Standard guide to 1950s American cars. Krause Publications. ISBN 978-0-87349-868-5. Retrieved 9 October 2012.

[11] Kustom Kemps of America: Commemorative Book. Turner Publishing. 2003. ISBN 9781563119378. Retrieved 9 October 2012.

[12] Crow, Deette (2004). Rod & Custom in the 1950s. Motorbooks International. p. 209. ISBN 9780760316306. Retrieved 9 October 2012.

[13] Kunz, Phil (2003). Chrysler Muscle: Detroit's Mightiest Machines. Krause Publications. p. 22. ISBN 9780873496339. Retrieved 9 October 2012. {{cite book}}: |first= missing |last= (help); Unknown parameter |las= ignored (help)

[14] Perea, Sammy J. (2009). "History of the Wheel: A loose look at the wheels and tires that lowriders have loved to roll on". Lowrider. Retrieved 9 October 2012. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)

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 ==Modern concept ==
 [[File:Spinner rim.jpg|thumb|Spinner wheel]]
-The modern spinner device is an attachment to the wheel of an automobile. Spinners operate by using one or more [[roller bearing]]s to isolate the spinner from the [[wheel]], allowing it to turn while the wheel is at rest. The spinner's own momentum helps it overcome what little [[friction]] is transmitted through the bearing. When the car is in motion, the small amount of friction transmitted through the bearing sets the spinner in motion.
+The modern spinner device is an attachment to the wheel of an automobile. Spinners are allowed to spin by using one or more [[roller bearing]]s to isolate the spinner from the [[wheel]], enabling it to turn while the wheel is at rest. *Please describe the correct 'means' of how the free-spinning spinner mechanical workings actually 'function' as your assumed analogy of "what little friction is produced makes the spinner spin" is completely inaccurate. If you can not, please only describe the 'function' as it is now corrected. The inventor does possess the rights to have his invention "accurately" described. Thank you.
 Spinners were popularized by the 2003 [[Three 6 Mafia]] single "[[Ridin' Spinners]]" featuring [[Lil' Flip]]. Other songs by followed by numerous artists. Music videos also featured the use of spinners. Spinners have been shown in television shows such as "[[MTV Cribs]]," [[ESPN]]'s "[[The Life (ESPN TV series)|The Life]]," and "[[NBA Inside Stuff]]." Spinners were popular within the [[Hip hop music|hip-hop]] community of the [[United States]] and are gradually fading out of vogue in popular culture.