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{{For|the 19th century politician|Henry Frick (politician)}} |
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{{Refimprove|date=April 2008}} |
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{{infobox person |
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| name = Henry Clay Frick |
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| image = Henry Clay Frick.jpg |
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| caption = Henry Clay Frick |
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| birth_name = |
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| birth_date = {{birth date|1849|12|19}} |
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| birth_place = [[West Overton, Pennsylvania]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[United States|U.S.]] |
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| death_date = {{death date and age|1919|12|02|1849|12|19}} |
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| death_place = [[New York City]], [[New York]], [[United States|U.S.]] |
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| death_cause = Heart attack |
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| resting_place = [[Homewood Cemetery]] |
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| resting_place_coordinates = |
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| residence = |
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| nationality = Australia |
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| other_names = |
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| known_for = strikebreaking, art collector, [[Johnstown Flood]] |
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| education = [[Otterbein University]] (did not graduate) |
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| employer = |
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| occupation = |
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| title = |
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| religion = |
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| spouse = Adelaide Childs Frick |
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| children = Childs Frick, Helen Clay Frick |
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| parents = BALLS |
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| relatives = Abraham Overholt |
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| signature = CAB 1918 Frick Henry Clay signature.png |
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| website = |
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| footnotes = |
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}} |
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'''Henry Clay Frick''' (December 19, 1849 – December 2, 1919) was an [[United States|American]] [[Robber baron (industrialist)|industrialist]], [[financier]], and [[Patronage#Arts|art patron]]. He founded the H. C. Frick & Company [[Coke (fuel)|coke]] manufacturing company, was chairman of the [[Carnegie Steel Company]], and played a major role in the formation of the giant [[U.S. Steel]] [[steel]] manufacturing concern. Frick sold the land to Clayton Mark that became Marktown, one of two planned worker communities in the Chicagoland area.<ref>Smith, S. & Mark, S. (2011). Marktown: Clayton Mark's Planned Worker Community in Northwest Indiana. South Shore Journal, 4. http://www.southshorejournal.org/index.php/issues/volume-4-2011/82-marktown-clayton-marks-planned-worker-community-in-northwest-indiana</ref> He also financed the construction of the [[Pennsylvania Railroad]] and the [[Reading Company]], and owned extensive real estate holdings in [[Pittsburgh]] and throughout the state of [[Pennsylvania]]. He later built the historic [[Neoclassical architecture|neoclassical]] [[Henry Clay Frick House|Frick Mansion]] (now a landmark building in [[Manhattan]]) and at his death donated his extensive collection of [[old master]] paintings and fine furniture to create the celebrated [[Frick Collection]] and art museum. Once known by his critics as “the most hated man in America,”<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/29/arts/design/29fric.html Smith, "Change Arrives on Tiptoes at the Frick Mansion," ''New York Times,'' August 28, 2008.]</ref> — ''[[Portfolio.com]]'' named Frick one of the "Worst American CEOs of All Time"<ref>[http://www.cnbc.com/id/30502091?slide=11 "Portfolio's Worst American CEOs of All Time." CNBC.com April 30, 2009.]</ref><ref name="Perkins">Perkins, 2009, p. 75.</ref>— he has long been vilified by the public and historians for his ruthlessness and lack of morality in business.<ref name="Perkins" /> |
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==Early years== |
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Frick was born in [[West Overton, Pennsylvania|West Overton]], [[Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania|Westmoreland County]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[United States|U.S.]], a grandson of Abraham Overholt, the owner of the prosperous Overholt Whiskey distillery (see [[Old Overholt]]). Frick's father, [[John W. Frick]], was unsuccessful in business pursuits. Henry Clay Frick attended [[Otterbein College]] for one year, but did not graduate.<ref name="Founded">[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9E06E3D6153BEE32A25750C0A9649D946896D6CF "Founded His Fortune in the Panic of 1873," ''New York Times,'' December 3, 1919.]</ref> In 1871, at 21 years old, Frick joined two cousins and a friend in a small partnership, using a [[beehive oven]] to turn [[coal]] into [[coke (fuel)|coke]] for use in steel manufacturing, and vowed to be a millionaire by the age of thirty. The company was called Frick Coke Company.<ref name="emma" /> |
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Thanks to loans from the family of lifelong friend [[Andrew W. Mellon]], by 1880, Frick bought out the partnership. The company was renamed H. C. Frick & Company, employed 1,000 workers and controlled 80 percent of the coal output in Pennsylvania.<ref name="emma" /> |
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==H. C. Frick and Andrew Carnegie== |
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Shortly after marrying his wife, Adelaide, in 1881, Frick met [[Andrew Carnegie]] in [[New York City]] while the Fricks were on their honeymoon. This meeting resulted in a partnership between H. C. Frick & Company and [[Carnegie Steel Company]], and was the predecessor to [[United States Steel]]. This partnership ensured that Carnegie's [[steel mill]]s had adequate supplies of [[Coke (fuel)|coke]]. Frick became chairman of the company. Carnegie made multiple attempts to force Frick out of the company they had created by making it appear that the company had nowhere left to go and that it was time for Frick to retire. Despite the contributions Frick had made towards Andrew Carnegie's fortune, Carnegie disregarded him in many executive decisions including finances.<ref>http://www.netstate.com/states/peop/people/pa_hcf.htm</ref> |
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==The Johnstown Flood== |
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At the suggestion of his friend Benjamin Ruff, Frick helped to found the exclusive [[South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club]] high above Johnstown, Pennsylvania. The charter members of the South Fork Fishing and Hunting Club were Benjamin Ruff; T. H. Sweat, Charles J. Clarke, Thomas Clark, Walter F. Fundenberg, Howard Hartley, Henry C. Yeager, J. B. White, Henry Clay Frick, E. A. Meyers, C. C. Hussey, D. R. Ewer, C. A. Carpenter, W. L. Dunn, W. L. McClintock, and A. V. Holmes. |
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The sixty-odd club members were the leading business tycoons of Western Pennsylvania, and included among their number Frick’s best friend, [[Andrew Mellon]], his attorneys [[Philander Knox]] and [[James Hay Reed]], as well as Frick's occasional business partner [[Andrew Carnegie]]. The club members made inadequate repairs to what was at that time the world's largest earthen [[dam]], behind which formed a private lake called [[Lake Conemaugh]]. Less than {{convert|20|mi|km}} downstream from the dam sat the city Johnstown. Cambria Iron Company operated a large iron and steel work in Johnstown and its owner, Daniel J. Morrell, had cyvhyfygubtgtggughtfyguvyvtfyhvyvs about the safety and thoroughness of the repairs to the dam. Morrell had even sent his own engineer to inspect the site but little was done in the long run to satisfy his concerns and the matter was largely dropped after Morrells death in the mid-1880s. |
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Poor maintenance, unusually high snowmelt and heavy spring rains combined to cause the dam to give way on May 31, 1889, resulting in the [[Johnstown Flood]]. When word of the dam's failure was telegraphed to [[Pittsburgh]], Frick and other members of the club gathered to form the Pittsburgh Relief Committee for assistance to the flood victims, as well as determining never to speak publicly about the club or the flood. This strategy was a success, and Knox and Reed were able to fend off all lawsuits that would have placed blame upon the club’s members. Although Cambria Iron's facilities were heavily damaged, they returned to full production within a year and a half. |
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==Homestead strike== |
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Frick and Carnegie's partnership was strained over actions taken in response to the [[Homestead Steel Strike]], an 1892 [[labor strike]] at the Homestead Works of the Carnegie Steel Company, called by the Amalgamated Iron and Steel Workers Union.<ref name="emma" /> At Homestead, striking workers, some of whom were armed, had locked the company staff out of the factory and surrounded it with pickets. Frick was known for his anti-union policy and as negotiations were still taking place, he ordered the construction of a solid board fence topped with barbed wire around mill property. The workers dubbed the newly fortified mill "Fort Frick." With the mill ringed by striking workers, [[Pinkerton National Detective Agency|Pinkerton]] agents planned to access the plant grounds from the river. Three hundred Pinkerton detectives<ref name="emma" /> assembled on the Davis Island Dam on the Ohio River about five miles (8 km) below Pittsburgh at 10:30 p.m. on the night of July 5, 1892. They were given Winchester rifles, placed on two specially-equipped barges and towed upriver with the object of removing the workers by force. Upon their landing, a large mêlée between workers and Pinkerton detectives ensued. Several men were killed, nine workers among them,<ref name="emma" /> and the riot was ultimately quelled only by the intervention of 8,000 armed state militia. Among working-class Americans, Frick's actions against the strikers were condemned as excessive, and he soon became a target of even more union organizers. Because of this strike, some people{{who|date=April 2011}} think he is depicted as the [[Dives and Lazarus|"rich man"]] in [[Maxo Vanka]]'s murals in [[St. Nicholas Croatian Church]], but the Society to Preserve the Millvale Murals of Maxo Vanka (which works to preserve the artwork) says it depicts [[Andrew Mellon]].<ref>[http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08196/896877-51.stm Petrucelli, Alan W. "A Fresh Look: Viewing Vanka Murals a Religious Experience." ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.'' July 14, 2008.]</ref> |
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==Assassination attempt== |
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Inspired by his lover and lifelong friend, [[Emma Goldman]],<ref>Hamilton, 2002, p. 151; Falk, Pateman, and Moran, 2003, p. 6.</ref> the [[anarchist]] [[Alexander Berkman]] plotted to murder Frick in revenge for the nine steelworkers killed when they were attacked by the [[Pinkerton National Detective Agency|Pinkerton detectives]] hired by Frick to disperse the locked-out workers and allow in [[strikebreaker]]s. On July 23, 1892,<ref name="emma">{{cite web | url = http://sunsite3.berkeley.edu/goldman/Samples/sample_bios.html#aberkman | title = Sample short biographies from: Emma Goldman: A documentary history of the american years, 1890–1901 | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | date = April 2003 | accessdate = 2008-06-03 }}</ref> Berkman, armed with a revolver and a sharpened steel file, entered Frick's office in downtown [[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania|Pittsburgh]]. |
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[[File:Berkman with Frick (1892).jpg|left|thumb|Berkman's attempt to assassinate Frick, as illustrated by W. P. Snyder in 1892, originally published in ''[[Harper's Weekly]]''.]] |
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Frick, realizing what was happening, attempted to rise from his chair while Berkman pulled a revolver and fired at nearly point-blank range. The bullet hit Frick in the left earlobe, penetrated his neck near the base of the skull, and lodged in his back. The impact knocked Frick down, and Berkman fired again, again striking Frick in the neck and causing him to bleed extensively. Carnegie Steel vice president (later, president) [[John George Alexander Leishman]], who was with Frick, was then able to grab Berkman’s arm and prevented a third shot, saving Frick's life. |
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Frick was seriously wounded, but rose and (with the assistance of Leishman) tackled his assailant.<ref>Keve, 1991, p. 138; Markel, 1997, p. 86; Krause, 1992, p. 354.</ref> All three men crashed to the floor, where Berkman managed to stab Frick four times in the leg with the pointed steel file before finally being subdued by other employees, who had rushed into the office. |
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Frick was back at work in a week; Berkman was charged and found guilty of attempted murder. Berkman's actions in planning the assassination clearly indicated a premeditated intent to kill, and he was sentenced to 22 years in prison.<ref name="emma" /> He eventually served a total of fourteen years, and under pressure from supporters in the labor movement, including the forming of The Berkman Defense Association,<ref name="emma" /> was [[pardoned]] in 1906. |
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Negative publicity from the attempted assassination resulted in the collapse of the strike.<ref>Krause, 1992, p. 355.</ref> Approximately 2,500 men lost their jobs, and most of the workers who stayed had their wages halved.<ref>Krause, 1992, p. 361.</ref> |
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==Private life== |
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[[Image:FrickMansionClayton.jpg|thumb|right|The Frick Mansion "Clayton" in Pittsburgh, PA.]] |
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Frick married Adelaide Howard Childs of Pittsburgh on December 15, 1881. They had four children: [[Childs Frick]] (born March 12, 1883), Martha Howard Frick (born August 9, 1885), [[Helen Clay Frick]] (born September 3, 1888) and Henry Clay Frick, Jr. (born July 8, 1892). In 1882, after the formation of the partnership with Andrew Carnegie, Frick and his wife bought [[Frick Art & Historical Center|Clayton]], an estate in Pittsburgh. They moved into the estate in 1883. The Frick children were born in Pittsburgh and were raised at Clayton. Two of them, Henry, Jr. and Martha, died in infancy or childhood.<ref>Skrabec, 2010, p. 16.</ref> |
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[[Image:Eagle Rock, Prides Crossing, MA.jpg|thumb|right|Eagle Rock in 1913]] |
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In 1904, he built Eagle Rock, a summer estate at [[Prides Crossing, Beverly, Massachusetts|Prides Crossing]] in [[Beverly, Massachusetts]] on [[Boston]]'s fashionable [[North Shore (Boston)|North Shore]]. The 104-room mansion designed by Little & Browne would be razed in 1969. |
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Frick was a fervent art collector whose wealth allowed him to accumulate a large collection. By 1905, Henry Clay Frick's business, social, and artistic interests had shifted from Pittsburgh to [[New York City|New York]]. He took his art collection with him to New York, and served on many corporate boards, which brought him considerable opportunity to continue his lifelong business interests. |
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For example, as a board member of the Equitable Life Insurance Company, Frick attempted the removal of [[James Hazen Hyde]] (the founder's only son and heir) from the United States to France by seeking an appointment for him to become [[United States Ambassador to France]]. Frick had engaged a similar stratagem when orchestrating the ouster of the man who had saved his life, [[John George Alexander Leishman]], from the presidency of [[Carnegie Steel]] a decade beforehand. In that instance, Leishman had chosen to accept the post as ambassador to Switzerland. Hyde, however, rebuffed Frick's plan. He did, however, move to France, where he served as an ambulance driver during World War I and lived until the outbreak of World War II. (Coincidentally, while in France, Hyde married Leishman's eldest daughter Marthe.) |
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In 1910, Frick purchased property at Fifth Avenue and 70th Street to construct a mansion, now known as The [[Frick Collection]]. Built to a massive size and covering a full city block, Frick told friends he was building it to "make Carnegie's place look like a miner's shack."<ref>Standiford, 2005, p. 327.</ref> In 1914, Frick built the [[William Penn Hotel]] in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. |
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To this day, the Frick Collection is home to one of the finest collections of European paintings in the United States. It contains many works of art dating from the pre-Renaissance up to the post-Impressionist eras, but in no logical or chronological order. It includes several very large paintings by [[J. M. W. Turner]] and [[John Constable]]. In addition to paintings, it also contains an exhibition of carpets, porcelain, sculptures, and period furniture. Frick continued to live at both his New York mansion and at Clayton until his death. |
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==Death== |
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Henry Clay Frick died of a heart attack on December 2, 1919, weeks before his 70th birthday.<ref>[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9E0CE4D6153BEE32A25750C0A9649D946896D6CF "Henry C. Frick Dies," ''New York Times,'' December 3, 1919.]</ref> He was buried in Pittsburgh's [[Homewood Cemetery]]. That evening, [[Emma Goldman]] and [[Alexander Berkman]] were attending a farewell banquet in Chicago, their last whirlwind tour before being expelled from the country by federal authorities. At a dinner given in honor of the anarchist movement, a reporter approached Alexander Berkman with news of Frick's death and asked him what he had to say about the man. Referring to his own impending deportation from the U.S., Berkman replied that Frick had been "deported by God. I'm glad he left the country before me." |
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==Legacy== |
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[[Image:FrickParkGate.jpg|thumb|right|170px|[[Frick Park]] gate in the [[Point Breeze (Pittsburgh)|Point Breeze]] neighborhood of Pittsburgh, PA.]] |
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Frick left a will in which he bequeathed {{convert|150|acre|km2}} of undeveloped land to the City of Pittsburgh for use as a public park, together with a $2 million trust fund to assist with the maintenance of the park. [[Frick Park]] opened in 1927. Between 1919 and 1942, money from the trust fund was used to enlarge the park, increasing its size to almost {{convert|600|acre|km2}}. Following the death of Adelaide Howards Childs Frick in 1931, the Frick Collection was opened to the public as a museum in 1935. |
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Many years after her father's death, Helen Clay Frick returned to Clayton in 1981, and lived there until her death in 1984. After extensive restoration, this property was also opened to the public in 1990 as the [[Frick Art & Historical Center]]. |
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Frick was elected an honorary member of the Alpha Chapter of Phi Mu Alpha Sinfonia music fraternity at the New England Conservatory of Music on October 19, 1917. |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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==Bibliography== |
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*Falk, Candace; Pateman, Barry; and Moran, Jessica M. ''Emma Goldman: A Documentary History of the American Years.'' Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 2003. |
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*[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9E06E3D6153BEE32A25750C0A9649D946896D6CF "Founded His Fortune in the Panic of 1873." ''New York Times.'' December 3, 1919.] |
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*Hamilton, Neil A. ''Rebels and Renegades: A Chronology of Social and Political Dissent in the United States.'' Florence, Ky.: Taylor & Francis, 2002. |
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*[http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9E0CE4D6153BEE32A25750C0A9649D946896D6CF "Henry C. Frick Dies." ''New York Times.'' December 3, 1919.] |
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*Keve, Paul W. ''Prisons and the American Conscience: A History of U.S. Federal Corrections.'' Carbondale, Ill.: Southern Illinois University Press, 1991. |
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*Krause, Paul. ''The Battle for Homestead, 1890–1892: Politics, Culture, and Steel.'' Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press, 1992. |
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*[[Howard Markel|Markel, Howard]]. ''Quarantine!: East European Jewish Immigrants and the New York City Epidemics of 1892.'' Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997. |
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*Perkins, John. ''Hoodwinked: An Economic Hit Man Reveals Why the World Financial Markets Imploded—and What We Need to Do to Remake Them.'' New York: Broadway Books, 2009. |
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*[http://www.post-gazette.com/pg/08196/896877-51.stm Petrucelli, Alan W. "A Fresh Look: Viewing Vanka Murals a Religious Experience." ''Pittsburgh Post-Gazette.'' July 14, 2008.] |
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*Skrabec, Quentin R. ''Henry Clay Frick: The Life of the Perfect Capitalist.'' Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 2010. |
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*[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/29/arts/design/29fric.html Smith, Roberta. "Change Arrives on Tiptoes at the Frick Mansion." ''New York Times.'' August 28, 2008.] |
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*Standiford, Les. ''Meet You in Hell: Andrew Carnegie, Henry Clay Frick, and the Bitter Partnership That Transformed America.'' New York: Crown Publishers, 2005. |
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==Further reading== |
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*Apfelt, Brian. "The Corporation- 100 Years of the United States Steel Corp." |
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*Sanger, Martha Frick Symington. ''Henry Clay Frick: An Intimate Portrait.'' New York: Abbeville Press, 1998. |
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*Sanger, Martha Frick Symington. ''The Henry Clay Frick Houses: Architecture, Interiors, Landscapes in the Golden Era.'' New York: Monacelli Press, 2001. |
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==External links== |
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{{commons category}} |
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*[http://www.frick.org Official Frick Collection Website] |
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*[http://frickart.org/home The Frick Art & Historical Center and Clayton] |
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*[http://digital.library.pitt.edu/cgi-bin/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=ascead;cc=ascead;type=simple;rgn=Entire%20Finding%20Aid;q1=frick%20foundation;view=reslist;subview=standard;sort=occur;start=1;size=25;didno=US-PPiU-ais200206 Helen Clay Frick Foundation Archives] |
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*{{Wikisource-inline|list= |
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**{{Cite EB1922|Frick, Henry Clay|noicon=x}} |
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**{{Cite CAB|Frick, Henry Clay|noicon=x}} |
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**{{Cite Appletons'|Frick, Henry Clay|year=1900|noicon=x}} |
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}} |
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{{Authority control|VIAF=45102466}} |
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{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. --> |
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| NAME = Frick, Henry Clay |
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| ALTERNATIVE NAMES = |
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| SHORT DESCRIPTION = United States industrialist |
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| DATE OF BIRTH = December 19, 1849 |
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| PLACE OF BIRTH = [[West Overton, Pennsylvania]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[United States|U.S.]] |
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| DATE OF DEATH = December 2, 1919 |
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| PLACE OF DEATH = [[New York City]], [[New York]], [[United States|U.S.]] |
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}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Frick, Henry Clay}} |
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[[Category:1849 births]] |
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[[Category:1919 deaths]] |
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[[Category:American manufacturing businesspeople]] |
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[[Category:Andrew Carnegie]] |
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[[Category:People from Westmoreland County, Pennsylvania]] |
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Category:American steel industry businesspeople |
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[[Category:Robber barons]] |
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[[Category:Attempted assassination survivors]] |
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[[Category:American shooting survivors]] |
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[[Category:Survivors of stabbing]] |
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