Elsinoë ampelina: Difference between revisions
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Hosts and Symptoms |
Hosts and Symptoms |
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''E. ampelina'' affects two species of Rubus and three species of Vitis. Specifically, ''E. ampelina'' affects blackberries, ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'', raspberries, ''[[Rubus idaeus]]'', mountain grapes, ''[[Vitis rupestris]]'', fox or concord grape, ''[[Vitis labrusca]]'', and the European wine grape, ''[[Vitis vinifera]]''. The anthracnose disease, as separate from the disease caused by ''E. ampelina'', affects a variety of plants. |
''E. ampelina'' affects two species of Rubus and three species of Vitis. Specifically, ''E. ampelina'' affects blackberries, ''[[Rubus fruticosus]]'', raspberries, ''[[Rubus idaeus]]'', mountain grapes, ''[[Vitis rupestris]]'', fox or concord grape, ''[[Vitis labrusca]]'', and the European wine grape, ''[[Vitis vinifera]]''. The anthracnose disease, as separate from the disease caused by ''E. ampelina'', affects a variety of plants.<ref name="Plantwise Hosts">http://www.plantwise.org/?dsid=20773&loadmodule=plantwisedatasheet&page=4270&site=234, Grape Anthracnose</ref> |
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Anthracnose on grape presents itself as lesions on shoots, leaves, and berries. Lesions will first appear on young shoots, showing up as small circular reddish spots that will later become larger and create grey lesions which appear sunken. The lesions will eventually develop margins that are a dark reddish-brown to violet-black color. If left untreated, lesions on shoots will become larger and eventually kill the shoot. While these lesions may be very apparent and easy to identify, they can sometimes be confused for hail damage. The main difference between anthracnose lesions and hail damage is that the lesions will have raised round or angular margins. |
Anthracnose on grape presents itself as lesions on shoots, leaves, and berries. Lesions will first appear on young shoots, showing up as small circular reddish spots that will later become larger and create grey lesions which appear sunken. The lesions will eventually develop margins that are a dark reddish-brown to violet-black color. If left untreated, lesions on shoots will become larger and eventually kill the shoot. While these lesions may be very apparent and easy to identify, they can sometimes be confused for hail damage. The main difference between anthracnose lesions and hail damage is that the lesions will have raised round or angular margins. |
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==Disease Cycle== |
==Disease Cycle== |
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Late in the season, Grape Anthracnose fungi produces [[sclerotia]], which is located primarily at the edge of the infected lesions on twigs. Unlike [[acervuli]], [[sclerotia]] serves as the overwintering structures. <ref name="weekendgardner">[http://www.weekendgardener.net/plant-diseases/anthracnose-120612.htm Anthracnose, ''Anthracnose''] at Weekend Gardener</ref> Because the fungus over-winters in dormant and dead canes, disease control becomes very difficult.<ref>http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/12/6/3473, Louime, C., Lu, J., Onokpise, O., Vasanthaiah, H. K. N., Kambiranda, D., Basha, S. M., et al. (2011) Resistance to elsinoe ampelina and expression of related resistant genes in vitis rotundifolia michx. grapes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 12(6), 3473-3488</ref> |
Late in the season, Grape Anthracnose fungi produces [[sclerotia]], which is located primarily at the edge of the infected lesions on twigs. Unlike [[acervulus|acervuli]], [[sclerotia]] serves as the overwintering structures. <ref name="weekendgardner">[http://www.weekendgardener.net/plant-diseases/anthracnose-120612.htm Anthracnose, ''Anthracnose''] at Weekend Gardener</ref> Because the fungus over-winters in dormant and dead canes, disease control becomes very difficult.<ref>http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/12/6/3473, Louime, C., Lu, J., Onokpise, O., Vasanthaiah, H. K. N., Kambiranda, D., Basha, S. M., et al. (2011) Resistance to elsinoe ampelina and expression of related resistant genes in vitis rotundifolia michx. grapes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 12(6), 3473-3488</ref> |
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Large number of [[Conidia]] are disseminated in the spring with the wet periods of 24 hours and temperatures above 36ºF (2ºC), and infect the young leaves, shoots, and berries of grapevines. These [[conidia]] will germinate, causing primary infection under the following circumstances: presence of free water in 12 hours and adequate temperature (36-90ºF (2-32ºC)).<ref name="umn">[http://fruit.cfans.umn.edu/grapes/pest/grapeipmguide/disease/anthracnose/ Anthracnose, Anthracnose at University of Minnesota</ref> In fact, Primary inoculum of Grape Anthracnose is possible even before bud break.<ref>http://apsjournals.apsnet.org.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/doi/pdf/10.1094/PDIS-11-10-0798, Carisse, O., & Lefebvre, A. (2011). A model to estimate the amount of primary inoculum of elsinoe ampelina. Plant Disease, 95(9), 1167-1171</ref> The infection rate will escalate with the increase in temperature. Development of disease symptom is also temperature-depedent; within 13 days at 36ºF, or within 4 days at 90ºF.<ref name="umn"/> |
Large number of [[Conidia]] are disseminated in the spring with the wet periods of 24 hours and temperatures above 36ºF (2ºC), and infect the young leaves, shoots, and berries of grapevines. These [[conidia]] will germinate, causing primary infection under the following circumstances: presence of free water in 12 hours and adequate temperature (36-90ºF (2-32ºC)).<ref name="umn">[http://fruit.cfans.umn.edu/grapes/pest/grapeipmguide/disease/anthracnose/ Anthracnose, Anthracnose at University of Minnesota</ref> In fact, Primary inoculum of Grape Anthracnose is possible even before bud break.<ref>http://apsjournals.apsnet.org.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/doi/pdf/10.1094/PDIS-11-10-0798, Carisse, O., & Lefebvre, A. (2011). A model to estimate the amount of primary inoculum of elsinoe ampelina. Plant Disease, 95(9), 1167-1171</ref> The infection rate will escalate with the increase in temperature. Development of disease symptom is also temperature-depedent; within 13 days at 36ºF, or within 4 days at 90ºF.<ref name="umn"/> |
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[[Ascospores]] are produced on infected canes or berries left on the trellis or on the vineyard floor to carry out the infection.<ref name="umn"/> These [[ascospores]] are formed in asci, which are in cavities within a stroma of [[pseudothecium]]. [[Pseudothecium]] of Grape Anthracnose, the sexual fruiting body of the fungus, has ascus containing eight dark four-celled ascospores. |
[[Ascospores]] are produced on infected canes or berries left on the trellis or on the vineyard floor to carry out the infection.<ref name="umn"/> These [[ascospores]] are formed in asci, which are in cavities within a stroma of [[pseudothecium]]. [[Pseudothecium]] of Grape Anthracnose, the sexual fruiting body of the fungus, has ascus containing eight dark four-celled ascospores. |
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Throughout spring and summer, the fungus produces [[acervuli]] on the exterior of the necrotic areas at their mature stage. Under wet condition, these acervuli form conidia. The [[conidia]] from [[acervuli]] becomes the secondary sources of the inoculum for their remaining growing seasons. <ref name="umn"/> |
Throughout spring and summer, the fungus produces [[acervulus|acervuli]] on the exterior of the necrotic areas at their mature stage. Under wet condition, these [[acervulus|acervuli]] form [[conidia]]. The [[conidia]] from [[acervulus|acervuli]] becomes the secondary sources of the inoculum for their remaining growing seasons. <ref name="umn"/> |
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Mentioned as above, Grape Anthracnose is dependent upon moisture and temperature. It can be aggravated during heavy rainfall and hail, or by overhead irrigation.<ref name="weekendgardner"/> |
Mentioned as above, Grape Anthracnose is dependent upon moisture and temperature. It can be aggravated during heavy rainfall and hail, or by overhead irrigation.<ref name="weekendgardner"/> |
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Another control method is ensuring the use of disease free plantings <ref name="Michigan">First Report of Anthracnose Caused By ''Elsinoe ampelina'' on Grapes in Michigan, Schilder, A, S. Smokevitch, M. Catal, W. Mann. Plant Disease, Sept 2005, Vol. 89, Number 9.</ref>. Phytosanitary regulations ban the movement of infected plants and propagates <ref name="Compendium"/>. |
Another control method is ensuring the use of disease free plantings <ref name="Michigan">First Report of Anthracnose Caused By ''Elsinoe ampelina'' on Grapes in Michigan, Schilder, A, S. Smokevitch, M. Catal, W. Mann. Plant Disease, Sept 2005, Vol. 89, Number 9.</ref>. Phytosanitary regulations ban the movement of infected plants and propagates <ref name="Compendium"/>. |
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==Importance== |
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Grape anthracnose can be found wherever grapes are grown. Lesions can kill leaves, shoots, the actively-growing parts of vines, and cause the berries to be undesirable and unusable. Damage can be seen throughout the growing season, with severe damage in July through September, as the berries are ripening and undergoing [[veraison]] <ref name="Suhag Effects">Effects of Anthracnose Disease on Productiveness of Thompson-Seedless Cultivar of Grape Vitis-Vinifera, Singhrot R. S., Singh J. P., Suhag L. S., Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology</ref><ref name="Suhag Epidemiology">Epidemiology of Grapevine Anthracnose Cause by Sphaceloma ampelinum in North India, Suhag L. S., Grover R. K., Indian Phytopathology</ref>. In climates with strong winters, even if the disease does not outright kill the vine, it will reduce its photosynthetic capacity, leading to decreased amounts of carbohydrate reserves in the vine and eventual death in winter as those reserves dry up and the plant is unable to sustain itself. In addition, once the disease afflicts the berries, it will lead to decrease in quality and quantity, which will have economic impact as wine makers will have lower volumes of lower quality berries to work with. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 15:31, 24 October 2012
| Elsinoë ampelina | |
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| Scientific classification | |
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| Species: | E. ampelina
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| Binomial name | |
| Elsinoë ampelina Shear, (1929)
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| Synonyms | |
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Gloeosporium ampelophagum (Pass.) Sacc., (1878) | |
Elsinoë ampelina is a plant pathogen, who is the causal agent of anthracnose on grape. [1]
Hosts and Symptoms
Hosts and Symptoms E. ampelina affects two species of Rubus and three species of Vitis. Specifically, E. ampelina affects blackberries, Rubus fruticosus, raspberries, Rubus idaeus, mountain grapes, Vitis rupestris, fox or concord grape, Vitis labrusca, and the European wine grape, Vitis vinifera. The anthracnose disease, as separate from the disease caused by E. ampelina, affects a variety of plants.[2]
Anthracnose on grape presents itself as lesions on shoots, leaves, and berries. Lesions will first appear on young shoots, showing up as small circular reddish spots that will later become larger and create grey lesions which appear sunken. The lesions will eventually develop margins that are a dark reddish-brown to violet-black color. If left untreated, lesions on shoots will become larger and eventually kill the shoot. While these lesions may be very apparent and easy to identify, they can sometimes be confused for hail damage. The main difference between anthracnose lesions and hail damage is that the lesions will have raised round or angular margins.
Anthracnose lesions on leaves and petioles look very similar to those on shoots. However, on leaves, the lesions will have dry grey or white centers that will eventually fall off, leaving a hole. This response by the plant is similar to a Hypersensitive response. Should the lesions spread and the infection make it into the vascular system of the leaf, the anthracnose will prevent the proper development of the leaf and will lead to malformation or to the drying of the leaf.
Grape berries are most susceptible to anthracnose before flowering all the way through veraison, or fruit soften and coloration. Essentially, the berries are susceptible to the pathogen throughout the growing season. Anthracnose presents itself on the berries as small reddish circles, around a quarter inch in diameter, that will become sunken with a narrow dark brown to black border. Eventually, the center of the lesion will change color from violet to white or grey and become velvety. These lesions often look like a shooting target or bullseye. Should the disease spread to and affect the pulp of the berry, it will cause cracking, which opens the berry to secondary infections.
Disease Cycle
Late in the season, Grape Anthracnose fungi produces sclerotia, which is located primarily at the edge of the infected lesions on twigs. Unlike acervuli, sclerotia serves as the overwintering structures. [3] Because the fungus over-winters in dormant and dead canes, disease control becomes very difficult.[4]
Large number of Conidia are disseminated in the spring with the wet periods of 24 hours and temperatures above 36ºF (2ºC), and infect the young leaves, shoots, and berries of grapevines. These conidia will germinate, causing primary infection under the following circumstances: presence of free water in 12 hours and adequate temperature (36-90ºF (2-32ºC)).[5] In fact, Primary inoculum of Grape Anthracnose is possible even before bud break.[6] The infection rate will escalate with the increase in temperature. Development of disease symptom is also temperature-depedent; within 13 days at 36ºF, or within 4 days at 90ºF.[5]
Ascospores are produced on infected canes or berries left on the trellis or on the vineyard floor to carry out the infection.[5] These ascospores are formed in asci, which are in cavities within a stroma of pseudothecium. Pseudothecium of Grape Anthracnose, the sexual fruiting body of the fungus, has ascus containing eight dark four-celled ascospores.
Throughout spring and summer, the fungus produces acervuli on the exterior of the necrotic areas at their mature stage. Under wet condition, these acervuli form conidia. The conidia from acervuli becomes the secondary sources of the inoculum for their remaining growing seasons. [5]
Mentioned as above, Grape Anthracnose is dependent upon moisture and temperature. It can be aggravated during heavy rainfall and hail, or by overhead irrigation.[3]
Environment
Grape Anthracnose thrives under warm and wet conditions [7]. Both primary and secondary inoculum are spread by the splashing of rain on to new tissue. Moisture is also required for the germination of the conidia on the tissue [7]. New tissue is most vulnerable to infection. Overgrown vines also promote infection as they take longer to dry out after dew or rain. As stated above, grape anthracnose reproduces faster under warmer conidtions. The disease can become even more severe in areas of poorly drained soil or during years of heavy rainfall [7].
Management
Sanitation is critical factor in controlling grape anthracnose. The removal of infected tissues is done during the dormant stage. The infected tissue must be then be destroyed upon removal. This reduces the amount of primary inoculum released in the spring.
Wild grape varieties in close proximity to cultivated grapes should be removed. The wild species can host grape anthracnose and are a source of primary inoculum. Because the conidia are spread by water splashing, it is not crucial to eliminate all wild grape, just the ones nearby.
Planting varieties with resistance or tolerance to grape anthracnose can aid in management of the disease [7]. American varieties like 'Concord' and 'Niagara' have more resistance. French hybrids and Vitis vinifera are more susceptible to infection. These susceptible hybrids include 'Vidal', 'Mars', 'Marquis', and 'Reliance' [8].
Canopy upkeep can be an important preventative measure. Proper pruning and training will increase air flow around the plant and thus reduces dry time of external tissue surfaces. Appropriate care is especially crucial for target areas of new growth.
Fungicides are a control measure used once grape anthracnose has become established in a vineyard. The most important fungicide application occurs in early spring during the dormant period before bud swell [9]. A lime sulfur solution is most commonly used. This is applied at a rate of ten gallons per acre [9]. Sulforix can also be used at a rate of one gallon per acre [9]. Both target the sclerotia overwintering in the canes. This dormant fungicide application is then followed up throughout the season by foliar sprays. These protect the new susceptible tissue [10]. Foliar sprays are recommended to be applied at two week intervals [7]. Products often used include Mancozeb, Captan, Ziram, Sovran, Rally, Elite, Inspire Super, Adament, Mettle, Revus Top, Vintage, and Pristine [9].
Another control method is ensuring the use of disease free plantings [8]. Phytosanitary regulations ban the movement of infected plants and propagates [7].
Importance
Grape anthracnose can be found wherever grapes are grown. Lesions can kill leaves, shoots, the actively-growing parts of vines, and cause the berries to be undesirable and unusable. Damage can be seen throughout the growing season, with severe damage in July through September, as the berries are ripening and undergoing veraison [11][12]. In climates with strong winters, even if the disease does not outright kill the vine, it will reduce its photosynthetic capacity, leading to decreased amounts of carbohydrate reserves in the vine and eventual death in winter as those reserves dry up and the plant is unable to sustain itself. In addition, once the disease afflicts the berries, it will lead to decrease in quality and quantity, which will have economic impact as wine makers will have lower volumes of lower quality berries to work with.
References
- ^ Anthracnose of grape, Elsinoë ampelina at Ohio State University
- ^ http://www.plantwise.org/?dsid=20773&loadmodule=plantwisedatasheet&page=4270&site=234, Grape Anthracnose
- ^ a b Anthracnose, Anthracnose at Weekend Gardener
- ^ http://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/12/6/3473, Louime, C., Lu, J., Onokpise, O., Vasanthaiah, H. K. N., Kambiranda, D., Basha, S. M., et al. (2011) Resistance to elsinoe ampelina and expression of related resistant genes in vitis rotundifolia michx. grapes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 12(6), 3473-3488
- ^ a b c d [http://fruit.cfans.umn.edu/grapes/pest/grapeipmguide/disease/anthracnose/ Anthracnose, Anthracnose at University of Minnesota
- ^ http://apsjournals.apsnet.org.ezproxy.library.wisc.edu/doi/pdf/10.1094/PDIS-11-10-0798, Carisse, O., & Lefebvre, A. (2011). A model to estimate the amount of primary inoculum of elsinoe ampelina. Plant Disease, 95(9), 1167-1171
- ^ a b c d e f Compendium of Grape Diseases, Pearson, Roger and Austin Goheen, 1988
- ^ a b First Report of Anthracnose Caused By Elsinoe ampelina on Grapes in Michigan, Schilder, A, S. Smokevitch, M. Catal, W. Mann. Plant Disease, Sept 2005, Vol. 89, Number 9.
- ^ a b c d https://ag.purdue.edu/hla/Hort/Documents/ID-169-2012.pdf, Midwest Small Fruit and Grape Spray Guide, 2012
- ^ Epidemiology of Grape Anthracnose: Factors Associated with Defoliation of Grape Leaves Infected by Elsinoe ampelina, Carisse, O. and Vincent Morissette-Thomas, Plant Disease
- ^ Effects of Anthracnose Disease on Productiveness of Thompson-Seedless Cultivar of Grape Vitis-Vinifera, Singhrot R. S., Singh J. P., Suhag L. S., Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology
- ^ Epidemiology of Grapevine Anthracnose Cause by Sphaceloma ampelinum in North India, Suhag L. S., Grover R. K., Indian Phytopathology
- Geroge N.Agrios(2004). "Plant Pathology 5th Edition", "Elsevier Academic Press"; 420, 512
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