Boeing AH-64 Apache: Difference between revisions

AH-64 Apache
	An AH-64D Apache from the U.S. Army's 101st Aviation Regiment in Iraq
Role	Attack helicopter
National origin	United States
Manufacturer	Hughes Helicopters (1975–1984) ; McDonnell Douglas (1984–1997) ; Boeing defense (1997–present)
Designer	Hughes Helicopters
First flight	30 September 1975
Introduction	April 1986
Status	In service
Primary users	United States Army; Israel Air Force ; Egyptian Air Force ; Royal Netherlands Air Force
Produced	1983–present
Number built	1,174 as of February 2010
Variants	AgustaWestland Apache

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The Boeing AH-64 Apache is a four-bladed, twin-engine attack helicopter gunship with a tandem cockpit for its two-man crew. The Apache was developed as Model 77 by Hughes Helicopters for the U.S. Army's Advanced Attack Helicopter program to replace the AH-1 Cobra. The Apache helicopter and was first flown on September 30, 1975. The AH-64A entered U.S. Army service in April 1986.

The AH-64 Apache features a nose-mounted sensor suite for target acquisition and night vision systems. It is armed with a 30-millimeter (1.2 in) M230 chain gun carried between its forward landing gear, underneath its fuselage. The Apache gunship has four ordnance hardpoints mounted on stub-wing pylons, and these usually carry a mixture of AGM-114 Hellfire guided missiles and Hydra 70 unguided rocket pods. The AH-64 also has a large amount of mechanical and electrical system redundancy to bolster its survivability in combat.

The U.S. Army selected the AH-64, by Hughes Helicopters, over the Bell YAH-63 in 1976. Full production was ordered in 1982. McDonnell Douglas continued production and development after purchasing Hughes Helicopters from the Summa Corporation in 1984. The first production AH-64D Apache Longbow, an upgraded version of the original Apache gunship, was delivered to the Army in March 1997. Production has been continued by Boeing Defense, Space & Security. More than 1,000 AH-64 Apaches have been produced as of 2010.

The U.S. Army is the primary user of the AH-64 Apache. However, it has also been sold as an attack helicopter to a number of different countries, including The Netherlands, Greece, Japan, Israel, Egypt, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Singapore.

The Apache has been produced under license as the AgustaWestland Apache in the United Kingdom and it is also produced under licence by Fuji Heavy Industries in Japan.

American AH-64s have served in conflicts in the invasion of Panama, the Persian Gulf War, the Kosovo War, the War in Iraq, and the War in Afghanistan. Israel has made active use of the Apache in its military conflicts in Lebanon and in the Gaza Strip. Both American and British AH-64s have been in combat in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Development

Advanced Attack Helicopter

Following the cancellation of the AH-56 Cheyenne helicopter gunship in 1972, in favor of U.S. Air Force and U.S. Marine Corps weapons projects like the A-10 Thunderbolt II and Harrier, the United States Army sought an aircraft to fill an anti-armor attack role that would still be under Army command;^[4]^[5] the 1948 Key West Agreement forbade the Army from owning fixed-wing aircraft. The Army wanted an aircraft better than the AH-1 Cobra in firepower, performance and range. It would have the maneuverability for terrain following nap-of-the-earth (NoE) flying.^[6] To this end, the US Army issued a Request For Proposals (RFP) for an Advanced Attack Helicopter (AAH) on 15 November 1972.^[7]^[8] As a sign of the importance of this project, in September 1973 the Army designated its five most important projects, the "Big Five" with AAH included.^[9]

Proposals were submitted by Bell, a Boeing Vertol/Grumman team, Hughes Aircraft, Lockheed, and Sikorsky. In July 1973, the U.S. Department of Defense selected as finalists Bell and Hughes Aircraft's Toolco Aircraft Division (later Hughes Helicopters). This began the phase 1 of the competition.^[10] Each company built prototype helicopters and went through a flight test program. Hughes' Model 77/YAH-64A prototype first flew on 30 September 1975, while Bell's Model 409/YAH-63A prototype first flew on 1 October. After evaluating the test results, the Army selected Hughes' YAH-64A over Bell's YAH-63A in 1976. Reasons for selecting the YAH-64A included its more damage tolerant four-blade main rotor and the instability of the YAH-63's tricycle landing gear arrangement.^[11]^[12]

The AH-64A then entered phase two of the AAH program. This called for building three pre-production AH-64s, and upgrading the two YAH-64A flight prototypes and the ground test unit up to the same standard.^[11] Weapons and sensor systems were integrated and tested during this time, including the laser-guided AGM-114 Hellfire missile.^[13] The missile's development had began in 1974.^[14]^[15]^[16]

Into production

In 1981, three pre-production AH-64As were handed over to the US Army for Operational Test II. The Army testing was successful, but afterward it was decided to upgrade to the more powerful T700-GE-701 version of engine, rated at 1,690 shp (1,259 kW). The AH-64 was named the Apache in late 1981, keeping with the Army's traditional use of American Indian tribal names for its helicopters and it was approved for full scale production in 1982.^[17] In 1983, the first production helicopter was rolled out at Hughes Helicopter's facility at Mesa, Arizona. Hughes Helicopters was purchased by McDonnell Douglas for $470 million in 1984.^[18] The helicopter unit later became part of The Boeing Company with the merger of Boeing and McDonnell Douglas in August 1997.^[19] In 1986, the incremental or flyaway cost for the AH-64A was US$7.03 million and the average unit cost was approximately US$13.9 million based on total costs.^[18]

During the mid-1980s, McDonnell Douglas studied an improved "AH-64B" design with an updated cockpit, a new fire-control system and other upgrades. In 1988 funding was approved for a multistage upgrade program to improve sensor and weapon avionic systems and incorporate some digital systems.^[20] However, rapidly-improving technology led to this upgrading program being canceled in favor of more ambitious changes. Development of the more advanced AH-64D Apache Longbow was approved by the Defense Acquisition Board in August 1990. The first AH-64D prototype flew on April 15, 1992.^[21] The testing of the prototypes ended in April 1995, and it was reported that these had significantly outperformed the AH-64A.^[22]^[23] On October 13, 1995, full-scale production of the Apache Longbow gunship was approved,^[24] and a 1.9 billion dollar, five-year contract was signed in August 1996 to upgrade and rebuild 232 of the AH-64A Apaches.^[25]

The first production AH-64D flew on March 17, 1997, and it was delivered to the Army on March 31st.^[26] The cost of the AH-64D program was $11 billion through 2007.^[27]

Some parts of the Apache are produced by international partners. AgustaWestland has been producing Apache components for the international market and for the AgustaWestland Apache.^[28] Since 2004, Korea Aerospace Industries has been the sole manufacturer of the Apache's fuselage.^[29]^[30]^[31] Prior to this, fuselage production was handled by Teledyne Ryan Aeronautical throughout the 1980s and 1990s; a legal dispute between Teledyne Ryan and Boeing broke out over the eventual tranfer of fuselage production.^[32]

In April 2006, Boeing was awarded a $67.6 million fixed-price contract for the remanufacture of several existing US AH-64As to the AH-64D configuration; between May 2009 and July 2011, a further five contracts were issued to remanufacture batches of AH-64As to the upgraded D variant.^[33] Since 2008, nations operating the older AH-64A have been urged to undertake modernization programs to become AH-64Ds, as Boeing and the US Army plans to terminate support for the A-variants in the near future.^[34] The Apache's effectiveness against ground forces and in urban warfare operations was bolstered by the addition of the AGM-114N – a Hellfire missile fitted with a thermobaric warhead; the AGM-114N was approved for full production in 2005.^[35] The use of thermobaric "enhanced blast" weapons has been a point of controversy.^[36]

Design

Apache version	Engine version	Engine power
AH-64A	General Electric T700-701	1,696 shp (1,265 kW)
AH-64A+/D	General Electric T700-701C	1,890 shp (1,410 kW)
AH-64D Block III	General Electric T700-701D	2,000 shp (1,500 kW)
WAH-64D	Rolls-Royce Turbomeca RTM322	2,100 shp (1,600 kW)

The AH-64 Apache has a four-blade main rotor and a four-blade tail rotor.^[37] The crew sits in tandem, with the pilot sitting behind and above the copilot/gunner.^[38] The crew compartment has shielding between the cockpits, such that one crew member can survive hits. The compartment and the rotor blades are designed to sustain a hit from 23-millimeter (0.91 in) rounds. The airframe includes some 2,500 pounds (1,100 kg) of protection against ballistic strikes. The Apache also uses a self-sealing fuel system to protect against the loss of fuel caused by ballistic projectiles.^[39]

The AH-64 is powered by two General Electric T700 turboshaft engines with high-mounted exhausts on either side of the fuselage.^[40]^[41] Various models of engines have been used on the Apache, those in British service use engines from Rolls-Royce instead of General Electric. In 2004, General Electric Aviation began producing more powerful T700-GE-701D engines, rated at 2,000 shp (1,500 kW) for AH-64Ds.^[42]

One of the revolutionary features at the introduction of the Apache was its helmet mounted display, the Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS);^[43]^[44] among other abilities the pilot or gunner can slave the helicopter's 30 mm automatic M230 Chain Gun to his helmet, making the gun track head movements to point at where he looks. The M230E1 can be alternatively fixed to a locked forward firing position, or controlled via the Target Acquisition and Designation System (TADS).^[45]^[46] The AH-64's standard of performance for aerial gunnery is to achieve at least one hit out of 30 shots fired at a wheeled vehicle 800–1200 m away.^[47]^[48]

The AH-64 is designed to endure front-line environments and to operate during the day or night and in adverse weather using avionics,^[49] such as the Target Acquisition and Designation System, Pilot Night Vision System (TADS/PNVS), passive infrared countermeasures,^[50] GPS, and the IHADSS.^[45]^[49] A newer system that is replacing TADS/PNVS is Arrowhead (MTADS); it is manufactured by Lockheed Martin, a contract was issued in February 2005 to begin equipping all US Apaches.^[51]

The AH-64 is adaptable to numerous different roles within its context as Close Combat Attack (CCA), it has a customizable weapons loadout mounted on stub-wings for the role desired.^[37] In addition to the 30-mm M230E1 Chain Gun, the Apache carries a range of external stores on its stub-wing pylons, typically a mixture of AGM-114 Hellfire anti-tank missiles, and Hydra 70 general-purpose unguided 70 mm (2.76 in) rockets.^[52] The stub-wing pylons have mounting points which make maintenance easier; these mountings can be used to secure personnel to the wings for transport for emergencies.^[53]

Mission^[37]	Hellfire	30 mm rounds	Hydra 70	Maximum speed (knots)	Rate of climb (feet/min)	Endurance (hours)
Anti-Armor	16	1,200	0	148	990	2.5
Covering Force	8	1,200	38	150	860	2.5
Escort	0	1,200	76	153	800	2.5

Starting in the late 1980s, the Stinger and AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles and the AGM-122 Sidearm anti-radiation missile were evaluated for use upon the AH-64.^[54]^[55] The Stinger was initially selected over the AIM-9, but the US Army is considering the Starstreak air-to-air missile instead.^[3]^[54] External fuel tanks can also be carried to increase range and mission time.^[37]

For rapid deployment and transport around the world, up to six AH-64 Apaches can be safely fitted inside the cargo hold of a USAF Lockheed C-5 Galaxy.^[56]

Operational history

United States Army

The U.S. Army formally accepted its first production AH-64A in January 1984 and training of the first pilots began later that year.^[57]^[58] The first operational Apache unit, 7th Battalion, 17th Cavalry Brigade, began training on the AH-64A in April 1986 at Fort Hood, Texas.^[59]^[60] Two operational units with 68 AH-64s first deployed to Europe in September 1987 and took part in large military exercises there.^[59]^[61] The Apache was first used in combat in 1989, during Operation Just Cause, the invasion of Panama. The AH-64 participated in over 240 hours of combat attacking various targets, mostly at night.^[62]^[63] General Carl Stiner, commander of Operation Just Cause, praised the Apache for its precision: "You could fire that Hellfire missile through a window from four miles away at night".^[64]

As the Army began fielding the Apache, capabilities such as use of the FLIR for extensive night-flight operations made it clear that the AH-64 was capable of traveling and fighting well beyond the forward line of own troops (FLOT) that previous attack helicopters were normally restricted to.^[65] In addition to deep-strike capabilities, it was discovered that the Apache had, not by any intention, been fitted with the same Have Quick UHF radio systems used by the U.S. Air Force; once this was recognized, inter-service coordination and joint operations such as the joint air attack teams (JAAT) were encouraged and inserted into standard training. The Apache operated extensively with CAS aircraft such as the Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II and the USMC's McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II, often acting as a target designator so the Apache could conserve its own munitions.^[66]

A year after the Panama operation, close to half of all U.S. Apaches were deployed to Saudi Arabia in response to Iraq's invasion of Kuwait.^[64] During Operation Desert Storm on 17 January 1991, eight AH-64As guided by four MH-53 Pave Low IIIs destroyed a portion of the Iraqi radar network;^[67] the first attack of Desert Storm, an act to allow attack aircraft into Iraq without detection.^[68] The Apaches carried an asymmetric load of Hydra 70 flechette rockets, Hellfires, and one auxiliary fuel tank each.^[69] During the 100-hour ground war a total of 277 AH-64s took part, destroying over 500 tanks, numerous armored personnel carriers and other Iraqi vehicles.^[67]^[70] One AH-64 was lost in the war, to an RPG hit at close range, the Apache crashed but the crew survived.^[71] To maintain Apache operations with spare parts and equipment, during the Gulf War the U.S. Army unofficially grounded all other AH-64s worldwide; additionally Apaches in the war zone flew only one-fifth of the flight-hours the Army had planned for.^[72]

The AH-64 played roles in the Balkans during separate conflicts in Bosnia and Kosovo in the 1990s.^[73]^[74] During Task Force Hawk 24 Apaches were deployed to a land base in Albania in 1999 to participate in the Kosovo engagement; this required 26,000 tons of equipment to be transported and over 550 C-17 flights, at a cost of $480 million.^[75] During these deployments the AH-64 encountered problems such as deficiencies in training, night vision equipment, fuel tanks, and survivability.^[76]^[77] On 27 April 1999 an Apache crashed during training in Albania due to a failure with the tail rotor,^[78] causing the entire fleet in the Balkans to be grounded in December 2000.^[79]

Major General Dick Cody, then the commanding officer of the 101st Airborne, wrote a strongly worded memo to the US Army Chief of Staff about the failures in training and equipment.^[80] The Washington Post also dedicated an front-page article to the failures in Kosovo, commenting that: "The vaunted helicopters came to symbolise everything wrong with the Army as it enters the 21st century: Its inability to move quickly, its resistance to change, its obsession with casualties, its post-Cold War identity crisis".^[81] The Apache did not conduct any combat missions over Kosovo due to fears over the risk of casualties; in addition, none of the pilots were qualified to fly with night vision goggles, preventing nighttime operations.^[82]

U.S. Apaches have served in Operation Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan from 2001.^[83] The Apache was the only platform capable of providing accurate close air support (CAS) duties for Operation Anaconda; although they regularly took fire during the intense early fighting, they were kept operational by their ground crews.^[84] American AH-64Ds typically flew in Afghanistan and Iraq without the Longbow Radar as there were no armored threats remaining.^[85] On 21 December 2009, a pair of US Apaches attacked a British-held base in a friendly fire incident, killing one British soldier.^[86]

The AH-64 took part in invasion of Iraq in 2003 during Operation Iraqi Freedom.^[87] In one engagement on 24 March 2003, 31 Apaches were damaged, and one Apache was shot down and captured by Iraqi troops near Karbala.^[88] The intended attack against an armored brigade of the Iraqi Republican Guard's Medina Division was unsuccessful. The tank crews had set up a "flak trap" among the terrain and employed their machine guns to good effect.^[89]^[90] Iraqi officials claimed a farmer with a Brno rifle shot down the Apache,^[91] but the farmer denied involvement.^[92] The helicopter came down intact, and both the pilot and co-pilot were captured.^[89] The AH-64D was destroyed via air strike the following day.^[93]^[94]

Most Apache helicopters that have taken heavy combat damage have been able to continue their missions and return safely.^[90] In 2006, an Apache helicopter was downed by a Soviet-made Strela 2 (SA-7) in Iraq. The Apache is typically able to avoid hits by such missiles but in this instance it did not.^[95] The coordination of Apaches in the war was discussed by Thomas Adams, who noted the helicopters tended to fight in small teams but had little autonomy to react to local threats and opportunities, requiring lengthy dialogue with command structures in an effort to centrally micromanage each unit.^[96]

By the end of US military operations in Iraq in December 2011, several Apache helicopters were shot down by enemy fire during the Iraq War, with others lost in crashes. In 2007, four Apache helicopters were destroyed on the ground by Iraqi insurgent mortar fire; the insurgents had made use of embedded coordinates in web-published photographs (geotagging) taken of the helicopters by soldiers.^[97] As of 2012, several AH-64s have been lost to accidents in Afghanistan.^[98]^[99]^[100]^[101]

According to Boeing the U.S. Army Apache fleet has accumulated more than 3 million flight hours since the first prototype aircraft flew in 1975.^[102] According to a DOD audit released in May 2011, Boeing had significantly overcharged the U.S. Army on multiple occasions, ranging from 33.3 percent to 177,475 percent for routine spare parts in helicopters like the Apache.^[103]

Israel

The Israeli Air Force (IAF) first received AH-64As in 1990,^[104] for a total fleet of 42.^[105] There was some controversy over the Air Force's choice to purchase Apaches over upgrading existing AH-1 Cobra attack helicopters.^[106] In 2000 Israel was interested in acquiring up to 48 Apache AH-64Ds, but US reluctance to share the software source code complicated the prospect.^[105] In April 2005, Boeing delivered the first AH-64D to the IAF.^[107] In 2009, an arranged sale of six AH-64Ds was reportedly blocked by the Obama Administration (pending interagency review) over concerns the helicopters may pose a threat to civilian Palestinians in Gaza.^[108]^[109] Also, in February 2001 reports emerged the US government was investigating alleged misuse of the Apache and other US military equipment against Palestinian leaders and facilities.^[110] The IAF has named the AH-64A Peten (Template:Lang-he, for Cobra^{[N 1]}), and the AH-64D Saraph^[104] (שרף, also as "Seraph", Hebrew for flaming angel).^[112]

The AH-64A was used frequently during the 1990s to attack and destroy Hezbollah outposts in Lebanon,^[114]^[115]^[116] attacking in many weather conditions – day and night. On 13 April 1996, during Operation Grapes of Wrath, an Israeli Apache fired two Hellfire missiles at an ambulance in Lebanon, killing six civilians.^[117] During the al-Aqsa Intifada in 2000, the IAF used the AH-64 to kill senior Hamas figures, such as Ahmed Yassin and Adnan al-Ghoul, with guided missiles.^[118]^[119] On 24 May 2001, a privately-owned Lebanese-registered Cessna 152 flew into Israeli airspace and was intercepted by two Israeli AH-64s, one of which shot down the Cessna with an AGM-114 Hellfire missile, killing the pilot.^[120] On 22 March 2004, an Israeli AH-64 used a Hellfire missile to kill Hamas leader Ahmed Yassin, also killing both his bodyguards and nine bystanders.^[121]^[122] IAF Apaches played a prominent role in the 2006 Lebanon War, launching strikes into Lebanon targeting Hezbollah forces.^[123]^[124]

There have also been accidents involving the Apache helicopter in Israeli service. During the Lebanon War in 2006, two IAF AH-64A helicopters collided, killing one pilot and critically wounding three.^[125] In another incident in the conflict an IAF AH-64D crashed due to a malfunction in the main rotor, killing the two crew.^[126] In late 2007, the Israeli Air Force put further purchases and deliveries of AH-64Ds on hold during an investigation upon the aircraft's performance envelope.^[112] However, Israeli officials have since praised the Apache for its role in Operation Cast Lead in 2008, against Hamas in Gaza.^[127]

In June 2010, Israel decided against upgrading its AH-64As to the D model, due to its high cost.^[128] As of December 2010, the IAF was examining the adoption of a new missile system as a cheaper and lightweight complement to the Hellfire missile, either the American Hydra 70 or the Canadian CRV7.^[129] In recent years, Israeli Apaches have been used to patrol the skies over Gaza; strike operations against insurgents using these helicopters has become a frequent occurrence.^[130]^[131]^[132]

United Kingdom

The UK operates a modified version of the Apache Longbow initially called the Westland WAH-64 Apache, and is designated Apache AH1 by the British Army. Westland built 67 WAH-64 Apaches under license from Boeing,^[133] following a competition between the Eurocopter Tiger and the Apache for the British Army's new Attack Helicopter in 1995.^[134]^[135] Important deviations made by AgustaWestland from the US variants of the Apache include replacing the engines with more powerful Rolls-Royce units,^[136] and the addition of a folding blade assembly for naval use;^[137] allowing British Apaches to operate from Royal Navy warships and auxiliaries.

The Netherlands

Royal Netherlands Air Force AH-64D at the Farnborough Airshow, 2006

The Dutch government initially showed an interest in acquiring Apache helicopters in the late 1980s, where it stated that it may purchase as many as 52.^[138] A competition held in 1994 against the Eurocopter Tiger and the AH-1 SuperCobra led to the Royal Netherlands Air Force ordering 30 AH-64D Apaches in 1995.^[139]^[140]^[141] Construction for the order started in December 1997, deliveries began in 1999.^[142]^[143] The Apaches of the RNLAF are equipped with the Apache Modular Aircraft Survivability Equipment (AMASE) system. The AMASE is an advanced Electronic Warfare self-protection system against Infra-Red (IR) missile threats.^[144]^[145]

The RNLAF Apaches' first deployment was in 2001 to Djibouti, Africa.^[146] They were also deployed alongside American AH-64s in support of NATO peacekeeping forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina.^[147] In 2004, six Dutch AH-64s were deployed as part of the Dutch contribution to Multinational force in Iraq to support the Dutch ground forces.^[148] The Apaches performed close combat support and display of force missions, along with providing reconnaissance information to ground forces. In February 2006, the Netherlands contribution to NATO forces in Afghanistan was increased from 600 to 1,400 troops and 6 AH-64s were sent in support.^[149]

Shortly after Apaches were deployed to Kabul airport as part of the Netherlands contribution to ISAF, on 10 April 2004 a pair of Dutch Apaches came under light gunfire close to the Afghan capital.^[150] On 17 December 2007, a RNLAF Apache flew into powerlines during a night flying exercise in the Netherlands, forcing an emergency landing and causing a lengthy blackout in the region.^[151]

Saudi Arabia

During the aftermath of the 1991 Persian Gulf War, in which many American Apache helicopters flew from air bases in Saudi territory,^[152]^[153] the government of Saudi Arabia purchased twelve AH-64As for its army.^[154]^[155] Also in the Middle East, the purchase of the Apache helicopter by Israel was probabily a response to the purchase by Saudi Arabia.^[156]

In August 2006, the Saudi Arabian government began negotiations to spend as much as $400 million for upgrades to its Apache helicopters, possibly remanufacturing them into the AH-64D Longbow gunship.^[157] In September 2008, the U.S. Government agreed with the purchase and exporting of the twelve AH-64Ds requested by the Saudi government.^[158]

In October 2010, the Saudi government requested 70 more AH-64Ds as part of a possibly large-scale American-Saudi military arms purchase.^[159]^[160]

In November 2009, the Royal Saudi Air Force, as part of an effort against intrusions by foreign insurgents over the borders of that country, started using Apache gunships in Operation Scorched Earth. This operation also sent air strikes against Houthi rebels inside the neighboring country of Yemen.^[161]^[162] In January 2010 the rebels claimed to have shot down an Apache; this was denied by the Saudi military.^[163]

In late January 2010, the leader of the Shiite rebels announced his orders for his men to withdraw from Saudi territory. This announcement followed a battle on January 12th in which Saudi troops reportedly took control of the village of Al Jabiri at the border with Yemen.^[164]

Egypt

In 1995, the Egyptian Air Force placed an order for 36 AH-64A gunships.^[165] These Apaches were delivered with most of the advanced avionics used on the U.S. Army helicopters at that time, but with the exception of localized radio equipment.^[166] In the year 2000, Egypt and the Boeing Company announced that an order to upgrade all of the Egyptian Apaches to the AH-64D model had been placed.^[167]

Notably, the upgrade to the AH-64D did not include the Apache Longbow radar. The sale of that advanced technology to Egypt was not approved by the U.S. Government.^[168] In 2009, Egypt requested 12 more AH-64D Block II Apaches through the Foreign Military Sales program.^[169]^[170]

In August 2012, the Egyptian Armed Forces undertook a widescale military operation to regain control over the Sinai Peninsula from armed militants. Air cover throughout the operation was provided by the Apache helicopters of the Egyptian Air Force. It was reported that the Apaches destroyed three vehicles and killed at least 20 militants.^[171]

Other users

The United Arab Emirates purchased 30 AH-64A helicopters in 1991 and 1994,^[172] which they are now upgrading to AH-64D specification.^[173] In 2005 Kuwait purchased 16 Longbow helicopters.^[174]

In September 2003, Greece ordered 12 AH-64D in addition to existing fleet of 20 AH-64A+.^[175] Singapore purchased a total of 20 AH-64D Longbow Apache aircraft in two batches between 1999 and 2001;^[176] during October 2010 Apache training was suspended following the forced crash-landing of an Apache.^[177]

Japan ordered 50 AH-64Ds,^[165] which are being built under license by Fuji Heavy Industries, designated AH-64DJP. The first helicopter was delivered to the JGSDF in early 2006.^[178]

Future and possible users

The AH-64 Apache was a contender for the Indian Air Force's (IAF) proposed order for 22 attack helicopters. The tender was released in early 2008 to six contenders - Sikorsky's UH-60 Black Hawk, Boeing's AH-64D, Bell's AH-1 Super Cobra, Eurocopter's Tiger, Mil's Mi-28 and AugustaWestland's A129 Mangusta.^[179] Boeing and Bell initially backed out of the competition in October 2008.^[180] But in 2009 the competition was restarted. Boeing submitted an Apache proposal in October 2009.^[181]^[182] In December 2010, India requested the possible sale of 22 AH-64Ds with associated weapons and equipment.^[183] In October 2011, it was reported that the AH-64D had emerged as front-runner ahead of the Russian Mi-28N.^[184]^[185] On 5 October 2012, IAF Chief NAK Browne confirmed that the AH-64D Block III has been selected.^[186]

South Korea showed interest in acquiring Apache attack helicopters.^[187]^[188] This move may be related to U.S. plans to withdraw many of its Apaches from South Korea.^[189] On 21 September 2012, the U.S. Congress was notified of the possible purchase of 36 AH-64D Block III Apaches, along with associated equipment and armament, for an estimated $3.6 billion.^[190] The Apache is competing against the AH-1Z Viper and the TAI/AgustaWestland T-129 for the order; a decision is expected in late 2012.^[191]

The Republic of China (Taiwan) reached an agreement with the US to purchase 30 AH-64D Block III Apaches in June 2011.^[192] In February 2012, Indonesia's deputy minister of defense Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin stated that the Indonesian National Armed Forces plans to buy eight AH-64s.^[193] Qatar requested the sale of 24 AH-64D Apaches in July 2012, along with associated equipment and armament.^[194]

Variants

AH-64A

The AH-64A is the original production attack helicopter. The crew sit in tandem in an armored compartment. It is powered by two GE T700 turboshaft engines. The A-model was equipped with the −701 engine version until 1990 when the engines were switched to the more powerful −701C version.^[195] The Japanese Apache variant is based on the AH-64A.^[45] Japan's AH-64DJP can also be equipped with the AIM-92 Stinger air-to-air missiles for defense.^[196]^[197]

U.S. Army AH-64As are being converted to AH-64Ds. The service's last AH-64A was taken out of service in July 2012 before conversion at Boeing's facility in Mesa, Arizona.^[198] On September 25, 2012, Boeing received a $136.8 million contract to remanufacture the last 16 AH-64As into the AH-64D Block II version. It is estimated to be completed by December 31, 2013.^[199]

AH-64B

In 1991 after Operation Desert Storm, the AH-64B was a proposed upgrade to 254 AH-64As. The upgrade would have included new rotor blades, a Global Positioning System (GPS), improved navigation systems and new radios. Congress approved US$82 million to begin the Apache B upgrade. The B program was canceled in 1992.^[200] The radio, navigation, and GPS modifications, were later installed on most A-model Apaches through other upgrades.

AH-64C

Additional funding from Congress in late 1991 resulted in a program to upgrade AH-64As to an AH-64B+ version. More funding changed the plan to upgrade to AH-64C. The C upgrade would include all changes to be included in the Longbow except for mast-mounted radar and newer −700C engine versions. However, the C designation was dropped after 1993.^[201] With AH-64As receiving the newer engine from 1990, the only difference between the C model and the radar-equipped D model was the radar, which could be moved from one aircraft to another; thus the decision was made to simply designate both versions AH-64D.^[201]

AH-64D

The AH-64D Apache Longbow, is equipped with an advanced sensor suite and a glass cockpit. The main improvement over the A-variant is the dome installed over the main rotor, housing the AN/APG-78 Longbow millimeter-wave Fire Control Radar (FCR) target acquisition system and the Radar Frequency Interferometer (RFI).^[202]^[203] The raised position of the radome enables the detection of targets and launching of missiles while the helicopter is behind obstacles (e.g. terrain, trees or buildings). A radio modem integrated with the sensor suite allows data to be shared with other D-models; allowing them to fire on targets detected by a single helicopter.^[204]

The aircraft is powered by a pair of uprated T700-GE-701C engines. The forward fuselage was expanded to accommodate new systems to improve crashworthiness, survivability, navigation, and 'tactical internet' communications capabilities. The first of the upgraded Block II Apaches was delivered to the US Army in February 2003. Block II includes upgrades to the digital communications systems.^[205]

Block III aircraft include the following upgrades: improved digital connectivity, the joint tactical radio system, more powerful T700-GE-701D engines, an enhanced transmission with new split-torque face gears to accommodate more power, capability to control UAVs, new composite rotor blades, full IFR capability and improved landing gear.^[205]^[206] The new blades, which successfully completed flight testing in May 2004, increased the Apache's cruise speed, climb rate and payload capability.^[207] The US Army now plans to field the first Block III equipped unit in November 2012.^[208] The Army awarded a contract to begin initial production of Block III helicopters in October 2010.^[209] Throughout 2011, AH-64Ds will be upgraded with VNsight low-light television sensors (LLTV), allowing ambient lighting such as street lights, beacons, and headlights to be viewable; which existing thermal imagers cannot do.^[210] Deliveries of Block III aircraft began in November 2011.^[211]

Sea Apache

Naval versions of the AH-64A for the United States Marine Corps and Navy were examined from 1984 to 1987.^[212]^[213] Multiple concepts were studied with altered landing gear arrangements, improved avionics and weapons.^[212] Funding for the naval version was not provided, and the Marine Corps has continued to use the AH-1 SuperCobra.^[214] The Canadian Forces Maritime Command also examined the prospect of using a modified Apache in naval service.^[215] The British Army's AgustaWestland Apache went through trials in 2004 on board HMS Ocean to test its suitability for use. The U.S. Department of Defense expressed interest in these trials.^[137] In 2011, the British Army used its Apache helicopter to attack targets in Libya flying off the HMS Ocean.^[216] There are also plans to fly the Apache from Royal fleet auxiliary (RFA) vessels on operations of the Yemeni coast.^[217]

Export Apaches

Several models have been derived from both AH-64A and AH-64D for export. The British-built AgustaWestland Apache (assembled from kits purchased from Boeing) is based on the AH-64D with several different systems, including more powerful engines and modifications allowing operation from Royal Navy vessels.

Operators

Egypt

Egyptian Air Force ordered 36 AH-64As in 1995, these were upgraded to AH-64D configuration from 2005 onwards.^[165] Egypt had 35 AH-64Ds in operation as of January 2012.^[218]
- 51st Squadron
- 52nd Squadron

Greece

Hellenic Army received 20 AH-64As in 1995 and ordered 12 AH-64Ds in 2003.^[165] 19 AH-64A and 10 AH-64D helicopters were in service as of January 2012.^[218]
- 1st Attack Helicopter Battalion
- 2nd Attack Helicopter Battalion

Israel

Israeli Air Force has 29 AH-64As and 18 AH-64Ds in use as of January 2012.^[218]
- 113th Squadron ("The Hornet Squadron") – Ramon Airbase
- 190th Squadron ("The Magic Touch Squadron) – Ramon Airbase

Japan

Japan Ground Self-Defense Force has ordered 50 AH-64Ds as of 2005,^[165] with 2 AH-64DJPs in use as of January 2012.^[218]

Kuwait

Kuwait Air Force had 16 AH-64Ds on order in 2004,^[104] with all 16 AH-64Ds in inventory as of January 2012.^[218]
- 17th Attack Squadron – Ali Al Salem Air Base
- 20th Attack Squadron – Ali Al Salem Air Base

Netherlands

Royal Netherlands Air Force received 30 AH-64Ds as of 2005,^[165] with 29 AH-64Ds in service as of January 2012.^[218]
- 301st Squadron- Gilze-Rijen Air Base

Republic of China (Taiwan)

Republic of China (Taiwan) Army ordered 30 AH-64D Block III helicopters, additional GE T700-701D engines, weapons, and related systems through a Foreign Military Sale in 2008.^[219]^[220] Deliveries are to begin in 2014.^[221]

Saudi Arabia

Royal Saudi Land Forces has 12 AH-64As in service as of January 2012.^[218]
- 2nd Aviation Battalion

Singapore

Republic of Singapore Air Force had 20 AH-64Ds in use as of January 2012.^[218]
- 120 Squadron – Sembawang Air Base

United Arab Emirates

United Arab Emirates Army received 30 AH-64As by 2005.^[165] UAE had 30 AH-64Ds in service in January 2012.^[218]
- 10th Army Aviation Group

United Kingdom

See AgustaWestland Apache

United States

United States Army had 722 AH-64s (88 AH-64As and 634 AH-64Ds) in use as of January 2012.^[218]

Active Duty
- Air Cavalry Brigade, 1st Cavalry Division
  - 1st Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment
  - 4th Battalion, 227th Aviation Regiment
- Combat Aviation Brigade, 1st Armored Division
  - 1st Battalion, 501st Aviation Regiment
  - 4th Battalion, 501st Aviation Regiment
- Combat Aviation Brigade, 1st Infantry Division
  - 1st Battalion, 1st Aviation Regiment
- Combat Aviation Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division
  - 4th Battalion, 2nd Aviation Regiment
- Combat Aviation Brigade, 3rd Infantry Division
  - 1st Battalion, 3rd Aviation Regiment
- Combat Aviation Brigade, 10th Mountain Division
  - 1st Battalion, 10th Aviation Regiment
- Combat Aviation Brigade, 25th Infantry Division
- Combat Aviation Brigade, 82nd Airborne Division
  - 1st Battalion, 82nd Aviation Regiment
- Combat Aviation Brigade, 101st Airborne Division
  - 1st Battalion, 101st Aviation Regiment
- 159th Combat Aviation Brigade, 101st Airborne Division
  - 3rd Battalion, 101st Aviation Regiment
- 12th Combat Aviation Brigade
  - 2nd Battalion, 159th Aviation Regiment
  - 3rd Battalion, 159th Aviation Regiment
- 16th Combat Aviation Brigade
- 110th Aviation Brigade (TRADOC)
  - 1st Battalion, 14th Aviation Regiment

Army National Guard
- Combat Aviation Brigade, 28th Infantry Division (PA ARNG and NJ ARNG)
  - 1st Battalion, 104th Aviation Regiment
  - 1st Battalion, 224th Aviation Regiment
- Combat Aviation Brigade, 29th Infantry Division (MD ARNG)
  - 1st Battalion, 285th Aviation Regiment
- Combat Aviation Brigade, 34th Infantry Division (MN ARNG, ND ARNG and ID ARNG)
  - 2nd Battalion, 147th Aviation Regiment
- Combat Aviation Brigade, 35th Infantry Division (MO ARNG, NE ARNG and UT ARNG)
  - 1st Battalion, 135th Aviation Regiment
- Combat Aviation Brigade, 36th Infantry Division (TX ARNG, CO ARNG, AL NG and KS ARNG)
  - 1st Battalion, 149th Aviation Regiment
- Combat Aviation Brigade, 38th Infantry Division (IN ARNG)
  - 1st Battalion, 130th Aviation Regiment
- Combat Aviation Brigade, 40th Infantry Division (CA ARNG)
  - 1st Battalion, 211th Aviation Regiment
- Combat Aviation Brigade, 42nd Infantry Division (NY NG)
  - 1st Battalion, 151st Aviation Regiment
United States Army Reserve
- 11th Theater Aviation Command
  - 1st Battalion, 158th Aviation Regiment
  - 8th Battalion, 229th Aviation Regiment

Specifications (AH-64A/D)

Data from Jane's Information Group,^[3]^[45] Bishop^[222]

General characteristics

Crew: 2 (pilot, and co-pilot/gunner)Fuselage length: 49 ft 5 in (15.06 m)
Rotor systems: 4 blade main rotor, 4 blade tail rotor in non-orthogonal alignment

Performance Armament

Guns: 1× 30 mm (1.18 in) M230 Chain Gun with 1,200 rounds as part of the Area Weapon Subsystem
Hardpoints: Four pylon stations on the stub wings. Longbows also have a station on each wingtip for an AIM-92 ATAS twin missile pack.^[54]^[223]
Rockets: Hydra 70 70 mm, and CRV7 70 mm air-to-ground rockets
Missiles: Typically AGM-114 Hellfire variants; AIM-92 Stinger may also be carried.

Avionics

Lockheed Martin / Northrop Grumman AN/APG-78 Longbow fire-control radar^[224] (Note: can only be mounted on the AH-64D)

Notable appearances in media

References

Notes

^ Israel had already used "Tzefa" (צפע), Hebrew for Viper to name its Bell AH-1 Cobras.^[111] Donald 2004 states Peten translates to "Viper".^[104]
^ Note the difference between an A-model and a D-model is in the external appearance of the main-rotor hub, A-models are "pointy" while D-models are flat for mounting the Longbow fire-control radar.^{[citation needed]}

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^ AN/APG – Equipment Listing. designation-systems.net

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TM 1-1520-251-10 Technical Manual for Helicopter, Attack, AH-64D Longbow Apache, U.S. Army.
Bernstein, Jonathan. AH-64 Apache units of operations: Enduring Freedom an Iraqi Freedom. Oxford : Osprey Publishing, 2005. ISBN 1-84176-848-0.
Bishop, Chris. Apache AH-64 Boeing (McDonnell Douglas) 1976–2005. Osprey Publishing, 2005. ISBN 1-84176-816-2.
Donald, David. "AH-64A/D Apache and AH-64D Longbow Apache". Modern Battlefield Warplanes. AIRtime Publishing Inc, 2004. ISBN 1-880588-76-5.
Feldman, Shai. The Middle East Strategic Balance, 2003–2004. Sussex Academic Press, 2004. ISBN 1-8451-9003-3.
Fisk, Robert. The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East. Fourth Estate, 2005. ISBN 978-1-4000-7517-1
Government Accounting Office. Staff Study: Advanced Attack Helicopter. Washington, D.C.: US Government Accounting Office, 1974.
Luttwak, Edward. Strategy: the Logic of War and Peace. Harvard University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-674-00703-4.
Office of the Assistant Vice Chief of Staff of the Army (OAVCSA). An Abridged History of the Army Attack Helicopter Program. Washington, DC: Department of the Army. 1973.
Powers, Adam. United States Israeli relations. Nova Publishers, 2002. ISBN 1-59033-133-8.
Richardson, Doug and Lindsay Peacock. Combat Aircraft: AH-64 Apache. London: Salamander Books, 1992. ISBN 0-86101-675-0.
Thomas, Adams K. The Army After Next: The First Postindustrial Army. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006. ISBN 0-275-98107-X.
Williams, James W. A History of Army Aviation: From its Beginnings to the War on Terror. iUniverse, 2005. ISBN 0-595-36608-2.

External links

Template:Link FA

[112] Israel had already used "Tzefa" (צפע), Hebrew for Viper to name its Bell AH-1 Cobras.^[111] Donald 2004 states Peten translates to "Viper".^[104]

[114] Note the difference between an A-model and a D-model is in the external appearance of the main-rotor hub, A-models are "pointy" while D-models are flat for mounting the Longbow fire-control radar.^{[citation needed]}

[1] "Boeing Marks 25th Anniversary of Apache First Flight Sept. 30". Boeing. 2 October 2000.

[2] Haynes, Mary L. and Cheryl Morai Young, ed. "Department of the Army Historical Summary, FY 1987, Chapter 5: Modernizing and Equipping the Army". Center of Military History, United States Army, 1995.

[Janes_AWA_2010-3] "Boeing AH-64 Apache". Jane's All the World's Aircraft. Jane's Information Group, 2010. subscription article, 1 February 2010.

[4] "Army Cancels Helicopter Contract". Victoria Advocate. 10 August 1972.

[5] "Army Decides To Scrap Cheyenne Helicopter Gunship". Boca Raton News. 3 September 1972.

[Bishop_p5-6] Bishop 2005, pp. 5–6.

[Army_p10-7] OAVCSA 1973, p. 10.

[8] "Army Seeking Bids On New Helicopter". New York Times. 16 November 1972.

[9] "New Army Tactic". Reading Eagle. 11 September 1973.

[Bishop_p7-10] Bishop 2005, p. 7.

[Richardson_Peacock_p8-11] Richardson and Peacock 1992, p. 8.

[Donald_p114-12] Donald 2004, p. 114.

[Bishop_p8-13] Bishop 2005, p. 8.

[14] "AGM-114 Hellfire missile". Boeing. Retrieved 30 July 2011.

[15] "AGM-114 Hellfire Variants". Retrieved 27 September 2011.

[16] "AGM-114 Hellfire Chronology". Retrieved 27 September 2011.

[Bishop_p8-9-17] Bishop 2005, pp. 8–9.

[Donald_p119-18] Donald 2004, p. 119.

[Boe_MDC_merge-19] Wilson, Cynthia (13 January 2004). "McDonnell-Boeing Merger". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[20] "Helicopter Contract Awarded". Prescott Courier. 17 August 1988.

[Donald_p150-3-21] Donald 2004, pp. 150–153.

[22] Foote, Sheila (4 April 1995). "DOD Halts Apache Longbow Tests Early". Defense Daily.

[Donald_p156-8-23] Donald 2004, pp. 156–158.

[24] Foote, Sheila (16 October 1995). "DoD Approves Production Of Longbow Apache Attack Helicopter". Defense Daily.

[25] Caires, Greg (19 August 1996). "Army Inks $1.9 Billion AH-64D Apache Deal". Defense Daily.

[26] Eden, Paul, ed. "Boeing AH-64 Apache". Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft. Amber Books, 2004. ISBN 1-904687-84-9.

[27] "AH-64D Apache Longbow". Deagel.com. Retrieved 28 October 2010.

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[30] "F-15/Apache Fuselage Monopolization Program". Korea Aerospace Industries. Retrieved 21 January 2012.

[31] Lisa, Dunbar (2009). "Boeing celebrates milestone: 100th AH-64D Apache fuselage delivery". Boeing.

[32] "Arbitrator will rule on AH-64 fuselage production dispute". Flight International. 8 April 1998.

[33] "Boeing Remanufactures AH-64A Apaches to AH-64D Block II". defenseindustrydaily.com. 21 July 2011.

[34] Hoyle, Craig (15 October 2008). "Greece urged to commit to Apache upgrade, as air force eyes new utility model". Flight International.

[35] "US approves full new warhead production". New Zealand Herald. 25 August 2005.

[36] Smith, Michael (22 June 2008). "Army 'vacuum' missile hits Taliban". London: The Times.

[dep_of_army-37] Hudson, Joel B. (2 April 1997). "Attack Helicopter Operations" (PDF). Department of the Army. p. 166.

[Donald_p110-38] Donald 2004, pp. 110–11.

[39] Richardson and Peacock 1992, pp. 16–17.

[Donald_p111-2-40] Donald 2004, pp. 111–112.

[41] "GE Says T700 Operating Well in Gulf". Defense Daily. 20 December 1990.

[42] "T700-GE-701D Engine Awarded U.S. Army Qualification". GE Aviation. 4 November 2004.

[43] Rash, Clarence E. (August 1988). "The Impact of the U.S. Army's AH-64 Helmet Mounted Display on Future Aviation Helmet Design". Army Aeromedical Research Lab Fort Rucker. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help); Unknown parameter |coauthor= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[44] Casey, Curtis J. (5 August 2002). "Emergence Of Solid State Helmet-Mounted Displays In Military Applications". SPIE. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[Janes_AWA_2000-45] "Boeing AH-64 Apache". Jane's Information Group. 13 October 2000. Archived from the original on 25 February 2008. Retrieved 1 April 2010.

[46] "Boeing To Develop Electric Gun Turret For The AH-64D". Boeing. 5 May 1999.

[heligun1-47] "ASP Motion Base for Stabilized Mounts". Department of Defense Small Business Innovation Research. Retrieved: June 2012.

[heligun2-48] FM 1–140, Appendix B "Helicopter gunnery tables". U.S. Army via GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved: June 2012.

[Harris-49] Harris, Tom. "How Apache Helicopters Work: Apache Sensors". howstuffworks.com. Retrieved 2 February 2010.

[50] Richardson and Peacock 1992, pp. 26–31.

[51] "$262.4M In Arrowheads For Apaches". Defense Daily. 2 May 2005.

[Donald_p124-7-52] Donald 2004, pp. 124–127.

[rescue-53] "Helicopter rescue bid for Marine". BBC News. 17 January 2007.

[Donald_p134-5-54] Donald 2004, pp. 134–135.

[55] Richardson and Peacock 1992, pp. 40–41, 60.

[56] "C-5 Galaxy, United States of America: Lower deck". airforce-technology.com. Net Resources International. Retrieved 13 October 2011.

[57] Richardson and Peacock 1992, pp. 14–15.

[58] Apache news 2004, pp. 33–34. Boeing, 2004.

[Richardson_p47-8-59] Richardson and Peacock 1992, pp. 47–48.

[60] Bernsteein 2005, p. 6.

[61] Donald 2004, p. 121.

[62] Richardson and Peacock 1992, pp. 51–52.

[63] Bishop 2005, pp. 16–17.

[bern_7-64] Bernstein 2005, p. 7.

[65] Williams 2005, pp. 212–213.

[66] Williams 2005, pp. 215–218.

[Bishop_p17-8-67] Bishop 2005, pp. 17–18.

[Donald_p144-5-68] Donald 2004, pp. 144–145.

[taylor-69] Taylor, Thomas. Lightning in the Storm. Hippocrene Books, 2003. ISBN 0-7818-1017-5.

[70] Ference, Edward W. (December 2002). "Case Study of the Development of the Apache Attack Helicopter (AH-64)" (PDF). Naval Postgraduate School.

[Donald_p147-71] Donald 2004, p. 147.

[72] "High Tech Weapons In Desert Storm: Hype or Reality?". Project on Government Oversight. 1 July 1992.

[Bishop_p21-33-73] Bishop 2005, pp. 21–24, 33.

[74] "U.S. Mulls More Copters In Bosnia – The Aircraft Were Requested For U.N. Troop Reinforcement". Sarasota Herald-Tribune. 18 July 1995.

[75] Adams 2006, p. 60.

[76] Bowman, Tom (16 July 1999). "Army Hunts For Answers As Apaches Fail In Kosovo; Readiness, Training Faulted As 21st-century Helicopter Stumbles". The Baltimore Sun.

[77] Thompson, Mark (20 June 1990). "Army Defends Troubled Copter". Spokesman-Review.

[78] "Repairs Planned For Army Helicopters". New York Press. 10 November 1999.

[79] "Some Apaches To Be Grounded 10 Months". Fayetteville Observer. 11 November 1999.

[80] Anderson, Jon R. (19 December 2000). "Apaches Are Ailing Warriors". European Stars and Stripes.

[81] Adams 2006, p. 61.

[82] Luttwak 2001, pp. 78–80.

[Bishop_p33-5-83] Bishop 2005, pp. 33–35.

[84] Bernstein 2005, pp. 16–17.

[85] "Afghan Field Report: British WAH-64Ds". Defense Industry Daily. 26 November 2007.

[86] "Christopher Roney inquest: 'Failures led to friendly fire death'". BBC News. 7 September 2012.

[Bishop_p35-7-87] Bishop 2005, pp. 35–37.

[88] Schechter, Erik (13 June 2003). "Choppers On The Chopping Block?". Jerusalem Post.

[CNN_Apache_downing-89] "U.S. Apache Pilots Taken Prisoner". CNN. 24 March 2003.

[kaplan-90] Fred Kaplan (23 April 2003). "Chop The Chopper: The Army's Apache Attack-Helicopter Had A Bad War". Slate. Retrieved 10 March 2007.

[91] "A City And Regime Steel For Reckoning To Come". Sydney Morning Herald. 26 March 2003.

[Apache_farmer-92] "The 'Apache' Farmer's Tale". BBC News. 23 April 2003. Retrieved 21 October 2009.

[93] "Downed Apache Blown Up To Keep Secrets From Iraq". Evening Times. 25 March 2003.

[94] "Downed US Apache Blown Up With Missile". New Straits Times. 26 March 2003.

[95] "Surface-to-Air Missile Downed U.S. Chopper In Iraq". ABC News. 17 January 2006.

[96] Adams 2006, pp. 223–224.

[97] Geotagging poses security risks

[98] "Helicopter crashes in eastern Afghanistan | ISAF – International Security Assistance Force". Isaf.nato.int. 6 January 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2012.

[99] ttp://www.wmur.com/news/28055361/detail.html

[100] Army Chief Warrant Officer 3 William T. Flanigan

[101] Amputee Combat Vet Daniel McConnell's Inspiring Story

[102] "AH-64D Apache – Overview" (PDF). Boeing. Retrieved 30 July 2011.

[103] "Excess Inventory and Contract Pricing Problems Jeopardize the Army Contract with Boeing to Support the Corpus Christi Army Depot". U.S. Department of Defense. 3 May 2011.

[Donald_p157-104] Donald 2004, p. 157.

[Israeliapache1-105] Orme, William A. (3 February 2000). "Israeli Says U.S. Fears Endanger Major Purchase of Apache Copters". New York Times.

[106] Pinkas, Alon (23 March 1994). "IA Experts Criticize Air Force For Preferring Apache Over Upgraded Cobra". Jerusalem Post.

[107] "Israel Accepts First AH-64D Apache Longbows". Boeing. 11 April 2005.

[108] Bryen, Shoshana (23 January 2010). "QME, Part II: U.S. Arms Sales To The Arabs, And Will There Be Help For Israel". Right Side News. Indeed, Israel's request for six AH-64D Apache Longbow attack helicopters was blocked by the Obama Administration in June-the same time the Egyptian sale was approved. U.S. sources reported that the request was undergoing an "interagency review to determine whether additional Longbow helicopters would threaten Palestinian civilians in the Gaza Strip"

[109] "Administration Blocks Helicopters for Israel due to Civilian Casualties in Gaza". World Tribune. 27 May 2009.

[110] Powers 2002, pp. 11, 49.

[111] Donald 2004, p. 191.

[Janes_dispute-113] Alon, Ben-David (18 October 2007). "Performance Dispute Puts Israeli Apache Buy On Hold". Jane's Information Group.

[115] ttp://www.iai.co.il/34465-32645-en/Groups_ELTA_SystemsSensors.aspx?btl=1

[116] Smolowe, Jill (2 March 1992). "Vengeance Is Mine". TIME.

[117] Kampeas, Ron (25 July 1993). "Thousands Flee Fleet, Fickle Missiles". Lakeland Ledger.

[118] "Three Killed In Hizbollah, Israeli Retaliatory Attacks". New Straits Times. 24 December 1994.

[119] Fisk 2005, pp.773–788.

[120] Urquhart, Conal (18 April 2004). "Israeli Missile Attack Kills New Hamas Chief". The Guardian. London, UK. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

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[126] Ilsemann, Siegesmund von (31 July 2006). "Israeli's Puzzling Military Strategy". Der Spiegel.

[127] "Hezbollah Defies Israeli Pressure". BBC News. 21 July 2006.

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[129] Egozi, Arie (27 February 2009). "Israel seeks more Apache attack helicopters". Flight International.

[130] Egozi, Arie (30 June 2010). "Israel ditches Apache upgrade plan, commits to CH-53K". Flight International.

[131] Katz, Yaajov (31 December 2010). "Rapid-fire rocket system aims to reduce civilian casualties". Jerusalem Post.

[132] "Israeli choppers blast Gaza City". oil.co.za. 3 December 2001.

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[134] "Israel expands Gaza offensive". euronews.com. 6 January 2009.

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[136] Cook, Nick (1 May 1995). "High Noon For Tiger And Apache". Interavia Business & Technology.

[137] Flannery, William (14 July 1995). "Mac Lands $3.5 Billion Copter Order – British Buying 67 Antitank Craft". St. Louis Post-Dispatch.

[138] "RTM 322". Turbomeca. Retrieved 29 January 2010.

[seatrials1-139] "Apache Moves Closer To Front Line". Navy News. 11 May 2004.

[140] "McDonnell In Talks With Dutch On Apache Role". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 13 April 1989.

[141] "Dutch May Buy McDonnell Copter". St. Louis Post-Dispatch. 14 December 1994.

[142] Fitchett, Joseph (13 April 1995). "Ignoring EU Solidarity, The Dutch Opt For U.S. Helicopters". New York Times.

[143] Flannery, William (8 April 1995). "McDonnell Wins Big Helicopter Contract But Layoffs Are Looming At Commercial Air Arm". St. Louis Post-Dispatch.

[144] "Work Begins On First Netherlands AH-64D Apache; Production Rates To Pass Three-A-Month In January". Boeing. 23 December 1997.

[145] "First AH-64D Apache Pilots From The Netherlands Complete Training At Boeing". Boeing. 29 March 1999.

[146] "Aircraft Survivability Equipment" (PDF). TERMA. July 2004.

[147] "AMASE/DIRCM Pod During Flight Certification Testing in the Netherlands" (PDF). TERMA. July 2006.

[148] Strass, Marc (6 March 2002). "Army Conducts First Deployment of AH-64D Apache Longbows To Kuwait". Defense Daily.

[149] Atkinson, Rick (4 December 1995). "U.S. Bound for Bosnia By Train, Truck, Air". Washington Post.

[150] "Six Apaches to Iraq to Boost Security". Government.nl. 24 May 2004.

[151] "More Dutch troops for Afghanistan". BBC News. 3 February 2006.

[152] "Two Peacekeeping Helicopters Fired on in Kabul". CTV News. 10 April 2004.

[153] Gravemaker, Anno (18 December 2007). "Dutch Apache Accident Leaves 50,000 Homes Without Power". Flight International.

[154] "Apache Copters All Set if Iraqis Make a Move". Eugene Register-Guard. 25 August 1990.

[155] Jehl, Douglas (22 January 1991). "Desert Air, Sands Alive With Modern Warriors". Los Angeles Times.

[156] Koenig, Robert L. (3 June 1992). "Bush Endorses Sale Of Arms To Saudis...McDonnell Douglas Could Benefit from Pact". St Louis Post-Dispatch.

[157] "U.S. Plans $1.8 Billion Saudi Military Sale". Washington Post. 3 June 1992.

[158] Friedman, Thomas L. (15 September 1992). "U.S. and Israel Working Out Deal To Offset Warplane Sale to Saudis". New York Times.

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[166] "Yemen rebels announce pullout from Saudi land". The Jordan Times. 26 January 2010.

[Bishop_p40-4-167] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Bishop 2005, pp. 40–44.

[168] Bishop 2005, p. 42.

[169] "Egypt to Upgrade 35 Apaches to AH-64D Configuration." Boeing, 25 September 2000.

[170] Feldman 2004, p. 106.

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[182] Govindasamy, Siva (10 October 2008). "Bell, Boeing Quit Indian Attack Helicopter Contest". Flight International.

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[190] "South Korea Dithers Over Apaches". United Press International. 7 August 2009.

[191] Sung-ki, Jung (8 February 2009). "US May Withdraw More Apache Helos From Korea by 2012". Korea Times.

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[195] "Indonesia to buy Apache helicopters from US". Antara, 9 February 2012.

[196] Qatar – AH-64D APACHE Block III LONGBOW Attack Helicopters". US Defense Security Cooperation Agency, 12 July 2012.

[197] Bishop 2005, p. 12.

[198] "Apache Stinger Testing in Holding Pattern until Starstreak Integration Finished". Defense Daily. 15 June 2000.

[199] Taylor, Ed (21 December 2005). "Japan to get first Boeing copter". East Valley Tribune.

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[201] Boeing Remanufactures AH-64A Apaches to AH-64D Block II. Defenseindustrydaily.com

[202] Bishop 2005, p. 10.

[Donald_p153-203] Donald 2004, p. 153.

[204] "McDonnell-Bell plan Longbow-radar for LHX". Defense Daily. 22 February 1990.

[205] Martin, Lockheed. "AN/APR-48A Radar Frequency Interferometer" (PDF). Retrieved 20 July 2011.

[206] "Helicopter profile: Boeing AH-64 Apache". Flight International. Retrieved 2 February 2010.

[ArmyTech-207] "AH-64A/D Apache Attack Helicopter, USA". army-technology.com. Retrieved 16 February 2008.

[208] Boeing Press Release, November 2, 2011

[209] "Boeing-Developed Composite Rotor Blade Spins Forward". Boeing, 10 May 2004.

[210] AH-64D Block III (AB3) Development. U.S. Army, 22 March 2010.

[211] Waldron, Greg (26 October 2010). "Boeing gets US Army green light for Apache Block IIIs". Flight International. Retrieved 26 October 2010.

[212] "International Defense Review". Jane's. February 2011. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)

[213] Trimble, Stephen "From Albania to Afghanistan, US Army integrates lessons into latest Apache". Flight International, 3 November 2011.

[Richardson_Peacock_p60-61-214] Richardson and Peacock 1992, pp. 60–61.

[Donald_p150-215] Donald 2004, p. 150.

[Donald_p170-216] Donald 2004, p. 170.

[217] Curran, Peggy (6 August 1986). "Local firms hope for spin-offs from big naval aircraft project". Montreal Gazette.

[Apaches_fly_from_HMS_Ocean-218] "HMS Ocean". Royal Navy/MOD.

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@@ Line 14: / Line 14: @@
  |retired=
  |status= In service
- |primary user= [[United States Army]]<!--Limit one (1) primary user. Top four (4) users listed in 'primary user' and 'more users' fields based on number of their fleets. -->
+ |primary user= [[United States Army]]<!--Limit one (1) primary user. Top four users listed in "primary user" and "more users" fields based on number of their fleets. -->
- |more users= [[Israel Air Force]] <br>[[Egyptian Air Force]] <br>[[Royal Netherlands Air Force]] <!--Only THREE (3) in 'more users' field. The British version has its own article at [[AgustaWestland Apache]], so do not add UK here. See Operators section below for other users. -->
+ |more users= [[Israel Air Force]] <br>[[Egyptian Air Force]] <br>[[Royal Netherlands Air Force]] <!--Only THREE (3) in "more users" field. The British  version has its own article at [[AgustaWestland Apache]], so do not add the U.K. here. See Operators section below for other users. -->
  |produced= 1983–present
  |number built= 1,174 as of February 2010<ref name=Janes_AWA_2010/>
- |unit cost= AH-64A: [[United States dollar|US$]]20&nbsp;million (2007), <br>AH-64D (AH-64A upgrade): US$18&nbsp;million (2007)<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/88xx/doc8865/Chapter1.5.1.shtml |title= Modernizing the Army’s Rotary-Wing Aviation Fleet |publisher=Congressional Budget Office |date= November 2007}}</ref>
+ |unit cost= AH-64A: $20 million (2007), <br>AH-64D (AH-64A upgrade): $18million (2007)<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.cbo.gov/ftpdocs/88xx/doc8865/Chapter1.5.1.shtml |title= Modernizing the Army’s Rotary-Wing Aviation Fleet |publisher=Congressional Budget Office |date= November 2007}}</ref>
  |variants with their own articles= [[AgustaWestland Apache]]
 }}
 |}
-The '''Boeing AH-64 Apache''' is a four-blade, twin-engine [[attack helicopter]] with a tailwheel-type [[landing gear]] arrangement, and a tandem cockpit for a two-man crew.  The Apache was developed as ''Model 77'' by [[Hughes Helicopters]] for the [[United States Army]]'s [[Advanced Attack Helicopter]] program to replace the [[Bell AH-1 Cobra|AH-1 Cobra]], and was first flown on 30 September 1975. The AH-64 was introduced to U.S. Army service in April 1986.
+The '''Boeing AH-64 Apache''' is a four-bladed, twin-engine [[attack helicopter]] gunship with a tandem cockpit for its two-man crew.  The Apache was developed as ''Model 77'' by [[Hughes Helicopters]] for the [[U.S. Army]]'s [[Advanced Attack Helicopter]] program to replace the [[AH-1 Cobra]]. The Apache helicopter and was first flown on September 30, 1975. The AH-64A entered U.S. Army service in April 1986.
-The AH-64 Apache features a nose-mounted sensor suite for target acquisition and [[night vision device|night vision systems]]. It is armed with a [[30 mm caliber|{{convert|30|mm|in|sigfig=2|adj=on|sp=us}}]] [[M230 Chain Gun]] carried between the main landing gear, under the aircraft's forward fuselage. It has four [[hardpoint]]s mounted on stub-wing pylons, typically carrying a mixture of [[AGM-114 Hellfire]] missiles and [[Hydra 70]] rocket pods. The AH-64 has a large amount of systems redundancy to improve combat survivability.
+The AH-64 Apache features a nose-mounted sensor suite for target acquisition and [[night vision device|night vision systems]]. It is armed with a [[30 mm caliber|{{convert|30|mm|in|sigfig=2|adj=on|sp=us}}]] [[M230 chain gun]] carried between its forward landing gear, underneath its fuselage. The Apache gunship has four [[ordnance]] [[hardpoint]]s mounted on stub-wing pylons, and these usually carry a mixture of [[AGM-114 Hellfire]] [[guided missile]]s and [[Hydra 70]] unguided rocket pods. The AH-64 also has a large amount of mechanical and electrical system redundancy to bolster its survivability in combat.
-The U.S. Army selected the AH-64, by Hughes Helicopters, over the [[Bell YAH-63]] in 1976, and later approved full production in 1982. McDonnell Douglas continued production and development after purchasing Hughes Helicopters from [[Summa Corporation]] in 1984. The first production '''AH-64D Apache Longbow''', an upgraded version of the original Apache, was delivered to the Army in March 1997. Production has been continued by [[Boeing Defense, Space & Security]]; over one thousand AH-64s have been produced to date.
+The U.S. Army selected the AH-64, by Hughes Helicopters, over the [[Bell YAH-63]] in 1976. Full production was ordered in [[1982]]. McDonnell Douglas continued production and development after purchasing Hughes Helicopters from the [[Summa Corporation]] in 1984. The first production '''AH-64D Apache Longbow''', an upgraded version of the original Apache gunship, was delivered to the Army in March 1997. Production has been continued by [[Boeing Defense, Space & Security]]. More than 1,000 AH-64 Apaches have been produced as of 2010.
+The U.S. Army is the primary user of the AH-64 Apache. However, it has also been sold as an attack helicopter to a number of different countries, including [[The Netherlands]], [[Greece]], [[Japan]], [[Israel]], [[Egypt]], [[Saudi Arabia]], the [[United Arab Emirates]], and [[Singapore]].
-The U.S. Army is the primary operator of the AH-64; it has also become the primary attack helicopter of multiple nations, including [[Greece]], [[Japan]], [[Israel]], the [[Netherlands]] and [[Singapore]]; as well as being produced under license in the [[United Kingdom]] as the [[AgustaWestland Apache]]. U.S. AH-64s have served in conflicts in [[United States invasion of Panama|Panama]], the [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf]], [[Kosovo War|Kosovo]], [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|Afghanistan]], and [[Iraq War|Iraq]]. Israel has made active use of the Apache in its military conflicts in [[Lebanon]] and the [[Gaza Strip]]; both British and U.S. AH-64s have seen deployments in Afghanistan and Iraq.
+The Apache has been produced under license as the [[AgustaWestland Apache]] in the [[United Kingdom]] and it is also produced under licence by [[Fuji Heavy Industries]] in Japan.
+American AH-64s have served in conflicts in the [[United States invasion of Panama|invasion of Panama]], the [[Persian Gulf War]], the [[Kosovo War]], the [[War in Iraq]], and the [[War in Afghanistan (2001–present)|War in Afghanistan]]. Israel has made active use of the Apache in its military conflicts in [[Lebanon]] and in the [[Gaza Strip]]. Both American and British  AH-64s have been in combat in Afghanistan and Iraq.
 ==Development==
@@ Line 35: / Line 39: @@
 {{Main|Advanced Attack Helicopter}}
-Following the cancellation of the [[Lockheed AH-56 Cheyenne|AH-56 Cheyenne]] in 1972, in favor of [[United States Air Force|U.S. Air Force]] and [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]] projects like the [[Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II|A-10 Thunderbolt II]] and [[Hawker Siddeley Harrier|Harrier]], the United States Army sought an aircraft to fill an anti-armor attack role that would still be under Army command;<ref>{{cite news |title= Army Cancels Helicopter Contract |publisher=Victoria Advocate |date= 10 August 1972}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=j8kPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=No0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5294,127450&dq=advanced+attack+helicopter&hl=en |title= Army Decides To Scrap Cheyenne Helicopter Gunship |publisher=Boca Raton News |date= 3 September 1972}}</ref> the 1948 [[Key West Agreement]] forbade the Army from owning fixed-wing aircraft. The Army wanted an aircraft better than the [[Bell AH-1 Cobra|AH-1 Cobra]] in firepower, performance and range. It would have the maneuverability for terrain following [[nap-of-the-earth]] (NoE) flying.<ref name=Bishop_p5>Bishop 2005, pp. 5–6.</ref>  To this end, the U.S. Army issued a Request For Proposals (RFP) for an Advanced Attack Helicopter (AAH) on 15 November 1972.<ref name=Army_p10>OAVCSA 1973, p. 10.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F0091FFD3D55137B93C4A8178AD95F468785F9 |title= Army Seeking Bids On New Helicopter |work=New York Times |date= 16 November 1972}}</ref>  As a sign of the importance of this project, in September 1973 the Army designated its five most important projects, the "Big Five" with AAH included.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=H64hAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hpoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1762,200656&dq=advanced+attack+helicopter&hl=en |title= New Army Tactic |publisher=Reading Eagle |date= 11 September 1973}}</ref>
+Following the cancellation of the [[AH-56 Cheyenne]] helicopter gunship in 1972, in favor of [[U.S. Air Force]] and [[U.S. Marine Corps]] weapons projects like the [[Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II|A-10 Thunderbolt II]] and [[Hawker Siddeley Harrier|Harrier]], the United States Army sought an aircraft to fill an anti-armor attack role that would still be under Army command;<ref>{{cite news |title= Army Cancels Helicopter Contract |publisher=Victoria Advocate |date= 10 August 1972}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=j8kPAAAAIBAJ&sjid=No0DAAAAIBAJ&pg=5294,127450&dq=advanced+attack+helicopter&hl=en |title= Army Decides To Scrap Cheyenne Helicopter Gunship |publisher=Boca Raton News |date= 3 September 1972}}</ref> the 1948 [[Key West Agreement]] forbade the Army from owning fixed-wing aircraft. The Army wanted an aircraft better than the [[Bell AH-1 Cobra|AH-1 Cobra]] in firepower, performance and range. It would have the maneuverability for terrain following [[nap-of-the-earth]] (NoE) flying.<ref name=Bishop_p5>Bishop 2005, pp. 5–6.</ref>  To this end, the US Army issued a Request For Proposals (RFP) for an Advanced Attack Helicopter (AAH) on 15 November 1972.<ref name=Army_p10>OAVCSA 1973, p. 10.</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F0091FFD3D55137B93C4A8178AD95F468785F9 |title= Army Seeking Bids On New Helicopter |work=New York Times |date= 16 November 1972}}</ref>  As a sign of the importance of this project, in September 1973 the Army designated its five most important projects, the "Big Five" with AAH included.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=H64hAAAAIBAJ&sjid=hpoFAAAAIBAJ&pg=1762,200656&dq=advanced+attack+helicopter&hl=en |title= New Army Tactic |publisher=Reading Eagle |date= 11 September 1973}}</ref>
 [[File:YAH-64 1982 01759-1 cr.jpg|thumb|A Hughes YAH-64A prototype]]
-Proposals were submitted by [[Bell Helicopter|Bell]], [[Boeing Rotorcraft Systems|Boeing Vertol]]/[[Grumman]] team, [[Hughes Aircraft|Hughes]], [[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]], and [[Sikorsky Aircraft|Sikorsky]]. In July 1973, the U.S. Department of Defense selected finalists Bell and Hughes Aircraft's [[Hughes Helicopters|Toolco Aircraft Division]] (later [[Hughes Helicopters]]). This began the phase 1 of the competition.<ref name=Bishop_p7>Bishop 2005, p. 7.</ref>  Each company built prototype helicopters and went through a flight test program.  Hughes' ''Model 77/YAH-64A'' prototype first flew on 30 September 1975, while Bell's [[Bell YAH-63|Model 409/YAH-63A]] prototype first flew on 1 October. After evaluating test results, the Army selected Hughes' YAH-64A over Bell's YAH-63A in 1976. Reasons for selecting the YAH-64A included its more damage tolerant four-blade main rotor and the instability of the YAH-63's tricycle [[landing gear]] arrangement.<ref name=Richardson_Peacock_p8>Richardson and Peacock 1992, p. 8.</ref><ref name=Donald_p114>Donald 2004, p. 114.</ref>
+Proposals were submitted by [[Bell Helicopter|Bell]], a [[Boeing Rotorcraft Systems|Boeing Vertol]]/[[Grumman]] team, [[Hughes Aircraft]], [[Lockheed Corporation|Lockheed]], and [[Sikorsky Aircraft|Sikorsky]]. In July 1973, the [[U.S. Department of Defense]] selected as finalists Bell and Hughes Aircraft's [[Hughes Helicopters|Toolco Aircraft Division]] (later [[Hughes Helicopters]]). This began the phase 1 of the competition.<ref name=Bishop_p7>Bishop 2005, p. 7.</ref>  Each company built prototype helicopters and went through a flight test program.  Hughes' ''Model 77/YAH-64A'' prototype first flew on 30 September 1975, while Bell's [[Bell YAH-63|Model 409/YAH-63A]] prototype first flew on 1 October. After evaluating the test results, the Army selected Hughes' YAH-64A over Bell's YAH-63A in 1976. Reasons for selecting the YAH-64A included its more damage tolerant four-blade main rotor and the instability of the YAH-63's tricycle [[landing gear]] arrangement.<ref name=Richardson_Peacock_p8>Richardson and Peacock 1992, p. 8.</ref><ref name=Donald_p114>Donald 2004, p. 114.</ref>
-The AH-64A then entered phase 2 of the AAH program. This called for building three pre-production AH-64s, and upgrading the two YAH-64A flight prototypes and the ground test unit up to the same standard.<ref name=Richardson_Peacock_p8/> Weapons and sensor systems were integrated and tested during this time, including the laser-guided [[AGM-114 Hellfire]] missile.<ref name=Bishop_p8>Bishop 2005, p. 8.</ref>  The missile's development had began in 1974.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.boeing.com/history/bna/hellfire.htm |title= AGM-114 Hellfire missile |publisher= Boeing |accessdate= 30 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/agm-114-var.htm |title= AGM-114 Hellfire Variants |date= |accessdate= 27 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/agm-114-chron.htm |title= AGM-114 Hellfire Chronology |date= |accessdate= 27 September 2011}}</ref>
+The AH-64A then entered phase two of the AAH program. This called for building three pre-production AH-64s, and upgrading the two YAH-64A flight prototypes and the ground test unit up to the same standard.<ref name=Richardson_Peacock_p8/> Weapons and sensor systems were integrated and tested during this time, including the laser-guided [[AGM-114 Hellfire]] missile.<ref name=Bishop_p8>Bishop 2005, p. 8.</ref>  The missile's development had began in 1974.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.boeing.com/history/bna/hellfire.htm |title= AGM-114 Hellfire missile |publisher= Boeing |accessdate= 30 July 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/agm-114-var.htm |title= AGM-114 Hellfire Variants |date= |accessdate= 27 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/agm-114-chron.htm |title= AGM-114 Hellfire Chronology |date= |accessdate= 27 September 2011}}</ref>
 ===Into production===
-In 1981, three pre-production AH-64As were handed over to the U.S. Army for Operational Test II.  The Army testing was successful, but afterward it was decided to upgrade to the more powerful [[General Electric T700|T700-GE-701]] version of engine, rated at 1,690&nbsp;shp (1,259&nbsp;kW). The AH-64 was named the ''Apache'' in late 1981, keeping with the Army's traditional use of American Indian tribal names for its helicopters and it was approved for full scale production in 1982.<ref name=Bishop_p8-9>Bishop 2005, pp. 8–9.</ref> In 1983, the first production helicopter was rolled out at Hughes Helicopter's facility at [[Mesa, Arizona]].  Hughes Helicopters was purchased by [[McDonnell Douglas]] for US$470&nbsp;million in 1984.<ref name=Donald_p119>Donald 2004, p. 119.</ref> The helicopter unit later became part of The Boeing Company with the merger of [[Boeing]] and McDonnell Douglas in August 1997.<ref name=Boe_MDC_merge>{{cite web |url= http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/special/pd125.nsf/0/0EC17704770E83BF86256E04006C5943?OpenDocument |title= McDonnell-Boeing Merger |publisher=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |first= Cynthia |last= Wilson |coauthors= Dale Singer |date= 13 January 2004 }}</ref> In 1986, the incremental or flyaway cost for the AH-64A was US$7.03&nbsp;million and the average unit cost was approximately US$13.9&nbsp;million based on total costs.<ref name=Donald_p119/>
+In 1981, three pre-production AH-64As were handed over to the US Army for Operational Test II.  The Army testing was successful, but afterward it was decided to upgrade to the more powerful [[General Electric T700|T700-GE-701]] version of engine, rated at 1,690&nbsp;shp (1,259&nbsp;kW). The AH-64 was named the ''Apache'' in late 1981, keeping with the Army's traditional use of American Indian tribal names for its helicopters and it was approved for full scale production in 1982.<ref name=Bishop_p8-9>Bishop 2005, pp. 8–9.</ref> In 1983, the first production helicopter was rolled out at Hughes Helicopter's facility at [[Mesa, Arizona]].  Hughes Helicopters was purchased by [[McDonnell Douglas]] for $470&nbsp;million in 1984.<ref name=Donald_p119>Donald 2004, p. 119.</ref> The helicopter unit later became part of The Boeing Company with the merger of [[Boeing]] and McDonnell Douglas in August 1997.<ref name=Boe_MDC_merge>{{cite web |url= http://www.stltoday.com/stltoday/news/special/pd125.nsf/0/0EC17704770E83BF86256E04006C5943?OpenDocument |title= McDonnell-Boeing Merger |publisher=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |first= Cynthia |last= Wilson |coauthors= Dale Singer |date= 13 January 2004 }}</ref> In 1986, the incremental or flyaway cost for the AH-64A was US$7.03&nbsp;million and the average unit cost was approximately US$13.9&nbsp;million based on total costs.<ref name=Donald_p119/>
 [[File:YAH-64 parked right-front view.jpg|thumb|left|A YAH-64A in 1984]]
-In the mid-1980s, McDonnell Douglas studied an improved "AH-64B" design with an updated cockpit, new fire control system and other upgrades. In 1988 funding was approved for a multi-stage upgrade program to improve sensor and weapon avionic systems and incorporate some digital systems.<ref>{{cite news |title= Helicopter Contract Awarded |publisher=Prescott Courier |date= 17 August 1988}}</ref>  However, rapidly improving technology led to the upgrade program being canceled in favor of more ambitious changes. Development of the more advanced AH-64D Apache Longbow was approved by the Defense Acquisition Board in August 1990. The first AH-64D prototype flew on 15 April 1992,<ref name=Donald_p150-3>Donald 2004, pp. 150–153.</ref> testing of the prototypes ended in April 1995; it was reported that they had significantly outperformed the AH-64A.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-16790134/dod-halts-apache-longbow.html |title= DOD Halts Apache Longbow Tests Early |publisher=Defense Daily |last= Foote, Sheila |date= 4 April 1995}}</ref><ref name=Donald_p156-8>Donald 2004, pp. 156–158.</ref> On 13 October 1995 full-scale production of the Apache Longbow was approved,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-17609179/dod-approves-production-longbow.html |title= DoD Approves Production Of Longbow Apache Attack Helicopter |publisher=Defense Daily |last= Foote |first= Sheila |date= 16 October 1995}}</ref> and a $1.9&nbsp;billion five-year contract was signed in August 1996 to upgrade and rebuild 232 existing AH-64A Apaches.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-18589330/army-inks-1-9.html |title= Army Inks $1.9 Billion AH-64D Apache Deal |publisher=Defense Daily |last= Caires |first= Greg |date= 19 August 1996}}</ref> The first production AH-64D flew on 17 March 1997 and was delivered on 31 March.<ref>Eden, Paul, ed. "Boeing AH-64 Apache". ''Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft''. Amber Books, 2004. ISBN 1-904687-84-9.</ref>  The cost of the AH-64D program totaled US$11&nbsp;billion through 2007.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.deagel.com/Combat-Helicopters/AH-64D-Apache-Longbow_a000519003.aspx |title= AH-64D Apache Longbow |publisher=Deagel.com |accessdate=28 October 2010}}</ref>
+During the mid-1980s, McDonnell Douglas studied an improved "AH-64B" design with an updated cockpit, a new fire-control system and other upgrades. In 1988 funding was approved for a multistage upgrade program to improve sensor and weapon avionic systems and incorporate some digital systems.<ref>{{cite news |title= Helicopter Contract Awarded |publisher=Prescott Courier |date= 17 August 1988 }}</ref> However, rapidly-improving technology led to this upgrading program being canceled in favor of more ambitious changes. Development of the more advanced AH-64D Apache Longbow was approved by the Defense Acquisition Board in August 1990. The first AH-64D prototype flew on  April 15, 1992.<ref name=Donald_p150-3>Donald 2004, pp. 150–153.</ref> The testing of the prototypes ended in April 1995, and it was reported that these had significantly outperformed the AH-64A.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-16790134/dod-halts-apache-longbow.html |title= DOD Halts Apache Longbow Tests Early |publisher=Defense Daily |last= Foote, Sheila |date= 4 April 1995}}</ref><ref name=Donald_p156-8>Donald 2004, pp. 156–158.</ref> On October 13, 1995, full-scale production of the Apache Longbow gunship was approved,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-17609179/dod-approves-production-longbow.html |title= DoD Approves Production Of Longbow Apache Attack Helicopter |publisher=Defense Daily |last= Foote |first= Sheila |date= 16 October 1995}}</ref> and a 1.9 billion dollar, five-year contract was signed in August 1996 to upgrade and rebuild 232 of the AH-64A Apaches.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-18589330/army-inks-1-9.html |title= Army Inks $1.9 Billion AH-64D Apache Deal |publisher=Defense Daily |last= Caires |first= Greg |date= 19 August 1996}}</ref>
+The first production AH-64D flew on March 17, 1997, and it was delivered to the Army on March 31st.<ref>Eden, Paul, ed. "Boeing AH-64 Apache". ''Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft''. Amber Books, 2004. ISBN 1-904687-84-9.</ref>  The cost of the AH-64D program was $11 billion through [[2007]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.deagel.com/Combat-Helicopters/AH-64D-Apache-Longbow_a000519003.aspx |title= AH-64D Apache Longbow |publisher=Deagel.com |accessdate=28 October 2010}}</ref>
 Some parts of the Apache are produced by international partners. [[AgustaWestland]] has been producing Apache components for the international market and for the [[AgustaWestland Apache]].<ref name ='brit comp'>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/8594402.stm |title= Ensure Israel arms curbs, say MPs |publisher= BBC News |date= 30 March 2010}}</ref> Since 2004, [[Korea Aerospace Industries]] has been the sole manufacturer of the Apache's fuselage.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_6712/is_33_217/ai_n28996439/ |title= KAI Signs Cooperation Agreement With Boeing, To Produce Apache Fuselages |publisher= Defense Daily |date= 20 February 2003 |accessdate= 21 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.koreaaero.com/english/business/fuselage_01.asp |title= F-15/Apache Fuselage Monopolization Program |publisher= Korea Aerospace Industries |accessdate= 21 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first= Dunbar |last= Lisa |url= http://www.boeing.com/apachenews/2009/issue_01/news_s1_p2.html |title= Boeing celebrates milestone: 100th AH-64D Apache fuselage delivery |publisher= Boeing |year= 2009}}</ref> Prior to this, fuselage production was handled by [[Teledyne Ryan Aeronautical]] throughout the 1980s and 1990s; a legal dispute between Teledyne Ryan and Boeing broke out over the eventual tranfer of fuselage production.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/arbitrator-will-rule-on-ah-64-fuselage-production-dispute-35308/ |title= Arbitrator will rule on AH-64 fuselage production dispute |publisher= Flight International |date= 8 April 1998}}</ref>
-In April 2006, Boeing was awarded a $67.6 million fixed-price contract for the remanufacture of several existing U.S. AH-64As to the AH-64D configuration; between May 2009 and July 2011, a further five contracts were issued to remanufacture batches of AH-64As to the upgraded D variant.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/115b-contract-to-remanufacture-129-apaches-to-ah64d-longbow-configuration-02972/ |title= Boeing Remanufactures AH-64A Apaches to AH-64D Block II |publisher= defenseindustrydaily.com |date= 21 July 2011}}</ref> Since 2008, nations operating the older AH-64A have been urged to undertake modernization programs to become AH-64Ds, as Boeing and the U.S. Army plans to terminate support for the A-variants in the near future.<ref>{{cite web |first= Craig |last= Hoyle |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/10/15/317276/greece-urged-to-commit-to-apache-upgrade-as-air-force-eyes-new-utility.html |title= Greece urged to commit to Apache upgrade, as air force eyes new utility model |publisher= Flight International |date= 15 October 2008}}</ref> The Apache's effectiveness against ground forces and in urban warfare operations was bolstered by the addition of the AGM-114N – a Hellfire missile fitted with a [[thermobaric]] warhead; the AGM-114N was approved for full production in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/war/news/article.cfm?c_id=359&objectid=10342403 |title= US approves full new warhead production |publisher= New Zealand Herald |date= 25 August 2005}}</ref> The use of thermobaric "enhanced blast" weapons has been a point of controversy.<ref>{{cite news |first= Michael |last= Smith |url= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4187835.ece |title= Army 'vacuum' missile hits Taliban |publisher= The Times |date= 22 June 2008 |location=London}}</ref>
+In April 2006, Boeing was awarded a $67.6 million fixed-price contract for the remanufacture of several existing US AH-64As to the AH-64D configuration; between May 2009 and July 2011, a further five contracts were issued to remanufacture batches of AH-64As to the upgraded D variant.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/115b-contract-to-remanufacture-129-apaches-to-ah64d-longbow-configuration-02972/ |title= Boeing Remanufactures AH-64A Apaches to AH-64D Block II |publisher= defenseindustrydaily.com |date= 21 July 2011}}</ref> Since 2008, nations operating the older AH-64A have been urged to undertake modernization programs to become AH-64Ds, as Boeing and the US Army plans to terminate support for the A-variants in the near future.<ref>{{cite web |first= Craig |last= Hoyle |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/10/15/317276/greece-urged-to-commit-to-apache-upgrade-as-air-force-eyes-new-utility.html |title= Greece urged to commit to Apache upgrade, as air force eyes new utility model |publisher= Flight International |date= 15 October 2008}}</ref> The Apache's effectiveness against ground forces and in urban warfare operations was bolstered by the addition of the AGM-114N – a Hellfire missile fitted with a [[thermobaric]] warhead; the AGM-114N was approved for full production in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.nzherald.co.nz/war/news/article.cfm?c_id=359&objectid=10342403 |title= US approves full new warhead production |publisher= New Zealand Herald |date= 25 August 2005}}</ref> The use of thermobaric "enhanced blast" weapons has been a point of controversy.<ref>{{cite news |first= Michael |last= Smith |url= http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/asia/article4187835.ece |title= Army 'vacuum' missile hits Taliban |publisher= The Times |date= 22 June 2008 |location=London}}</ref>
 ==Design==
@@ Line 74: / Line 80: @@
 One of the revolutionary features at the introduction of the Apache was its [[Helmet mounted display#Integrated Helmet And Display Sight System (IHADSS)|helmet mounted display]], the Integrated Helmet and Display Sighting System (IHADSS);<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA202984 |title= The Impact of the U.S. Army's AH-64 Helmet Mounted Display on Future Aviation Helmet Design |publisher=Army Aeromedical Research Lab Fort Rucker |first= Clarence E. |last= Rash |coauthor= Martin, John S. |date= August 1988}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url= http://spie.org/x648.html?product_id=478896 |title= Emergence Of Solid State Helmet-Mounted Displays In Military Applications |publisher=SPIE |first= Curtis J. |last= Casey |date= 5 August 2002}}</ref> among other abilities the pilot or gunner can [[Master/slave (technology)|slave]] the helicopter's 30&nbsp;mm automatic M230 Chain Gun to his helmet, making the gun track head movements to point at where he looks. The M230E1 can be alternatively fixed to a locked forward firing position, or controlled via the [[Target Acquisition and Designation System, Pilot Night Vision System|Target Acquisition and Designation System]] (TADS).<ref name=Janes_AWA_2000>{{cite web |url= http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jawa/jawa001013_1_n.shtml |title= Boeing AH-64 Apache |publisher=Jane's Information Group |date= 13 October 2000 |archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080225163847/http://www.janes.com/defence/air_forces/news/jawa/jawa001013_1_n.shtml |archivedate= 25 February 2008 |accessdate=1 April 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/1999/news_release_990504n.htm |title= Boeing To Develop Electric Gun Turret For The AH-64D |publisher=Boeing |date= 5 May 1999}}</ref> The AH-64's standard of performance for [[aerial gunnery]] is to achieve at least one hit out of 30 shots fired at a wheeled vehicle 800–1200 m away.<ref name=heligun1>[http://www.dodsbir.net/sitis/display_topic.asp?Bookmark=42650 "ASP Motion Base for Stabilized Mounts"]. ''[[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] [[Small Business Innovation Research]]''. Retrieved: June 2012.</ref><ref name=heligun2>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/policy/army/fm/1-140/AB.HTM FM 1–140, Appendix B "Helicopter gunnery tables"]. U.S. Army via ''[[GlobalSecurity.org]]''. Retrieved: June 2012.</ref>
-The AH-64 is designed to endure front-line environments and to operate during the day or night and in adverse weather using avionics,<ref name=Harris>{{cite web |url= http://science.howstuffworks.com/apache-helicopter5.htm |title= How Apache Helicopters Work: Apache Sensors |publisher=howstuffworks.com |first= Tom |last= Harris |accessdate=2 February 2010}}</ref> such as the [[Target Acquisition and Designation System, Pilot Night Vision System]] (TADS/PNVS), passive infrared countermeasures,<ref>Richardson and Peacock 1992, pp. 26–31.</ref> [[Global Positioning System|GPS]], and the IHADSS.<ref name=Janes_AWA_2000/><ref name=Harris/> A newer system that is replacing TADS/PNVS is [[Apache Arrowhead|Arrowhead]] (MTADS); it is manufactured by [[Lockheed Martin]], a contract was issued in February 2005 to begin equipping all U.S. Apaches.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2624m-in-arrowheads-for-apaches-0442/ |title= $262.4M In Arrowheads For Apaches |publisher=Defense Daily |date= 2 May 2005}}</ref>
+The AH-64 is designed to endure front-line environments and to operate during the day or night and in adverse weather using avionics,<ref name=Harris>{{cite web |url= http://science.howstuffworks.com/apache-helicopter5.htm |title= How Apache Helicopters Work: Apache Sensors |publisher=howstuffworks.com |first= Tom |last= Harris |accessdate=2 February 2010}}</ref> such as the [[Target Acquisition and Designation System, Pilot Night Vision System]] (TADS/PNVS), passive infrared countermeasures,<ref>Richardson and Peacock 1992, pp. 26–31.</ref> [[Global Positioning System|GPS]], and the IHADSS.<ref name=Janes_AWA_2000/><ref name=Harris/> A newer system that is replacing TADS/PNVS is [[Apache Arrowhead|Arrowhead]] (MTADS); it is manufactured by [[Lockheed Martin]], a contract was issued in February 2005 to begin equipping all US Apaches.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/2624m-in-arrowheads-for-apaches-0442/ |title= $262.4M In Arrowheads For Apaches |publisher=Defense Daily |date= 2 May 2005}}</ref>
 The AH-64 is adaptable to numerous different roles within its context as [[Close air support|Close Combat Attack]] (CCA), it has a customizable weapons loadout mounted on stub-wings for the role desired.<ref name=dep_of_army/> In addition to the 30-mm M230E1 Chain Gun, the Apache carries a range of external stores on its stub-wing pylons, typically a mixture of AGM-114 Hellfire anti-tank missiles, and [[Hydra 70]] general-purpose unguided {{convert|70|mm|in|adj=on|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} rockets.<ref name=Donald_p124-7>Donald 2004, pp. 124–127.</ref> The stub-wing pylons have mounting points which make maintenance easier; these mountings can be used to secure personnel to the wings for transport for emergencies.<ref name=rescue>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/6269613.stm |title= Helicopter rescue bid for Marine |publisher=BBC News |date= 17 January 2007}}</ref>
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 |}
-Starting in the late 1980s, the [[AIM-92 Stinger|Stinger]] and [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] air-to-air missiles and the [[AGM-122 Sidearm]] anti-radiation missile were evaluated for use upon the AH-64.<ref name=Donald_p134-5>Donald 2004, pp. 134–135.</ref><ref>Richardson and Peacock 1992, pp. 40–41, 60.</ref> The Stinger was initially selected over the AIM-9, but the U.S. Army is considering the [[Starstreak missile#Variants|Starstreak]] air-to-air missile instead.<ref name=Janes_AWA_2010>"Boeing AH-64 Apache". ''Jane's All the World's Aircraft''. Jane's Information Group, 2010. [http://www4.janes.com/K2/doc.jsp?t=B&K2DocKey=/content1/janesdata/yb/jawa/jawa1193.htm@current&Prod_Name=JAWA& subscription article, 1 February 2010].</ref><ref name=Donald_p134-5 /> External fuel tanks can also be carried to increase range and mission time.<ref name=dep_of_army/>
+Starting in the late 1980s, the [[AIM-92 Stinger|Stinger]] and [[AIM-9 Sidewinder]] air-to-air missiles and the [[AGM-122 Sidearm]] anti-radiation missile were evaluated for use upon the AH-64.<ref name=Donald_p134-5>Donald 2004, pp. 134–135.</ref><ref>Richardson and Peacock 1992, pp. 40–41, 60.</ref> The Stinger was initially selected over the AIM-9, but the US Army is considering the [[Starstreak missile#Variants|Starstreak]] air-to-air missile instead.<ref name=Janes_AWA_2010>"Boeing AH-64 Apache". ''Jane's All the World's Aircraft''. Jane's Information Group, 2010. [http://www4.janes.com/K2/doc.jsp?t=B&K2DocKey=/content1/janesdata/yb/jawa/jawa1193.htm@current&Prod_Name=JAWA& subscription article, 1 February 2010].</ref><ref name=Donald_p134-5 /> External fuel tanks can also be carried to increase range and mission time.<ref name=dep_of_army/>
 For rapid deployment and transport around the world, up to six AH-64 Apaches can be safely fitted inside the cargo hold of a USAF [[Lockheed C-5 Galaxy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.airforce-technology.com/projects/c5/|title=C-5 Galaxy, United States of America: Lower deck|work=airforce-technology.com|publisher=Net Resources International|accessdate=13 October 2011}}</ref>
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 The AH-64 played roles in the Balkans during separate conflicts in [[Bosnia]] and [[Kosovo]] in the 1990s.<ref name=Bishop_p21-33>Bishop 2005, pp. 21–24, 33.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=JDgfAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nHwEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5602,3407150&dq=bosnia+apache&hl=en |title= U.S. Mulls More Copters In Bosnia – The Aircraft Were Requested For U.N. Troop Reinforcement |publisher=Sarasota Herald-Tribune |date= 18 July 1995}}</ref>  During [[Task Force Hawk]] 24 Apaches were deployed to a land base in [[Albania]] in 1999 to participate in the Kosovo engagement; this required 26,000 tons of equipment to be transported and over 550 C-17 flights, at a cost of $480 million.<ref>Adams 2006, p. 60.</ref>  During these deployments the AH-64 encountered problems such as deficiencies in training, [[Night vision device|night vision equipment]], fuel tanks, and survivability.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/baltsun/access/43251221.html?dids=43251221:43251221&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jul+16%2C+1999&author=Tom+Bowman&pub=The+Sun&desc=Army+hunts+for+answers+as+Apaches+fail+in+Kosovo%3B+Readiness%2C+training+faulted+as+21st-century+helicopter+stumbles&pqatl=google |title= Army Hunts For Answers As Apaches Fail In Kosovo; Readiness, Training Faulted As 21st-century Helicopter Stumbles |first= Tom |last= Bowman |publisher=The Baltimore Sun |date= 16 July 1999}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Army Defends Troubled Copter |first= Mark |last= Thompson |publisher=Spokesman-Review |date= 20 June 1990}}</ref> On 27 April 1999 an Apache crashed during training in Albania due to a failure with the tail rotor,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.nytimes.com/1999/11/10/us/repairs-planned-for-army-helicopters.html |title= Repairs Planned For Army Helicopters |publisher=New York Press |date= 10 November 1999}}</ref> causing the entire fleet in the Balkans to be grounded in December 2000.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=FV&p_theme=fv&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F55000022413A5A&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |title= Some Apaches To Be Grounded 10 Months |publisher=Fayetteville Observer |date= 11 November 1999}}</ref>
-Major General Dick Cody, then the commanding officer of the 101st Airborne, wrote a strongly worded memo to the U.S. Army Chief of Staff about the failures in training and equipment.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/docs/man-ac-ah64-001220.htm |title= Apaches Are Ailing Warriors |first= Jon R. |last= Anderson |publisher=European Stars and Stripes |date= 19 December 2000}}</ref> [[The Washington Post]] also dedicated an front-page article to the failures in Kosovo, commenting that: "The vaunted helicopters came to symbolise everything wrong with the Army as it enters the 21st century: Its inability to move quickly, its resistance to change, its obsession with casualties, its post-Cold War identity crisis".<ref>Adams 2006, p. 61.</ref> The Apache did not conduct any combat missions over Kosovo due to fears over the risk of casualties; in addition, none of the pilots were qualified to fly with night vision goggles, preventing nighttime operations.<ref>Luttwak 2001, pp. 78–80.</ref>
+Major General Dick Cody, then the commanding officer of the 101st Airborne, wrote a strongly worded memo to the US Army Chief of Staff about the failures in training and equipment.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/docs/man-ac-ah64-001220.htm |title= Apaches Are Ailing Warriors |first= Jon R. |last= Anderson |publisher=European Stars and Stripes |date= 19 December 2000}}</ref> [[The Washington Post]] also dedicated an front-page article to the failures in Kosovo, commenting that: "The vaunted helicopters came to symbolise everything wrong with the Army as it enters the 21st century: Its inability to move quickly, its resistance to change, its obsession with casualties, its post-Cold War identity crisis".<ref>Adams 2006, p. 61.</ref> The Apache did not conduct any combat missions over Kosovo due to fears over the risk of casualties; in addition, none of the pilots were qualified to fly with night vision goggles, preventing nighttime operations.<ref>Luttwak 2001, pp. 78–80.</ref>
-U.S. Apaches have served in [[War in Afghanistan (2001-present)|Operation Enduring Freedom]] in [[Afghanistan]] from 2001.<ref name=Bishop_p33-5>Bishop 2005, pp. 33–35.</ref> The Apache was the only platform capable of providing accurate close air support (CAS) duties for [[Operation Anaconda]]; although they regularly took fire during the intense early fighting, they were kept operational by their ground crews.<ref>Bernstein 2005, pp. 16–17.</ref>  American AH-64Ds typically flew in Afghanistan and Iraq without the Longbow Radar as there were no armored threats remaining.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/afghan-field-report-british-wah-64ds-04289/ |title= Afghan Field Report: British WAH-64Ds |publisher=Defense Industry Daily |date= 26 November 2007}}</ref> On 21 December 2009, a pair of American Apaches attacked a British-held base in a [[friendly fire]] incident, killing one British soldier.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tyne-19515309 |title = Christopher Roney inquest: 'Failures led to friendly fire death' |publisher = BBC News |date = 7 September 2012}}</ref>
+U.S. Apaches have served in [[War in Afghanistan (2001-present)|Operation Enduring Freedom]] in [[Afghanistan]] from 2001.<ref name=Bishop_p33-5>Bishop 2005, pp. 33–35.</ref> The Apache was the only platform capable of providing accurate close air support (CAS) duties for [[Operation Anaconda]]; although they regularly took fire during the intense early fighting, they were kept operational by their ground crews.<ref>Bernstein 2005, pp. 16–17.</ref>  American AH-64Ds typically flew in Afghanistan and Iraq without the Longbow Radar as there were no armored threats remaining.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/afghan-field-report-british-wah-64ds-04289/ |title= Afghan Field Report: British WAH-64Ds |publisher=Defense Industry Daily |date= 26 November 2007}}</ref> On 21 December 2009, a pair of US Apaches attacked a British-held base in a [[friendly fire]] incident, killing one British soldier.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-tyne-19515309 |title = Christopher Roney inquest: 'Failures led to friendly fire death' |publisher = BBC News |date = 7 September 2012}}</ref>
-The AH-64 took part in invasion of Iraq in 2003 during [[Iraq War|Operation Iraqi Freedom]].<ref name=Bishop_p35-7>Bishop 2005, pp. 35–37.</ref>  In [[2003 Attack on Karbala|one engagement]] on 24 March 2003, 31 Apaches were damaged, and one Apache was shot down and captured by Iraqi troops near [[Karbala]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/347556641.html?dids=347556641:347556641&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jun+13%2C+2003&author=ERIK+SCHECHTER&pub=Jerusalem+Post&desc=Choppers+on+the+chopping+block%3F&pqatl=google |title= Choppers On The Chopping Block? |first= Erik |last= Schechter |publisher=Jerusalem Post |date= 13 June 2003}}</ref> The intended attack against an armored brigade of the [[Iraqi Republican Guard]]'s Medina Division was unsuccessful. The tank crews had set up a "flak trap" amongst terrain and employed their [[Heavy machine gun|guns]] to good effect.<ref name=CNN_Apache_downing>{{cite news |url= http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/03/24/sprj.irq.apache.attack/index.html |title= U.S. Apache Pilots Taken Prisoner |publisher=CNN |date= 24 March 2003}}</ref><ref name=kaplan>{{cite web|url= http://www.slate.com/id/2081906/ |author=Fred Kaplan |title= Chop The Chopper: The Army's Apache Attack-Helicopter Had A Bad War |publisher=Slate |date= 23 April 2003 |accessdate=10 March 2007}}</ref> Iraqi officials claimed a farmer with a [[Karabiner 98k|Brno]] rifle shot down the Apache,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/03/25/1048354604384.html |title= A City And Regime Steel For Reckoning To Come |work=Sydney Morning Herald |date= 26 March 2003}}</ref> but the farmer denied involvement.<ref name=Apache_farmer>{{cite news |title= The 'Apache' Farmer's Tale |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2969471.stm |publisher=BBC News  |date= 23 April 2003 |accessdate=21 October 2009}}</ref> The helicopter came down intact, and both the pilot and co-pilot [[American POWs in the 2003 invasion of Iraq|were captured]].<ref name=CNN_Apache_downing/>  The AH-64D was destroyed via air strike the following day.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/smgpubs/access/317553631.html?dids=317553631:317553631&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Mar+25%2C+2003&author=&pub=Evening+Times&desc=Downed+Apache+blown+up+to+keep+secrets+from+Iraq&pqatl=google |title= Downed Apache Blown Up To Keep Secrets From Iraq |publisher=Evening Times |date= 25 March 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=B6otAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UXsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6692,4605689&dq=apache+blown+up&hl=en |title= Downed US Apache Blown Up With Missile |publisher=New Straits Times |date= 26 March 2003}}</ref>
+The AH-64 took part in invasion of Iraq in 2003 during [[Iraq War|Operation Iraqi Freedom]].<ref name=Bishop_p35-7>Bishop 2005, pp. 35–37.</ref>  In [[2003 Attack on Karbala|one engagement]] on 24 March 2003, 31 Apaches were damaged, and one Apache was shot down and captured by Iraqi troops near [[Karbala]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/347556641.html?dids=347556641:347556641&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jun+13%2C+2003&author=ERIK+SCHECHTER&pub=Jerusalem+Post&desc=Choppers+on+the+chopping+block%3F&pqatl=google |title= Choppers On The Chopping Block? |first= Erik |last= Schechter |publisher=Jerusalem Post |date= 13 June 2003}}</ref> The intended attack against an armored brigade of the [[Iraqi Republican Guard]]'s Medina Division was unsuccessful. The tank crews had set up a "flak trap" among the terrain and employed their [[machine gun]]s to good effect.<ref name=CNN_Apache_downing>{{cite news |url= http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/03/24/sprj.irq.apache.attack/index.html |title= U.S. Apache Pilots Taken Prisoner |publisher=CNN |date= 24 March 2003}}</ref><ref name=kaplan>{{cite web|url= http://www.slate.com/id/2081906/ |author=Fred Kaplan |title= Chop The Chopper: The Army's Apache Attack-Helicopter Had A Bad War |publisher=Slate |date= 23 April 2003 |accessdate=10 March 2007}}</ref> Iraqi officials claimed a farmer with a [[Karabiner 98k|Brno]] rifle shot down the Apache,<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/03/25/1048354604384.html |title= A City And Regime Steel For Reckoning To Come |work=Sydney Morning Herald |date= 26 March 2003}}</ref> but the farmer denied involvement.<ref name=Apache_farmer>{{cite news |title= The 'Apache' Farmer's Tale |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2969471.stm |publisher=BBC News  |date= 23 April 2003 |accessdate=21 October 2009}}</ref> The helicopter came down intact, and both the pilot and co-pilot [[American POWs in the 2003 invasion of Iraq|were captured]].<ref name=CNN_Apache_downing/>  The AH-64D was destroyed via air strike the following day.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/smgpubs/access/317553631.html?dids=317553631:317553631&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Mar+25%2C+2003&author=&pub=Evening+Times&desc=Downed+Apache+blown+up+to+keep+secrets+from+Iraq&pqatl=google |title= Downed Apache Blown Up To Keep Secrets From Iraq |publisher=Evening Times |date= 25 March 2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=B6otAAAAIBAJ&sjid=UXsFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6692,4605689&dq=apache+blown+up&hl=en |title= Downed US Apache Blown Up With Missile |publisher=New Straits Times |date= 26 March 2003}}</ref>
 [[File:AH-64 from above.jpg|thumb|AH-64D Apache flying over [[Baghdad]], Iraq in 2007, on a reconnaissance mission.]]
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 Most Apache helicopters that have taken heavy combat damage have been able to continue their missions and return safely.<ref name=kaplan /> In 2006, an Apache helicopter was downed by a Soviet-made [[Strela 2]] (SA-7) in Iraq. The Apache is typically able to avoid hits by such missiles but in this instance it did not.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/International/story?id=1515168 |title= Surface-to-Air Missile Downed U.S. Chopper In Iraq |publisher=ABC News |date= 17 January 2006 }}</ref>  The coordination of Apaches in the war was discussed by Thomas Adams, who noted the helicopters tended to fight in small teams but had little autonomy to react to local threats and opportunities, requiring lengthy dialogue with command structures in an effort to centrally [[micromanage]] each unit.<ref>Adams 2006, pp. 223–224.</ref>
-By the end of U.S. military operations in Iraq in December 2011, several Apache helicopters [[List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Iraq War|were shot down]] by enemy fire during the Iraq War, with others lost in crashes. In 2007, four Apache helicopters were destroyed on the ground by Iraqi insurgent mortar fire; the insurgents had made use of embedded coordinates in web-published photographs ([[geotagging]]) taken of the helicopters by soldiers.<ref>[http://www.army.mil/article/75165/Geotagging_poses_security_risks Geotagging poses security risks]</ref>  As of 2012, several AH-64s have been lost to [[List of aviation accidents and incidents in the War in Afghanistan|accidents in Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isaf.nato.int/article/isaf-releases/helicopter-crashes-in-eastern-afghanistan-2.html |title=Helicopter crashes in eastern Afghanistan &#124; ISAF – International Security Assistance Force |publisher=Isaf.nato.int |date=2012-01-06 |accessdate=2012-02-28}}</ref><ref>http://www.wmur.com/news/28055361/detail.html</ref><ref>[http://www.militarytimes.com/valor/soldier/1941909/ Army Chief Warrant Officer 3 William T. Flanigan]</ref><ref>[http://www.celebdirtylaundry.com/2008/amputee-combat-vet-daniel-mcconnell%e2%80%99s-inspiring-story/ Amputee Combat Vet Daniel McConnell's Inspiring Story]</ref>
+By the end of US military operations in Iraq in December 2011, several Apache helicopters [[List of aviation shootdowns and accidents during the Iraq War|were shot down]] by enemy fire during the Iraq War, with others lost in crashes. In 2007, four Apache helicopters were destroyed on the ground by Iraqi insurgent mortar fire; the insurgents had made use of embedded coordinates in web-published photographs ([[geotagging]]) taken of the helicopters by soldiers.<ref>[http://www.army.mil/article/75165/Geotagging_poses_security_risks Geotagging poses security risks]</ref>  As of 2012, several AH-64s have been lost to [[List of aviation accidents and incidents in the War in Afghanistan|accidents in Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.isaf.nato.int/article/isaf-releases/helicopter-crashes-in-eastern-afghanistan-2.html |title=Helicopter crashes in eastern Afghanistan &#124; ISAF – International Security Assistance Force |publisher=Isaf.nato.int |date=2012-01-06 |accessdate=2012-02-28}}</ref><ref>http://www.wmur.com/news/28055361/detail.html</ref><ref>[http://www.militarytimes.com/valor/soldier/1941909/ Army Chief Warrant Officer 3 William T. Flanigan]</ref><ref>[http://www.celebdirtylaundry.com/2008/amputee-combat-vet-daniel-mcconnell%e2%80%99s-inspiring-story/ Amputee Combat Vet Daniel McConnell's Inspiring Story]</ref>
 According to Boeing the U.S. Army Apache fleet has accumulated more than 3 million flight hours since the first prototype aircraft flew in 1975.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.boeing.com/rotorcraft/military/ah64d/docs/AH-64D_overview.pdf |title= AH-64D Apache – Overview |publisher= Boeing |accessdate= 30 July 2011}}</ref> According to a DOD audit released in May 2011, Boeing had significantly overcharged the U.S. Army on multiple occasions, ranging from 33.3 percent to 177,475 percent for routine spare parts in helicopters like the Apache.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.pogo.org/resources/national-security/dod-ig-report-on-audit-of-boeing-spare-parts-contracts.html |title= Excess Inventory and Contract Pricing Problems Jeopardize the Army Contract with Boeing to Support the Corpus Christi Army Depot |publisher= U.S. Department of Defense |date= 3 May 2011}}</ref>
 ===Israel===
-The [[Israeli Air Force]] (IAF) first received AH-64As in 1990,<ref name=Donald_p157>Donald 2004, p. 157.</ref> for a total fleet of 42.<ref name="Israeliapache1">{{cite news |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/03/world/israeli-says-us-fears-endanger-major-purchase-of-apache-copters.html |title= Israeli Says U.S. Fears Endanger Major Purchase of Apache Copters |work=New York Times |first= William A. |last= Orme |date= 3 February 2000}}</ref> There was some controversy over the Air Force's choice to purchase Apaches over upgrading existing [[AH-1 Cobra]] attack helicopters.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/99880525.html?dids=99880525:99880525&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Mar+23%2C+1994&author=ALON+PINKAS&pub=Jerusalem+Post&desc=IAI+EXPERTS+CRITICIZE+AIR+FORCE+FOR+PREFERRING+APACHE+OVER+UPGRADED+COBRA&pqatl=google |title= IA Experts Criticize Air Force For Preferring Apache Over Upgraded Cobra |work=Jerusalem Post |date= 23 March 1994 |first=Alon |last=Pinkas}}</ref> In 2000, Israel was interested in acquiring up to 48 Apache AH-64Ds, but U.S. reluctance to share the software source code complicated the prospect.<ref name="Israeliapache1"/> In April 2005, Boeing delivered the first AH-64D to the IAF.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2005/q2/nr_050411n.html |title= Israel Accepts First AH-64D Apache Longbows |publisher= Boeing |date= 11 April 2005}}</ref> In 2009, an arranged sale of six AH-64Ds was reportedly blocked by the Obama Administration (pending interagency review) over concerns the helicopters may pose a threat to civilian Palestinians in Gaza.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.rightsidenews.com/201001238339/editorial/qme-part-ii-us-arms-sales-to-the-arabs-and-will-there-be-help-for-israel.html |title= QME, Part II: U.S. Arms Sales To The Arabs, And Will There Be Help For Israel |publisher=Right Side News |first= Shoshana |last= Bryen |date= 23 January 2010 |quote= ''Indeed, Israel's request for six AH-64D Apache Longbow attack helicopters was blocked by the Obama Administration in June-the same time the Egyptian sale was approved. U.S. sources reported that the request was undergoing an "interagency review to determine whether additional Longbow helicopters would threaten Palestinian civilians in the Gaza Strip"''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2009/ss_israel0424_05_27.asp |title= Administration Blocks Helicopters for Israel due to Civilian Casualties in Gaza |publisher=World Tribune |date= 27 May 2009}}</ref> Also, in February 2001 reports emerged the U.S. government was investigating alleged misuse of the Apache and other US military equipment against Palestinian leaders and facilities.<ref>Powers 2002, pp. 11, 49.</ref> The IAF has named the AH-64A ''Peten'' ({{lang-he|פתן}}, for [[Cobra]]{{#tag:ref|Israel had already used "Tzefa" (צפע), Hebrew for ''[[Viperidae|Viper]]'' to name its [[Bell AH-1 Cobra#Israel|Bell AH-1 Cobra]]s.<ref>Donald 2004, p. 191.</ref> Donald 2004 states Peten translates to "Viper".<ref name=Donald_p157/>|group=N}}), and the AH-64D ''Saraph''<ref name=Donald_p157/> ({{lang|he|שרף}}, also as "Seraph", Hebrew for flaming angel).<ref name=Janes_dispute/>
+The [[Israeli Air Force]] (IAF) first received AH-64As in 1990,<ref name=Donald_p157>Donald 2004, p. 157.</ref> for a total fleet of 42.<ref name="Israeliapache1">{{cite news |url= http://www.nytimes.com/2000/02/03/world/israeli-says-us-fears-endanger-major-purchase-of-apache-copters.html |title= Israeli Says U.S. Fears Endanger Major Purchase of Apache Copters |work=New York Times |first= William A. |last= Orme |date= 3 February 2000}}</ref> There was some controversy over the Air Force's choice to purchase Apaches over upgrading existing [[AH-1 Cobra]] attack helicopters.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jpost/access/99880525.html?dids=99880525:99880525&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Mar+23%2C+1994&author=ALON+PINKAS&pub=Jerusalem+Post&desc=IAI+EXPERTS+CRITICIZE+AIR+FORCE+FOR+PREFERRING+APACHE+OVER+UPGRADED+COBRA&pqatl=google |title= IA Experts Criticize Air Force For Preferring Apache Over Upgraded Cobra |work=Jerusalem Post |date= 23 March 1994 |first=Alon |last=Pinkas}}</ref> In 2000 Israel was interested in acquiring up to 48 Apache AH-64Ds, but US reluctance to share the software source code complicated the prospect.<ref name="Israeliapache1"/> In April 2005, Boeing delivered the first AH-64D to the IAF.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2005/q2/nr_050411n.html |title= Israel Accepts First AH-64D Apache Longbows |publisher= Boeing |date= 11 April 2005}}</ref> In 2009, an arranged sale of six AH-64Ds was reportedly blocked by the Obama Administration (pending interagency review) over concerns the helicopters may pose a threat to civilian Palestinians in Gaza.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.rightsidenews.com/201001238339/editorial/qme-part-ii-us-arms-sales-to-the-arabs-and-will-there-be-help-for-israel.html |title= QME, Part II: U.S. Arms Sales To The Arabs, And Will There Be Help For Israel |publisher=Right Side News |first= Shoshana |last= Bryen |date= 23 January 2010 |quote= ''Indeed, Israel's request for six AH-64D Apache Longbow attack helicopters was blocked by the Obama Administration in June-the same time the Egyptian sale was approved. U.S. sources reported that the request was undergoing an "interagency review to determine whether additional Longbow helicopters would threaten Palestinian civilians in the Gaza Strip"''}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.worldtribune.com/worldtribune/WTARC/2009/ss_israel0424_05_27.asp |title= Administration Blocks Helicopters for Israel due to Civilian Casualties in Gaza |publisher=World Tribune |date= 27 May 2009}}</ref> Also, in February 2001 reports emerged the US government was investigating alleged misuse of the Apache and other US military equipment against Palestinian leaders and facilities.<ref>Powers 2002, pp. 11, 49.</ref> The IAF has named the AH-64A ''Peten'' ({{lang-he|פתן}}, for [[Cobra]]{{#tag:ref|Israel had already used "Tzefa" (צפע), Hebrew for ''[[Viperidae|Viper]]'' to name its [[Bell AH-1 Cobra#Israel|Bell AH-1 Cobra]]s.<ref>Donald 2004, p. 191.</ref> Donald 2004 states Peten translates to "Viper".<ref name=Donald_p157/>|group=N}}), and the AH-64D ''Saraph''<ref name=Donald_p157/> ({{lang|he|שרף}}, also as "Seraph", Hebrew for flaming angel).<ref name=Janes_dispute/>
 [[File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - Israeli Apache helicopter overlooks the Greek hills.jpg|thumb|left|[[Israeli Air Force]] AH-64D "Saraph"{{#tag:ref|Note the difference between an A-model and a D-model is in the external appearance of the main-rotor hub, A-models are "pointy" while D-models are flat for mounting the Longbow fire-control radar.{{citation needed|date=January 2012}}|group=N}} during an exercise with the [[Hellenic Air Force]] in 2011. The small radome on the stub wing covers the EL/K-1891 SATCOM antenna.<ref>http://www.iai.co.il/34465-32645-en/Groups_ELTA_SystemsSensors.aspx?btl=1</ref>]]
@@ Line 131: / Line 137: @@
 There have also been accidents involving the Apache helicopter in Israeli service. During the Lebanon War in 2006, two IAF AH-64A helicopters collided, killing one pilot and critically wounding three.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/5201696.stm |title= Hezbollah Defies Israeli Pressure |publisher=BBC News |date= 21 July 2006}}</ref> In another incident in the conflict an IAF AH-64D crashed due to a malfunction in the main rotor, killing the two crew.<ref>{{cite web |last= Egozi |first= Arie |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2006/08/01/208214/israeli-air-power-falls-short-as-offensive-in-southern-lebanon-fails-to-halt-hezbollah-rocket.html |title= Israeli Air Power Falls Short As Offensive In Southern Lebanon Fails To Halt Hezbollah Rocket Attacks |work=Flight International |date= 1 August 2006}}</ref> In late 2007, the Israeli Air Force put further purchases and deliveries of AH-64Ds on hold during an investigation upon the aircraft's performance envelope.<ref name=Janes_dispute>{{cite web |last= Alon |first= Ben-David |url= http://www.janes.com/news/defence/air/jdw/jdw071018_2_n.shtml |title= Performance Dispute Puts Israeli Apache Buy On Hold |publisher=Jane's Information Group |date= 18 October 2007}}</ref> However, Israeli officials have since praised the Apache for its role in [[Gaza War|Operation Cast Lead]] in 2008, against Hamas in [[Gaza]].<ref>{{cite web |first= Arie |last= Egozi |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2009/02/27/323199/israel-seeks-more-apache-attack-helicopters.html |title= Israel seeks more Apache attack helicopters |publisher= Flight International |date= 27 February 2009}}</ref>
-In June 2010, Israel decided against upgrading its existing AH-64A to the -D configuration, due to budget restrictions.<ref>{{cite web |first= Arie |last= Egozi |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/06/30/343883/israel-ditches-apache-upgrade-plan-commits-to-ch-53k.html |title= Israel ditches Apache upgrade plan, commits to CH-53K |publisher= Flight International |date= 30 June 2010}}</ref> As of December 2010, the IAF was examining the adoption of a new missile system as a cheaper and lightweight complement to the Hellfire missile, either the American Hydra 70 or the Canadian [[CRV7]].<ref>{{cite web |first= Yaajov |last= Katz |url= http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id=201665 |title= Rapid-fire rocket system aims to reduce civilian casualties |publisher= Jerusalem Post |date= 31 December 2010}}</ref> In recent years, Israeli Apaches have been used to patrol the skies over [[Gaza]]; strike operations against insurgents using these helicopters has become a frequent occurrence.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.iol.co.za/news/world/israeli-choppers-blast-gaza-city-1.77884 |title= Israeli choppers blast Gaza City |publisher= oil.co.za |date= 3 December 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://english.eastday.com/e/111106/u1a6189720.html |title= Israeli airstrike in Gaza kills one, wounds 2 |publisher= english.eastday.com |date= 6 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.euronews.com/2009/01/06/israel-expands-gaza-offensive/ |title= Israel expands Gaza offensive |publisher= euronews.com |date= 6 January 2009}}</ref>
+In June 2010, Israel decided against upgrading its AH-64As to the D model, due to its high cost.<ref>{{cite web |first= Arie |last= Egozi |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/06/30/343883/israel-ditches-apache-upgrade-plan-commits-to-ch-53k.html |title= Israel ditches Apache upgrade plan, commits to CH-53K |publisher= Flight International |date= 30 June 2010}}</ref> As of December 2010, the IAF was examining the adoption of a new missile system as a cheaper and lightweight complement to the Hellfire missile, either the American Hydra 70 or the Canadian [[CRV7]].<ref>{{cite web |first= Yaajov |last= Katz |url= http://www.jpost.com/Defense/Article.aspx?id=201665 |title= Rapid-fire rocket system aims to reduce civilian casualties |publisher= Jerusalem Post |date= 31 December 2010}}</ref> In recent years, Israeli Apaches have been used to patrol the skies over [[Gaza]]; strike operations against insurgents using these helicopters has become a frequent occurrence.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.iol.co.za/news/world/israeli-choppers-blast-gaza-city-1.77884 |title= Israeli choppers blast Gaza City |publisher= oil.co.za |date= 3 December 2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://english.eastday.com/e/111106/u1a6189720.html |title= Israeli airstrike in Gaza kills one, wounds 2 |publisher= english.eastday.com |date= 6 November 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.euronews.com/2009/01/06/israel-expands-gaza-offensive/ |title= Israel expands Gaza offensive |publisher= euronews.com |date= 6 January 2009}}</ref>
 ===United Kingdom===
@@ Line 137: / Line 143: @@
 {{Main|AgustaWestland Apache}}
-The UK operates a modified version of the Apache Longbow initially called the Westland WAH-64 Apache, and is designated Apache AH1 by the British Army. [[AgustaWestland|Westland]] built 67 WAH-64 Apaches under license from Boeing,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.agustawestland.com/node/3232 |title= British Army receives 67th Apache in ceremony held at the Farnborough Airshow 2004 |publisher=AgustaWestland |date= 21 July 2004}}</ref> following a competition between the [[Eurocopter Tiger]] and the Apache for the British Army's new Attack Helicopter in 1995.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-6339513_ITM |title= High Noon For Tiger And Apache |publisher=Interavia Business & Technology |first= Nick |last= Cook |date= 1 May 1995}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SL&p_theme=sl&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB0831C4678BE61&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |title= Mac Lands $3.5 Billion Copter Order – British Buying 67 Antitank Craft |publisher=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |first= William |last= Flannery |date= 14 July 1995}}</ref> Important deviations made by AgustaWestland from the U.S. variants of the Apache include replacing the engines with more powerful [[Rolls-Royce plc|Rolls-Royce]] units,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.turbomeca.com/public/turbomeca_v2/html/en/produits/sous_famille_home.php?sfid=509&mid=615 |title= RTM 322 |publisher=Turbomeca |accessdate=29 January 2010}}</ref> and the addition of a folding blade assembly for naval use;<ref name="seatrials1"/> allowing British Apaches to operate from [[Royal Navy]] warships and auxiliaries.
+The UK operates a modified version of the Apache Longbow initially called the Westland WAH-64 Apache, and is designated Apache AH1 by the British Army. [[AgustaWestland|Westland]] built 67 WAH-64 Apaches under license from Boeing,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.agustawestland.com/node/3232 |title= British Army receives 67th Apache in ceremony held at the Farnborough Airshow 2004 |publisher=AgustaWestland |date= 21 July 2004}}</ref> following a competition between the [[Eurocopter Tiger]] and the Apache for the British Army's new Attack Helicopter in 1995.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-6339513_ITM |title= High Noon For Tiger And Apache |publisher=Interavia Business & Technology |first= Nick |last= Cook |date= 1 May 1995}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SL&p_theme=sl&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB0831C4678BE61&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |title= Mac Lands $3.5 Billion Copter Order – British Buying 67 Antitank Craft |publisher=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |first= William |last= Flannery |date= 14 July 1995}}</ref> Important deviations made by AgustaWestland from the US variants of the Apache include replacing the engines with more powerful [[Rolls-Royce plc|Rolls-Royce]] units,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.turbomeca.com/public/turbomeca_v2/html/en/produits/sous_famille_home.php?sfid=509&mid=615 |title= RTM 322 |publisher=Turbomeca |accessdate=29 January 2010}}</ref> and the addition of a folding blade assembly for naval use;<ref name="seatrials1"/> allowing British Apaches to operate from [[Royal Navy]] warships and auxiliaries.
 ===The Netherlands===
@@ Line 144: / Line 150: @@
 The Dutch government initially showed an interest in acquiring Apache helicopters in the late 1980s, where it stated that it may purchase as many as 52.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SL&p_theme=sl&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB04C18BA24D9D5&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |title= McDonnell In Talks With Dutch On Apache Role |publisher=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |date= 13 April 1989}}</ref> A competition held in 1994 against the [[Eurocopter Tiger]] and the [[AH-1 SuperCobra]] led to the [[Royal Netherlands Air Force]] ordering 30 AH-64D Apaches in 1995.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SL&p_theme=sl&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB04ED1B579E699&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |title= Dutch May Buy McDonnell Copter |publisher=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |date= 14 December 1994}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title= Ignoring EU Solidarity, The Dutch Opt For U.S. Helicopters |work=New York Times |date= 13 April 1995 |first=Joseph |last=Fitchett}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SL&p_theme=sl&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB082FEAB81105D&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |title= McDonnell Wins Big Helicopter Contract But Layoffs Are Looming At Commercial Air Arm |publisher=St. Louis Post-Dispatch |first= William |last= Flannery |date= 8 April 1995}}</ref> Construction for the order started in December 1997, deliveries began in 1999.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/1997/news_release_971223n.html |title= Work Begins On First Netherlands AH-64D Apache; Production Rates To Pass Three-A-Month In January |publisher=Boeing |date= 23 December 1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.boeing.com/rotorcraft/military/ah64d/news/1999/news_release_990329n.htm |title= First AH-64D Apache Pilots From The Netherlands Complete Training At Boeing |publisher=Boeing |date= 29 March 1999}}</ref> The Apaches of the RNLAF are equipped with the Apache Modular Aircraft Survivability Equipment (AMASE) system. The AMASE is an advanced Electronic Warfare self-protection system against Infra-Red (IR) missile threats.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.terma.com/multimedia/1409_update_0704.pdf |title= Aircraft Survivability Equipment |publisher=TERMA |date= July 2004}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.terma.com/multimedia/2509_update_0706_kor4.pdf |title= AMASE/DIRCM Pod During Flight Certification Testing in the Netherlands |publisher=TERMA |date=July 2006}}</ref>
-The RNLAF Apaches' first deployment was in 2001 to [[Djibouti]], Africa.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_6712/is_43_213/ai_n28901078 |title= Army Conducts First Deployment of AH-64D Apache Longbows To Kuwait |publisher=Defense Daily |first= Marc |last= Strass |date= 6 March 2002}}</ref> They were also deployed alongside U.S. AH-64s in support of NATO [[SFOR|peacekeeping]] forces in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/19492342.html?dids=19492342:19492342&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec+04%2C+1995&author=Rick+Atkinson&pub=The+Washington+Post+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=U.S.+Bound+for+Bosnia+By+Train%2C+Truck%2C+Air%3B+Military+Tackles+Toughest+Logistics+Since+Gulf&pqatl=google |title= U.S. Bound for Bosnia By Train, Truck, Air |work=Washington Post |first= Rick |last= Atkinson |date= 4 December 1995}}</ref> In 2004, six Dutch AH-64s were deployed as part of the Netherlands contribution to [[Multinational force in Iraq]] to support the Dutch ground forces.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.government.nl/News/Press_releases_and_news_items/2004/May/Six_Apaches_to_Iraq_to_boost_security |title= Six Apaches to Iraq to Boost Security |publisher=Government.nl |date= 24 May 2004}}</ref> The Apaches performed close combat support and display of force missions, along with providing reconnaissance information to ground forces. In February 2006, the Netherlands contribution to NATO forces in Afghanistan was increased from 600 to 1,400 troops and 6 AH-64s were sent in support.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4673026.stm |title= More Dutch troops for Afghanistan |publisher=BBC News  |date= 3 February 2006}}</ref>
+The RNLAF Apaches' first deployment was in 2001 to [[Djibouti]], Africa.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_6712/is_43_213/ai_n28901078 |title= Army Conducts First Deployment of AH-64D Apache Longbows To Kuwait |publisher=Defense Daily |first= Marc |last= Strass |date= 6 March 2002}}</ref> They were also deployed alongside American AH-64s in support of NATO [[SFOR|peacekeeping]] forces in [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/19492342.html?dids=19492342:19492342&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec+04%2C+1995&author=Rick+Atkinson&pub=The+Washington+Post+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=U.S.+Bound+for+Bosnia+By+Train%2C+Truck%2C+Air%3B+Military+Tackles+Toughest+Logistics+Since+Gulf&pqatl=google |title= U.S. Bound for Bosnia By Train, Truck, Air |work=Washington Post |first= Rick |last= Atkinson |date= 4 December 1995}}</ref> In 2004, six Dutch AH-64s were deployed as part of the Dutch contribution to [[Multinational force in Iraq]] to support the Dutch ground forces.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.government.nl/News/Press_releases_and_news_items/2004/May/Six_Apaches_to_Iraq_to_boost_security |title= Six Apaches to Iraq to Boost Security |publisher=Government.nl |date= 24 May 2004}}</ref> The Apaches performed close combat support and display of force missions, along with providing reconnaissance information to ground forces. In February 2006, the Netherlands contribution to NATO forces in Afghanistan was increased from 600 to 1,400 troops and 6 AH-64s were sent in support.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4673026.stm |title= More Dutch troops for Afghanistan |publisher=BBC News  |date= 3 February 2006}}</ref>
 Shortly after Apaches were deployed to [[Kabul]] airport as part of the Netherlands contribution to ISAF, on 10 April 2004 a pair of Dutch Apaches came under light gunfire close to the Afghan capital.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20040410/dutch_choppers040410/20040410 |title= Two Peacekeeping Helicopters Fired on in Kabul |publisher=CTV News |date= 10 April 2004}}</ref>  On 17 December 2007, a RNLAF Apache flew into powerlines during a night flying exercise in the Netherlands, forcing an emergency landing and causing a lengthy blackout in the region.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2007/12/18/220380/picture-dutch-apache-accident-leaves-50000-homes-without.html |title= Dutch Apache Accident Leaves 50,000 Homes Without Power |first= Anno |last= Gravemaker |publisher=Flight International |date= 18 December 2007}}</ref>
 ===Saudi Arabia===
-In the aftermath of the [[Gulf War]] of 1991, in which many U.S. Apaches operated from bases in Saudi territory,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=DHAVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=meoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6638,5926770&dq=saudi+apache&hl=en |title= Apache Copters All Set if Iraqis Make a Move |publisher=Eugene Register-Guard |date= 25 August 1990}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/61018142.html?dids=61018142:61018142&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+22%2C+1991&author=DOUGLAS+JEHL&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Desert+Air%2C+Sands+Alive+With+Modern+Warriors&pqatl=google |title= Desert Air, Sands Alive With Modern Warriors |first= Douglas |last= Jehl |work=Los Angeles Times |date= 22 January 1991}}</ref> the government of [[Saudi Arabia]] purchased twelve AH-64As for its army.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SL&p_theme=sl&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB04DADEBA9086A&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |title= Bush Endorses Sale Of Arms To Saudis...McDonnell Douglas Could Benefit from Pact |first= Robert L. |last= Koenig |publisher=St Louis Post-Dispatch |date= 3 June 1992}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/74027664.html?dids=74027664:74027664&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jun+03%2C+1992&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=U.S.+Plans+%241.8+Billion+Saudi+Military+Sale&pqatl=google |title= U.S. Plans $1.8 Billion Saudi Military Sale |work=Washington Post |date= 3 June 1992}}</ref> In the Middle East, Israel procured the Apache in response to the 1992 Saudi purchase.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/15/world/us-and-israel-working-out-deal-to-offset-warplane-sale-to-saudis.html?pagewanted=1 |title= U.S. and Israel Working Out Deal To Offset Warplane Sale to Saudis |first= Thomas L. |last= Friedman |work=New York Times |date= 15 September 1992}}</ref>
+During the aftermath of the [[1991 Persian Gulf War]], in which many American Apache helicopters flew from [[air base]]s in Saudi territory,<ref>{{cite web |url= http://news.google.co.uk/newspapers?id=DHAVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=meoDAAAAIBAJ&pg=6638,5926770&dq=saudi+apache&hl=en |title= Apache Copters All Set if Iraqis Make a Move |publisher=Eugene Register-Guard |date= 25 August 1990}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/61018142.html?dids=61018142:61018142&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jan+22%2C+1991&author=DOUGLAS+JEHL&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=Desert+Air%2C+Sands+Alive+With+Modern+Warriors&pqatl=google |title= Desert Air, Sands Alive With Modern Warriors |first= Douglas |last= Jehl |work=Los Angeles Times |date= 22 January 1991}}</ref> the government of [[Saudi Arabia]] purchased twelve AH-64As for its army.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SL&p_theme=sl&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EB04DADEBA9086A&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |title= Bush Endorses Sale Of Arms To Saudis...McDonnell Douglas Could Benefit from Pact |first= Robert L. |last= Koenig |publisher=St Louis Post-Dispatch |date= 3 June 1992}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost/access/74027664.html?dids=74027664:74027664&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jun+03%2C+1992&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post+(pre-1997+Fulltext)&desc=U.S.+Plans+%241.8+Billion+Saudi+Military+Sale&pqatl=google |title= U.S. Plans $1.8 Billion Saudi Military Sale |work=Washington Post |date= 3 June 1992}}</ref> Also in the [[Middle East]], the purchase of the Apache helicopter by [[Israel]] was probabily a response to the purchase by Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/15/world/us-and-israel-working-out-deal-to-offset-warplane-sale-to-saudis.html?pagewanted=1 |title= U.S. and Israel Working Out Deal To Offset Warplane Sale to Saudis |first= Thomas L. |last= Friedman |work=New York Times |date= 15 September 1992}}</ref>
-In August 2006, the Saudi Arabian government began negotiations to spend as much as $400&nbsp;million on Apache upgrades, possibly remanufacturing them into the AH-64D Longbow configuration.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/the-2006-saudi-shopping-spree-400m-to-upgrade-ah64a-apache-helicopters-02484/ |title= The 2006 Saudi Shopping Spree: $400M to Upgrade AH-64A Apache Helicopters |publisher=Defense Industry Daily |date= 1 August 2006}}</ref> In September 2008, the U.S. Government approved the purchase of twelve AH-64Ds requested by Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0932579120080909 |title= US OKs sale of Boeing helicopters to Saudi Arabia |agency=Reuters |date= 12 September 2008 |first=Andrea |last=Shalal-Esa}}</ref> In October 2010, Saudi Arabia requested a further 70 AH-64Ds as part of a possible, massive US-Saudi arms deal.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article841039.ece |title= Huge U.S.-Saudi arms deal|publisher= The Hindu |date= 21 October 2010 |location=Chennai, India |first=Narayan |last=Lakshman}}</ref><ref name=DSCA_Helos_request>[http://www.dsca.mil/PressReleases/36-b/2010/Saudi_Arabia_10-44.pdf "Saudi Arabia – AH-64D APACHE, UH-60M BLACKHAWK, AH-6i Light Attack, and MD-530F Light Turbine Helicopters"]. US Defense Security Cooperation Agency, 20 October 2010.</ref>
+In August 2006, the Saudi Arabian government began negotiations to spend as much as $400 million for upgrades to its Apache helicopters, possibly remanufacturing them into the AH-64D Longbow gunship.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/the-2006-saudi-shopping-spree-400m-to-upgrade-ah64a-apache-helicopters-02484/ |title= The 2006 Saudi Shopping Spree: $400M to Upgrade AH-64A Apache Helicopters |publisher=Defense Industry Daily |date= 1 August 2006}}</ref> In September 2008, the [[U.S. Government]] agreed with the purchase and exporting of the twelve AH-64Ds requested by the Saudi government.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN0932579120080909 |title= US OKs sale of Boeing helicopters to Saudi Arabia |agency=Reuters |date= 12 September 2008 |first=Andrea |last=Shalal-Esa}}</ref>
+In October 2010, the Saudi government requested 70 more AH-64Ds as part of a possibly large-scale American-Saudi military arms purchase.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.thehindu.com/news/international/article841039.ece |title= Huge U.S.-Saudi arms deal|publisher= The Hindu |date= 21 October 2010 |location=Chennai, India |first=Narayan |last=Lakshman}}</ref><ref name=DSCA_Helos_request>[http://www.dsca.mil/PressReleases/36-b/2010/Saudi_Arabia_10-44.pdf "Saudi Arabia – AH-64D APACHE, UH-60M BLACKHAWK, AH-6i Light Attack, and MD-530F Light Turbine Helicopters"]. US Defense Security Cooperation Agency, 20 October 2010.</ref>
-In November 2009, the [[Royal Saudi Air Force]], as part of a military effort against insurgent intrusions of the kingdom's border, started using the Apache in [[Operation Scorched Earth]]; this involved launched air strikes against [[Houthi]] rebels operating inside neighboring [[Yemen]] as well.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=BBAB&d_place=BBAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=12C1F686E2F34400&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |title= Saudi troops combing Yemen border; security stepped up |publisher= BBC News |date= 20 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=BBAB&d_place=BBAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=12C6E817D6115290&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |title= Saudi Apache gunships prevent incursion by "infiltrators" |publisher=Saudi Gazette |date= 6 December 2009}}</ref> In January 2010 the rebels claimed to have shot down an Apache; this was denied by the Saudi military.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=35962&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=26&cHash=6f3c9c6c6a |title= Saudi Military Operations along the Yemen Border Repel Houthist Incursion |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |date= 28 January 2010}}</ref> In late January 2010, the leader of the Shiite rebels announced their withdrawal from Saudi territory, this announcement followed a key battle on 12 January when Saudi forces reportedly took control of the border village of Al Jabiri.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.jordantimes.com/?news=23477 |title= Yemen rebels announce pullout from Saudi land |publisher= The Jordan Times |date= 26 January 2010}}</ref>
+In November 2009, the [[Royal Saudi Air Force]], as part of an effort against  intrusions by foreign insurgents over the borders of that country, started using Apache gunships in [[Operation Scorched Earth]]. This operation also sent [[air strike]]s against [[Houthi]] rebels inside the neighboring country of  [[Yemen]].<ref>{{cite news |url= http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=BBAB&d_place=BBAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=12C1F686E2F34400&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |title= Saudi troops combing Yemen border; security stepped up |publisher= BBC News |date= 20 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=BBAB&d_place=BBAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=12C6E817D6115290&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM |title= Saudi Apache gunships prevent incursion by "infiltrators" |publisher=Saudi Gazette |date= 6 December 2009}}</ref> In January 2010 the rebels claimed to have shot down an Apache; this was denied by the Saudi military.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.jamestown.org/programs/gta/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=35962&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=26&cHash=6f3c9c6c6a |title= Saudi Military Operations along the Yemen Border Repel Houthist Incursion |publisher=The Jamestown Foundation |date= 28 January 2010}}</ref>
+In late January 2010, the leader of the Shiite rebels announced his orders for his men to withdraw from Saudi territory. This announcement followed a battle on January 12th in which Saudi troops reportedly took control of the village of Al Jabiri at the border with Yemen.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.jordantimes.com/?news=23477 |title= Yemen rebels announce pullout from Saudi land |publisher= The Jordan Times |date= 26 January 2010}}</ref>
 ===Egypt===
-In 1995, the [[Egyptian Air Force]] placed an order for 36 AH-64A helicopters.<ref name=Bishop_p40-4/> These Apaches were delivered with most of the advanced avionics used on the U.S. fleet at that time, with the exception of localized radio equipment.<ref>Bishop 2005, p. 42.</ref> In 2000, Boeing announced that an order to remanufacture Egypt's existing Apache fleet to the AH-64D configuration.<ref>[http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2000/news_release_000925o.htm "Egypt to Upgrade 35 Apaches to AH-64D Configuration."] ''Boeing,'' 25 September 2000.</ref> Notably, the AH-64D upgrade did not include the procurement of the Longbow radar, the supply of which had been refused by the U.S. government.<ref>Feldman 2004, p. 106.</ref> Egypt requested a further 12 AH-64D Block II Apaches through a [[Foreign Military Sales|Foreign Military Sale]] in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.defencetalk.com/sale-ah-64d-apache-longbow-helicopters-egypt-19278/ |title= AH-64D Apache Longbow helicopters for Egypt |publisher=Defence Talk |date= 29 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Egypt-Aims-to-Add-AH-64D-Block-II-Attack-Helicopters-05458/ |title= Egypt Aims to Add AH-64D Block II Attack Helicopters |publisher=DefenseIndustryDaily.com |date= 28 May 2009}}</ref>
+In 1995, the [[Egyptian Air Force]] placed an order for 36 AH-64A gunships.<ref name=Bishop_p40-4/> These Apaches were delivered with most of the advanced avionics used on the [[U.S. Army]] helicopters at that time, but with the exception of localized radio equipment.<ref>Bishop 2005, p. 42.</ref> In the year 2000, Egypt and the [[Boeing Company]] announced that an order to upgrade  all of the Egyptian Apaches to the AH-64D model had been placed.<ref>[http://www.boeing.com/news/releases/2000/news_release_000925o.htm "Egypt to Upgrade 35 Apaches to AH-64D Configuration."] ''Boeing,'' 25 September 2000.</ref>
+Notably, the upgrade to the AH-64D did not include the Apache Longbow radar. The sale of that advanced technology to Egypt was not approved by the U.S. Government.<ref>Feldman 2004, p. 106.</ref> In 2009, Egypt requested 12 more AH-64D Block II Apaches through the [[Foreign Military Sales]] program.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.defencetalk.com/sale-ah-64d-apache-longbow-helicopters-egypt-19278/ |title= AH-64D Apache Longbow helicopters for Egypt |publisher=Defence Talk |date= 29 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.defenseindustrydaily.com/Egypt-Aims-to-Add-AH-64D-Block-II-Attack-Helicopters-05458/ |title= Egypt Aims to Add AH-64D Block II Attack Helicopters |publisher=DefenseIndustryDaily.com |date= 28 May 2009}}</ref>
-In August 2012, the Egyptian Armed Forces undertook a large scale military operation to regain control of the [[Sinai Peninsula]] from armed militants. Air cover throughout the operation was provided by the Egyptian Air Force's Apache helicopters; reportedly the Apaches destroyed three vehicles and killed at least 20 militants.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2012/08/08/world/africa/egypt-violence/index.html "Egypt launches airstrikes in Sinai after troop massacre."] ''CNN'', 8 August 2012.</ref>
+In August 2012, the Egyptian Armed Forces undertook a widescale military operation to regain control over the [[Sinai Peninsula]] from armed militants. Air cover throughout the operation was provided by the Apache helicopters of the [[Egyptian Air Force]]. It was reported that the Apaches destroyed three vehicles and killed at least 20 militants.<ref>[http://www.cnn.com/2012/08/08/world/africa/egypt-violence/index.html "Egypt launches airstrikes in Sinai after troop massacre."] ''CNN'', 8 August 2012.</ref>
 ===Other users===
@@ Line 172: / Line 184: @@
 [[South Korea]] showed interest in acquiring Apache attack helicopters.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/10/205_37859.html |title= Seoul Seeks To Deploy Apaches In 2012 |publisher=Korea Times |first= Jung |last= Sung-ki |date= 14 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Security-Industry/2009/08/07/South-Korea-dithers-over-Apaches/UPI-46361249661040/ |title= South Korea Dithers Over Apaches |publisher=United Press International |date= 7 August 2009}}</ref> This move may be related to U.S. plans to withdraw many of its Apaches from South Korea.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2009/08/113_49464.html |title= US May Withdraw More Apache Helos From Korea by 2012 |publisher=Korea Times |first= Jung |last= Sung-ki |date= 8 February 2009}}</ref>  On 21 September 2012, the U.S. Congress was notified of the possible purchase of 36 AH-64D Block III Apaches, along with associated equipment and armament, for an estimated $3.6 billion.<ref>[http://www.defense-aerospace.com/article-view/release/138784/us-offers-36-cobra-or-apache-helos-to-korea.html "Republic of Korea (ROK) – AH-64D APACHE Attack Helicopters"]. Defense-Aerospace.com, 25 September 2012.</ref> The Apache is competing against the [[AH-1Z Viper]] and the [[TAI/AgustaWestland T-129]] for the order; a decision is expected in late 2012.<ref>[http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/usa-issues-fms-documents-for-south-korean-ah-1z-ah-64d-bids-376933/ "Korea helicopter bids".] ''Flightglobal.com'', 26 September 2012.</ref>
-The [[Republic of China]] (Taiwan) reached an agreement with the U.S. to purchase 30 AH-64D Block III Apaches in June 2011.<ref>{{cite web |last= Trimble |first= Stepehen |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/06/10/357871/taiwan-buys-30-ah-64-apaches.html |title= Taiwan buys 30 AH-64 Apaches |work=Flight International |date= 10 June 2011}}</ref> In February 2012,  [[Indonesia]]'s deputy minister of defense [[Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin]] stated that the [[Indonesian National Armed Forces]] plans to buy eight AH-64s.<ref>[http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/79774/indonesia-to-buy-apache-helicopters-from-us "Indonesia to buy Apache helicopters from US"]. Antara, 9 February 2012.</ref>  [[Qatar]] requested the sale of 24 AH-64D Apaches in July 2012, along with associated equipment and armament.<ref>[http://www.dsca.mil/pressreleases/36-b/2012/Qatar_12-10.pdf Qatar – AH-64D APACHE Block III LONGBOW Attack Helicopters"]. US Defense Security Cooperation Agency, 12 July 2012.</ref>
+The [[Republic of China]] (Taiwan) reached an agreement with the US to purchase 30 AH-64D Block III Apaches in June 2011.<ref>{{cite web |last= Trimble |first= Stepehen |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2011/06/10/357871/taiwan-buys-30-ah-64-apaches.html |title= Taiwan buys 30 AH-64 Apaches |work=Flight International |date= 10 June 2011}}</ref> In February 2012,  [[Indonesia]]'s deputy minister of defense [[Sjafrie Sjamsoeddin]] stated that the [[Indonesian National Armed Forces]] plans to buy eight AH-64s.<ref>[http://www.antaranews.com/en/news/79774/indonesia-to-buy-apache-helicopters-from-us "Indonesia to buy Apache helicopters from US"]. Antara, 9 February 2012.</ref>  [[Qatar]] requested the sale of 24 AH-64D Apaches in July 2012, along with associated equipment and armament.<ref>[http://www.dsca.mil/pressreleases/36-b/2012/Qatar_12-10.pdf Qatar – AH-64D APACHE Block III LONGBOW Attack Helicopters"]. US Defense Security Cooperation Agency, 12 July 2012.</ref>
 ==Variants==
@@ Line 193: / Line 205: @@
 The ''AH-64D Apache Longbow'', is equipped with an advanced sensor suite and a glass cockpit. The main improvement over the A-variant is the dome installed over the main rotor, housing the AN/APG-78 Longbow [[millimeter-wave]] [[Fire Control Radar]] (FCR) target acquisition system and the Radar Frequency Interferometer (RFI).<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.accessmylibrary.com/article-1G1-8202632/mcdonnell-bell-plan-longbow.html |title= McDonnell-Bell plan Longbow-radar for LHX |publisher=Defense Daily |date= 22 February 1990}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Martin|first=Lockheed|title=AN/APR-48A Radar Frequency Interferometer|url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/data/assets/12432.pdf|accessdate=20 July 2011}}</ref> The raised position of the [[radome]] enables the detection of targets and launching of missiles while the helicopter is behind obstacles (e.g. terrain, trees or buildings). A radio [[modem]] integrated with the sensor suite allows data to be shared with other D-models; allowing them to fire on targets detected by a single helicopter.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/landingpage/apache.html |title= Helicopter profile: Boeing AH-64 Apache |work=Flight International  |accessdate=2 February 2010}}</ref>
-The aircraft is powered by a pair of uprated T700-GE-701C engines. The forward fuselage was expanded to accommodate new systems to improve [[crashworthiness]], [[survivability]], [[navigation]], and 'tactical internet' communications capabilities. The first of the upgraded Block II Apaches was delivered to the U.S. Army in February 2003. Block II includes upgrades to the digital communications systems.<ref name=ArmyTech>{{cite web |url=http://www.army-technology.com/projects/apache/ |title= AH-64A/D Apache Attack Helicopter, USA |publisher=army-technology.com |accessdate=16 February 2008}}</ref>
+The aircraft is powered by a pair of uprated T700-GE-701C engines. The forward fuselage was expanded to accommodate new systems to improve [[crashworthiness]], [[survivability]], [[navigation]], and 'tactical internet' communications capabilities. The first of the upgraded Block II Apaches was delivered to the US Army in February 2003. Block II includes upgrades to the digital communications systems.<ref name=ArmyTech>{{cite web |url=http://www.army-technology.com/projects/apache/ |title= AH-64A/D Apache Attack Helicopter, USA |publisher=army-technology.com |accessdate=16 February 2008}}</ref>
-Block III aircraft include the following upgrades: improved digital connectivity, the joint tactical radio system, more powerful T700-GE-701D engines, an enhanced transmission with new split-torque face gears to accommodate more power, capability to control [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAVs]], new composite rotor blades, full IFR capability and improved landing gear.<ref name=ArmyTech/><ref>[http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=2000 Boeing Press Release, November 2, 2011]</ref> The new blades, which successfully completed flight testing in May 2004, increased the Apache's cruise speed, climb rate and payload capability.<ref>[http://www.boeing.com/rotorcraft/military/ah64d/news/2004/q2/nr_040510m.html "Boeing-Developed Composite Rotor Blade Spins Forward"]. Boeing, 10 May 2004.</ref> The U.S. Army now plans to field the first Block III equipped unit in November 2012.<ref>[http://www.rucker.army.mil/docs/usaace_info/USAACE%20Info%20Paper%20TCM-RA%20AH-64D%20Block%20III%20Dev%2022%20Mar%2010.pdf AH-64D Block III (AB3) Development]. U.S. Army, 22 March 2010.</ref>  The Army awarded a contract to begin initial production of Block III helicopters in October 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/10/26/348907/boeing-gets-us-army-green-light-for-apache-block-iiis.html |title= Boeing gets US Army green light for Apache Block IIIs  |publisher=Flight International |author=Waldron, Greg |date= 26 October 2010 |accessdate=26 October 2010}}</ref> Throughout 2011, AH-64Ds will be upgraded with VNsight low-light television sensors (LLTV), allowing ambient lighting such as street lights, beacons, and headlights to be viewable; which existing thermal imagers cannot do.<ref>{{cite journal |publisher=Jane's|title= International Defense Review |date= February 2011}}</ref>  Deliveries of Block III aircraft began in November 2011.<ref>Trimble, Stephen [http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/from-albania-to-afghanistan-us-army-integrates-lessons-into-latest-apache-364245/ "From Albania to Afghanistan, US Army integrates lessons into latest Apache"]. ''Flight International'', 3 November 2011.</ref>
+Block III aircraft include the following upgrades: improved digital connectivity, the joint tactical radio system, more powerful T700-GE-701D engines, an enhanced transmission with new split-torque face gears to accommodate more power, capability to control [[Unmanned aerial vehicle|UAVs]], new composite rotor blades, full IFR capability and improved landing gear.<ref name=ArmyTech/><ref>[http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=2000 Boeing Press Release, November 2, 2011]</ref> The new blades, which successfully completed flight testing in May 2004, increased the Apache's cruise speed, climb rate and payload capability.<ref>[http://www.boeing.com/rotorcraft/military/ah64d/news/2004/q2/nr_040510m.html "Boeing-Developed Composite Rotor Blade Spins Forward"]. Boeing, 10 May 2004.</ref> The US Army now plans to field the first Block III equipped unit in November 2012.<ref>[http://www.rucker.army.mil/docs/usaace_info/USAACE%20Info%20Paper%20TCM-RA%20AH-64D%20Block%20III%20Dev%2022%20Mar%2010.pdf AH-64D Block III (AB3) Development]. U.S. Army, 22 March 2010.</ref>  The Army awarded a contract to begin initial production of Block III helicopters in October 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2010/10/26/348907/boeing-gets-us-army-green-light-for-apache-block-iiis.html |title= Boeing gets US Army green light for Apache Block IIIs  |publisher=Flight International |author=Waldron, Greg |date= 26 October 2010 |accessdate=26 October 2010}}</ref> Throughout 2011, AH-64Ds will be upgraded with VNsight low-light television sensors (LLTV), allowing ambient lighting such as street lights, beacons, and headlights to be viewable; which existing thermal imagers cannot do.<ref>{{cite journal |publisher=Jane's|title= International Defense Review |date= February 2011}}</ref>  Deliveries of Block III aircraft began in November 2011.<ref>Trimble, Stephen [http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/from-albania-to-afghanistan-us-army-integrates-lessons-into-latest-apache-364245/ "From Albania to Afghanistan, US Army integrates lessons into latest Apache"]. ''Flight International'', 3 November 2011.</ref>
 ===Sea Apache===
-[[File:U.S. Army AH-64 prepares to launch from USS Nassau Feb 2005.jpg|thumb|A U.S. Army AH-64A Apache aboard {{USS|Nassau|LHA-4|6}} during Joint Shipboard Weapons and Ordnance training]]
+[[File:U.S. Army AH-64 prepares to launch from USS Nassau Feb 2005.jpg|thumb|A US Army AH-64A Apache aboard {{USS|Nassau|LHA-4|6}} during Joint Shipboard Weapons and Ordnance training]]
-[[Navalised|Naval versions]] of the AH-64A for the [[United States Marine Corps]] and [[United States Navy|Navy]] were examined from 1984 to 1987.<ref name=Richardson_Peacock_p60-61>Richardson and Peacock 1992, pp. 60–61.</ref><ref name=Donald_p150>Donald 2004, p. 150.</ref> Multiple concepts were studied with altered landing gear arrangements, improved avionics and weapons.<ref name=Richardson_Peacock_p60-61/> Funding for the naval version was not provided, and the Marine Corps has continued to use the [[Bell AH-1 SuperCobra|AH-1 SuperCobra]].<ref name=Donald_p170>Donald 2004, p. 170.</ref>  The [[Canadian Forces Maritime Command]] also examined the prospect of using a modified Apache in naval service.<ref>{{cite news |title= Local firms hope for spin-offs from big naval aircraft project |publisher=Montreal Gazette |first= Peggy |last= Curran |date= 6 August 1986}}</ref>  The [[British Army]]'s AgustaWestland Apache went through trials in 2004 onboard {{HMS|Ocean|L12|6}} to test its suitability for use. The U.S. expressed interest in these trials.<ref name="seatrials1">{{cite web |url= http://www.navynews.co.uk/articles/2004/0405/0004051101.asp |title= Apache Moves Closer To Front Line |publisher=Navy News |date= 11 May 2004}}</ref>  In 2011 the [[British Army]] used its Apaches to attack targets in Libya flying off HMS ''Ocean''.<ref name="Apaches fly from HMS Ocean">{{cite web |url= http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Ships/Assault-Ships/HMS-Ocean/ |title= HMS Ocean |publisher=Royal Navy/MOD}}</ref>  There are also plans to fly the Apache from Royal fleet auxiliary (RFA) vessels on operations of the Yemeni coast.<ref name="RFA Apaches">{{cite web |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/yemen/8575410/Britain-to-send-Apache-helicopters-to-Yemen.html |title= Britain to send Apache helicopters to Yemen |publisher=The Telegraph}}</ref>
+[[Navalised|Naval versions]] of the AH-64A for the [[United States Marine Corps]] and [[United States Navy|Navy]] were examined from 1984 to 1987.<ref name=Richardson_Peacock_p60-61>Richardson and Peacock 1992, pp. 60–61.</ref><ref name=Donald_p150>Donald 2004, p. 150.</ref> Multiple concepts were studied with altered landing gear arrangements, improved avionics and weapons.<ref name=Richardson_Peacock_p60-61/> Funding for the naval version was not provided, and the Marine Corps has continued to use the [[Bell AH-1 SuperCobra|AH-1 SuperCobra]].<ref name=Donald_p170>Donald 2004, p. 170.</ref>  The [[Canadian Forces Maritime Command]] also examined the prospect of using a modified Apache in naval service.<ref>{{cite news |title= Local firms hope for spin-offs from big naval aircraft project |publisher=Montreal Gazette |first= Peggy |last= Curran |date= 6 August 1986}}</ref>  The [[British Army]]'s AgustaWestland Apache went through trials in 2004 on board {{HMS|Ocean|L12|6}} to test its suitability for use. The [[U.S. Department of Defense]] expressed interest in these trials.<ref name="seatrials1">{{cite web |url= http://www.navynews.co.uk/articles/2004/0405/0004051101.asp |title= Apache Moves Closer To Front Line |publisher=Navy News |date= 11 May 2004}}</ref> In 2011, the [[British Army]] used its Apache helicopter to attack targets in Libya flying off the HMS '''''Ocean'''''.<ref name="Apaches fly from HMS Ocean">{{cite web |url= http://www.royalnavy.mod.uk/The-Fleet/Ships/Assault-Ships/HMS-Ocean/ |title= HMS Ocean |publisher=Royal Navy/MOD}}</ref>  There are also plans to fly the Apache from Royal fleet auxiliary (RFA) vessels on operations of the Yemeni coast.<ref name="RFA Apaches">{{cite web |url= http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/yemen/8575410/Britain-to-send-Apache-helicopters-to-Yemen.html |title= Britain to send Apache helicopters to Yemen |publisher=The Telegraph}}</ref>
 ===Export Apaches===
@@ Line 424: / Line 436: @@
 * Feldman, Shai. ''The Middle East Strategic Balance, 2003–2004''. Sussex Academic Press, 2004. ISBN 1-8451-9003-3.
 * Fisk, Robert. ''The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East''. Fourth Estate, 2005. ISBN 978-1-4000-7517-1
-* Government Accounting Office. [http://archive.gao.gov/f0202/092647.pdf ''Staff Study: Advanced Attack Helicopter'']. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Accounting Office, 1974.
+* Government Accounting Office. [http://archive.gao.gov/f0202/092647.pdf ''Staff Study: Advanced Attack Helicopter'']. Washington, D.C.: US Government Accounting Office, 1974.
 * Luttwak, Edward. ''Strategy: the Logic of War and Peace''. Harvard University Press, 2001. ISBN 0-674-00703-4.
 * Office of the Assistant Vice Chief of Staff of the Army (OAVCSA). [http://www.webcitation.org/5JNGWqTeh ''An Abridged History of the Army Attack Helicopter Program'']. Washington, DC: Department of the Army. 1973.
@@ Line 435: / Line 447: @@
 ==External links==
 {{commons|AH-64 Apache}}
-* [http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/aircraft/apache.html AH-64 Apache U.S. Army fact file]
+*[http://www.army.mil/factfiles/equipment/aircraft/apache.html AH-64 Apache US Army fact file]
-* [http://boeing.com/rotorcraft/military/ah64d/index.htm AH-64 Apache page on Boeing.com]
+*[http://boeing.com/rotorcraft/military/ah64d/index.htm AH-64 Apache page on Boeing.com]
-* [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/ah-64.htm AH-64 page on GlobalSecurity.com]
+*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/ah-64.htm AH-64 page on GlobalSecurity.com]
-* [http://www.airforceworld.com/heli/eng/ah64.htm AH-64 Apache] at airforceworld
+*[http://www.airforceworld.com/heli/eng/ah64.htm AH-64 Apache] at airforceworld
-* [http://www.ausairpower.net/longbow-aa.html  AH-64D Apache Longbow on AusAirPower.net]
+*[http://www.ausairpower.net/longbow-aa.html  AH-64D Apache Longbow on AusAirPower.net]
-* [http://science.howstuffworks.com/apache-helicopter.htm Apache overview with supporting images on HowStuffWorks.com]
+*[http://science.howstuffworks.com/apache-helicopter.htm Apache overview with supporting images on HowStuffWorks.com]
-* [http://apachehelicopter.net ApacheHelicopter.net]
+*[http://apachehelicopter.net ApacheHelicopter.net]
-* [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rxCVfpeuCOE&feature=related Top 10: Helicopters – AH-64D Apache, Discovery Channel, 8 May 2007]
+*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rxCVfpeuCOE&feature=related Top 10: Helicopters – AH-64D Apache, Discovery Channel, 8 May 2007]
-* [http://www.vibrationdata.com/Newsletters/April2003_NL.pdf Apache Helicopter Acoustic Analysis]
+*[http://www.vibrationdata.com/Newsletters/April2003_NL.pdf Apache Helicopter Acoustic Analysis]
-* [http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/01/11/220780/boeing-eyes-x-49a-technology-for-apache-attack-helicopter.html "Boeing eyes X-49A technology for Apache attack helicopter"]
+*[http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/01/11/220780/boeing-eyes-x-49a-technology-for-apache-attack-helicopter.html "Boeing eyes X-49A technology for Apache attack helicopter"]
-* [http://www.es.northropgrumman.com/solutions/longbowradar/ AN/APG-78 Longbow Fire Control Radar information from Northrop Grumman]
+*[http://www.es.northropgrumman.com/solutions/longbowradar/ AN/APG-78 Longbow Fire Control Radar information from Northrop Grumman]
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